Research

Inclusive Practices at Garage. Visitors with Developmental Disabilities

This is the second text about inclusive practices at Garage. The first, which focuses on work with blind, partially-sighted, deaf, and hard-of-hearing visitors is here.Interviewees:Lada Talyzina was manager of inclusive programs for visitors with developmental disabilities from 2016 to 2018.Galya Novotortseva was a custodian from 2012 to 2014, an administrator in Garage Educational Center from 2014 to 2015, and manager of inclusive programs for blind and partially-sighted visitors from 2015 to 2018.Ekaterina Vladimirtseva was manager of the educational programs for children from 2011 to 2015 and head of Education Department from 2015 to 2021.Maria Sarycheva was manager of educational programs for the professional community from 2013 to 2015 and a coordinator in Inclusive Programs Department from 2015 to 2016.The Museum began facilitating events for visitors with developmental disabilities in 2015. Galya Novotortseva was responsible for work with visitors with developmental disabilities and with blind and partially-sighted visitors. The first adapted programs, supported by the Vykhod Foundation, focused on people with autism and other spectrum disorders. The Museum started to adapt tours for visitors with autism. They were developed with attention to the perception and communication characteristics of people with autism. For example, to prepare people for visiting an unfamiliar space a social history was created. This is a set of detailed instructions about visiting a museum that reflects specific things a person may encounter. It contains general information about the Museum, navigation within the building, “danger zones,” rules of conduct, and all current exhibitions. During the tours, additional visual and game materials, brochures with questions and answers, and checklists were used to help assimilate the new material. A “quiet room” was established to help with organized visits.In 2015, the staff of Inclusive Programs Department began offering regular training courses aimed at understanding disability to ensure that Museum staff could relate to the diverse Museum audience and interact with it properly. The training consists of two parts. The first is theoretical and introduces etiquette and terminology, approaches to correct assistance for a person with a disability, the diversity of communities and their cultures, the specifics of interaction, and examines common stereotypes and myths about disability. During the practical part, this newly-acquired knowledge is applied to simulated situations that often occur in the Museum. During training on communication with deaf and hard-of-hearing visitors, Museum staff learn the basics of Russian Sign Language. A special course on Russian Sign Language for Garage staff was developed and continues to be taught today.These training courses are primarily intended for those who constantly interact with visitors in the Museum building: security staff, cloakroom staff, information desk staff, café staff, and custodians. According to Alexandra Philippovskaya, a former coordinator in Inclusive Programs Department, from the very beginning the department tried to convey the message that inclusion is a value that should be shared by all staff. Department staff ran training on Russian Sign Language, wrote accessibility guides for Exhibition Department, and compiled dictionaries for all Museum departments (particularly Publishing Department, PR, and Museum editors, since they are involved with texts). The department aimed to share its functions with colleagues instead of appropriating all work processes.In the fall of 2016, Lada Talyzina joined the department as a manager responsible for work with people with developmental disabilities. She was the first person recruited for a specific position. She had never volunteered or done an internship at the Museum, nor had she worked in other departments. At first, she developed tours and programs together with Galya Novotortseva, then began working independently. Work with people with developmental disabilities mostly involves adaptation of exhibitions, the development of the tour routes, and running tours. For Lada Talyzina, one of the most memorable projects is her work on the First Garage Triennial of Russian Contemporary Art. It featured many works that were tempting to touch. “There was a gorgeous pan with meat dumplings by artists Olga Subbotina and Mikhail Pavlyukevich. After the very first tour, we were faced with the fact that everyone wanted to touch it because it was clear that it was a soft pan of dumplings (the artwork is made of coarse calico). Everyone wanted to lift the lid of the pan, which was sewn to the rest of the work. We asked artists to find a piece of the same cloth and they sent us some. We could then allow visitors to touch it to satisfy their interest.” In order to adapt exhibitions for people with developmental disabilities, Lada rewrote curatorial texts as easy reads. This technique involves replacing complex sentences with simple words and professional vocabulary with explanations. This was not an easy task as the texts were transformed and that raised questions from the curators. The designers and Kit Hell, former head of the design team at Garage, worked enthusiastically with the adapted texts and came up with numerous options for their appearance and placement.Takashi Murakami’s solo exhibition Under the Radiation Falls was a challenging but successful experience in terms of inclusive practices. As Talyzina recalls, “I was afraid that I would have to rebuild everything because the exhibition was complex in terms of architecture. A group enters a corridor lined with various small figures and toys, and the rules forbid them to touch anything, but the items are not screened in any way and the passageway is very tight. In the end, everything was okay. And the exhibition was probably the most visited. We had 130 visitors with developmental disabilities, not counting accompanying persons. This is much more than before. Perhaps it was all about the artist’s name. Or maybe the families just saw the bright works on the posters. Or perhaps the huge promotional campaign for the exhibition was the reason. Anyway, a lot of people came and it was great.”The exhibition Under the Radiation Falls, 2017. Photo: Pavel PoboruevGenerally, deaf and hard-of-hearing people visit the Museum more often than blind and partially-sighted visitors or visitors with developmental disabilities. The Murakami exhibition was an exception. There was a surge in attendance of visitors with developmental disabilities. Their number was approximately equal to that of deaf and hard-of-hearing visitors. Work with people with developmental disabilities also includes educational programs, masterclasses, and adapted film screenings. Lada highlights one of the educational projects, the career guidance course The Museum is Your Friend for young people aged 17 to 26 with developmental disabilities. Visitors had the opportunity to look at the Museum as a cultural institution and find out about some museum professions. The first iteration of the course started in the spring of 2017. Talyzina says, “This project involved a lot of interaction with different departments in the Museum. It was interesting because it was not clear who would agree to present their work to people with developmental disabilities and to somehow adapt to the audience. Each person prepared a five-minute mini-lecture and then sent it or read it to me, and we discussed possible additions. The work on their part was amazing.” Participation was limited to departments that could provide opportunities for people with developmental disabilities. The tutors were Antonina Trubitsyna and Anna Dikovich from Garage Archive Collection, a security officer, guides, custodians, staff from the technical department, cloakroom staff, cleaning personnel, and receptionists. One of the students, Polina Tikhankova, a girl diagnosed with autism, completed a five-month internship in the Archive. She sorted ephemera with information about places and dates of various events, put them in envelopes, and entered them into a special database. Lada Talyzina noted the responsiveness of Archive staff to Polina: “On the last day of the internship we had a tea party, and all the archive staff came. Everyone talked to each other. It turned out that, while working without my supervision Polina had developed relationships with all staff members. And that was fantastic." Another course participant joined the Museum team as a teaching assistant organizing weekend masterclasses for children and teenagers. The course was also provided for adults from Psychoneurological Boarding School No. 4.Participants of the course The Museum is Your Friend, 2017. Photo: Egor RogalevIn 2017, Experiencing the Museum, an annual international training course that has been running since 2015 focused on working with visitors with developmental disabilities. Talyzina noted, “We started with issues we were interested in, then we looked for museums focusing on them by communicating with colleagues and looking at their work. To understand the capabilities of museums in the USA I browsed lots of museum websites. If I want someone to tell me about sensory rooms I need to understand where they have been set up in a way I like. I looked for museums, aggregated information on their sensory rooms, looked at the spaces, contacted people, asked if they had this or that, and asked them to tell me how everything worked in their sensory rooms. On this topic I got in touch with Hana Elwell at the Brooklyn Children's Museum. And people from MoMA told me about their amazing programs for people with dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, and others.”Alexandra Philippovskaya assisted Lada with the training. She prepared the contracts and helped to plan the timing of events.Participants of the training course Experiencing the Museum, 2017. Photo: Anton DonikovColleagues from specialized foundations gave a positive assessment of Inclusive Programs Department's first years of work and were prepared to exchange experiences and collaborate. Talyzina says, “When someone in our area of work asks, ‘Where can I find out about this?’ the answer is often, ‘Garage has it. Garage has had it for ages. And Garage also has that.’” However, after a while, department staff began to feel that Garage had become ubiquitous. It created a feeling of “colonialism” that was discussed during the organization of regional and external exhibitions. Lada notes, “At some point, the fact that everyone knew about Garage made me feel good, and it was great to share our experience. But later it was as if we wanted to take everything for ourselves.” The crucial moments of this process were the exhibition project Co-thinkers, shown not only in Moscow but also in Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod, and participation in the international exhibition Astana-EXPO in 2017. Ekaterina Vladimirtseva commented on the exhibition in Astana: “It was very important not to be colonial. And to that end, all the people on site were local, from Almaty and Astana. We offered an additional training program because they all came from different backgrounds: some were teachers, others were tour guides. And we rapidly immersed them in the world of art. Masha Sarycheva and I laughed at the fact that the Russian art group ZIP has never followed Beuys in any art history program. We just had no other way to explain the story behind ZIP quickly.” Despite the project being positioned as an exchange of experience with local specialists, in reality it was impossible to organize it efficiently.The exhibition Co-thinkers, which took place at Garage in the summer of 2016, was a way to expand the concept of inclusion to the category of mutual understanding. Four regular Garage visitors with different forms of disability curated the exhibition together with Garage curators Maria Sarycheva and Anastasia Mityushina. Maria Sarycheva describes the project: “It was Anton Belov’s idea. I suggested joining forces with our visitors with disabilities as co-curators. There were four people: Lena Fedoseeva, a blind journalist who regularly came to us, supported us, and gave feedback on our tours for blind visitors; Polina Sineva, a deaf screenwriter; Zhenya Lyapin, a theater university student who uses a wheelchair; and Veta Morozova from the Vykhod Foundation, which was one of the first organizations to raise awareness of autism in Russia. Chief Curator Kate Fowle assigned this exhibition to Anastasia Mityushina and me. This was my first curatorial experience at Garage. It was a tough project to organize in the time available. No inclusive project should be done in such a short timescale. The idea was to integrate the whole group of co-curators from the very beginning of the project, from the selection of works. There were more than 60 works in the longlist and they belonged to private collectors that Anastasia knew. In order for Lena Fedoseeva to make her selection, Galya and I made audio descriptions of all of them. We had only an Excel spreadsheet with 5 x 5 cm images (at best). We had not seen the works. Veta has autism, so integrating her into group formats and face-to-face discussions at such a fast pace turned out to be impossible. You need to slow down when working on inclusive projects. But neoliberal logic makes institutions work at a very fast pace. It was impossible to integrate people with disability experience into the work process at the pace at which Garage worked then.”However, the project also had positive aspects. The exhibition foregrounded the vision and experience of co-curators with disabilities. They gained experience in a new profession and offered a critical perspective on curatorial activities. There were also important changes in the way Gorky Park worked. Garage top management and project manager Anastasia Lesnikova arranged for two ramps to be installed on the central staircase of the park to simplify access to the Museum for wheelchair users.Maria Sarycheva comments, “We integrated the adaptation tools that we used as part of the educational program into the exhibition. We had tactile models, stationary modules with video in Russian Sign Language, and easy read texts. Commentaries written by art critics and by non-professional “co-thinkers” were presented together. We allowed for user experience inside the sacred exhibition space, integrated it, and moved it beyond the framework of an educational program to the space of the exhibition. This project was not aimed at the disability community. It was intended for the general Garage audience, to show visitors that the Museum was actively developing in this direction.”The exhibition Co-thinkers at Garage, 2016In 2017, the exhibition Co-thinkers was shown at the Boris Yeltsin Presidential Center in Yekaterinburg. Lada Talyzina traveled there to train center staff to work with people with developmental disabilities. As Lada recalls, “Two business trips were planned for Yekaterinburg. When I arrived I could only tell people about the work we had already done for this exhibition and ask them to do the same at their venue. We brought the tactile models and all the materials, so we did not have to look for anyone to manufacture them in Yekaterinburg”. Galya Novotortseva adds, “We were unable to include the local community in the exhibition itself, although we did originally intend to do so. Even so, we implemented this part of the program to some extent. In Moscow the exhibition hosted discussion clubs led by Zhenya Lyapin. In Yekaterinburg the Yeltsin Center invited a blind man, an art critic by training, who, if I am not mistaken, lost his sight as an adult. They developed this part of the program—the selection of works, topics for discussion, and method of interaction—on their own.” In 2019 and 2020, the exhibition toured to Nizhny Novgorod, where Inclusive Programs Department team tried to adapt the exhibition in a different way. Talyzina says, “In Nizhny Novgorod, we wanted the Arsenal (the Volga-Vyatka branch of the Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts, where the exhibition was shown) to acquire a decent foundation in order to quickly adapt exhibitions on their own. Alina Zhekamukhova (from Inclusive Programs Department) and I went to meet with local organizations focusing on people with autism and asked what they needed, what they wanted to get from the Museum, what paths they followed, and why. Together with Arsenal staff we got to know organizations for people with developmental disabilities and for deaf people. We also discussed what had been done in conjunction with organizations already familiar with the Arsenal. We found the approach we needed. But, in the end, it seems we did not cope with problems of delegation. I wanted to delegate everything to the Arsenal staff because I was not there all the time. I came often, but not regularly. We met with organizations and discussed what needed to be done. Then it turned out that nothing has been done because the contractor made the wrong models or had not made them at all, contrary what was promised. When you are on the outside it’s impossible to tell the people who are already busy to go to a dozen organizations and try to find one able to do the work. Therefore, we were unable to provide tactile models on site, no matter how hard we tried. So, all the work and all the time spent were for nothing. The only good thing was that we abandoned the idea of bringing in the co-curators with disabilities from Moscow. In Yekaterinburg we involved the same people as in the Moscow exhibition, but in Nizhny Novgorod we recruited local people with disabilities. We partnered with an older woman, a museum custodian. She was a co-thinker for this exhibition. This is probably the only difference from our other projects. There were other “co-thinkers” in Nizhny Novgorod, but they worked in exactly the same way as in Moscow.”The exhibition Co-thinkers at the Boris Yeltsin Presidential Center in Yekaterinburg, 2017. Photo: Lyubov KabalinovaBased on the Museum’s experience, Inclusive Programs Department published a series of teaching aids under the general title Experiencing the Museum. In 2018, it focused on work with blind and partially-sighted people and people with developmental disabilities. In 2019, it published the manual Experiencing the Museum: Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Visitors. Practices at Garage Museum of Contemporary Art. Ekaterina Vladimirtseva, Vlad Kolesnikov, Galya Novotortseva, Marina Potanina, Lada Talyzina, and Alexandra Filippovskaya worked on the publications. Maria Sarycheva was a contributing editor.Sarycheva sums up: “In fact, we did many things for the first time. We experimented a lot and we had the finances to do this. We also had the management’s support. We had more opportunities and proactive employees from other departments who agreed to get involved in this kind of project. We did a lot of visionary things. We disliked the formulation “sociocultural rehabilitation of people with disabilities with the help of the museum.” This discourse was proposed by Moscow’s Darwin Museum throughout the 1990s and 2000s. We fought against it. Now I understand that people did the best they could. They used the tools and descriptive language to integrate disability into medical concepts. Some employees did this without any institutional support. […] I have met tired, grown women who did this work alone. And now I would not criticize them like I did then. That would demonstrate a lack of respect for the work done before us. Now we think of a community of people working on inclusion, experts with disabilities and our predecessors as a single collective. We have been working for this forever and a day. Conversations in the field were too competitive. […] Now I have an online chat for over a hundred people that I launched two months ago, and it’s just a Moscow chat involving all the people working on inclusion, all the experts with disabilities, everyone who has been working in this field in the last 10-15 years. Then it seemed to us that we were the only ones. Now there are a lot of us, and this is also thanks to Garage.”Cover photo by Anton Donikov.…

Lugamanova Raya | 12 ноября 2024

Inclusive Practices at Garage

This material is based on interviews with former employees of Inclusive Programs Department. The interviews were recorded in 2022 and 2023 as a part of the project Garage Chronicle. The material aims to provide an overview of the department's development, drawing on memories and opinions of people who were directly involved.Interviewees:Maria Sarycheva was manager of educational programs for the professional community from 2013 to 2015 and a coordinator in Inclusive Programs Department from 2015 to 2016.Galya Novotortseva was a custodian from 2012 to 2014, an administrator in Garage Education Center from 2014 to 2015, and manager of inclusive programs for blind and partially-sighted visitors from 2015 to 2018.Alexandra Philippovskaya was a freelancer in Inclusive Programs Department from 2016 to 2017, an assistant in the department from 2017 to 2018, and a coordinator from 2018 to 2021.The first experience of the integration of inclusive practices at Garage was part of the public program for the exhibition The New International (2014). The education program for the exhibition included a project by independent curator Maria Kotlyachkova and the Swedish art group Supramen, The Supramen Tour. The idea behind the project was to blindfold sighted, partially-sighted, and blind visitors during guided tours in order to focus on the meaning and sense of the artworks and to seek an alternative approach to artistic communication. As Maria Sarycheva recalls, “We realized that we were inviting people who had never been to a contemporary art museum. We invited teenagers from a residential school for partially-sighted and blind children. At that time we knew nothing about blind people; not how they perceive information or how we should talk to them. The divide between ‘us’ and ‘them’ was enormous.”The project Supramen Tour, 2014. Photo: Egor SlizyakThe team considered the experience unsuccessful, but after discussing it they decided that it was important to consider the diverse experiences of partially-sighted and blind people. At the same time, Anastasia Tarassowa of Garage Research Department offered to run the workshop Invisible Experience, which took place on October 10–12, 2014. It focused on exchanging experience of developing education programs for blind and partially-sighted visitors and was organized by Anastasia Tarassowa, Maria Sarycheva, and Anastasia Mityushina. Speakers included Katya Sudets, Ana Krepel-Velimirović, Anya Winter, Anastasia Tarassowa, Evgen Bavchar, Anna She, and Alisa Oleva. The video documentation of Yuri Albert's performance Blindfolded Museum Tour was shown. On October 8–9, 2014, Garage hosted the masterclass Touching Sculpture facilitated by Anna She, founder of Samo art therapy studio, who presented techniques for developing empathy, appreciation, and attention for partially-sighted and blind people and their families.Participants of the workshop Unseen Experience, 2014. Photo: Egor SlizyakAfter the workshop, the first adapted programs began to appear at the Museum. Test tours for blind people were offered during the exhibition Russian Performance: A Cartography of its History and public tours were launched during the exhibition Grammar of Freedom / Five Lessons. They were as a personal initiative of staff pf Garage Education Department, who actively integrated into diverse communities united by the experience of disability. By the time the Inclusive Programes Department was created, the Museum had already offered tours for blind and partially-sighted and deaf and hard-of-hearing visitors. Galya Novotortseva, who later became the manager within Inclusive Programs Department for blind and partially-sighted visitors, produced tactile models for tours and mediations with blind and partially-sighted people on her initiative.Garage Inclusive Programs Department was officially separated from Education Department on September 1, 2015 (N.B. In 2023, Inclusive Programs Department was renamed Education and Inclusive Projects Department.) The reason was a strategically important desire not only to develop programs accessible to disabled people but also to improve the quality of their experience as visitors. Maria Sarycheva recalls how the idea of the department arose: “Some time in August, during a weekly meeting of department heads, Anton Belov (Director of Garage) called me into the room and said, ‘Are you aware that we have a huge number of deaf people coming to the building? We have over 500 deaf people.’ I said that we didn’t. At that time, we already had tours translated into Russian Sign Language. Translator Vlad Kolesnikov worked together with a guide. It was impossible for so many deaf people to come to us. And then it turned out that the deaf community is a linguistic one. News spreads fast there. Earlier, museums were not part of the community’s cultural activities. And here was a Museum of Contemporary Art where everything was bright and visually attractive and although it was unclear what was going on, it seemed like the whole community visited, so others started visiting too. A huge number of deaf people came, not knowing what was going on. They just wandered around. The security guards, cloakroom staff, and receptionists did not know how to communicate with them, and at some point it became a problem. So, Anton said, “Let’s create a department. You should lead it.” I was like, “Okay.” At the same time, I thought, “What’s going on?!” I called Vlad [Kolesnikov] and Galya [Novotortseva] and we sat down to set out our expectations. Up to then we had already been actively involved in various communities. We understood what the obstacles were, what was missing other than tour activities, and what else we could offer visitors. […] We took on Vlad and Galya. The three of us started work.”Maria Sarycheva became coordinator of the department. Vlad Kolesnikov, a speech pathologist and translator of Russian Sign Language, worked on programs for deaf and hard-of-hearing visitors. Galya Novotortseva covered the blind and partially-sighted visitor programs. During that period, Galya was also involved in working with visitors developmental disabilities. We designated the first areas of work based on the fact that each of the identified audiences had accessibility requirements that overlapped. The personal interests of staff were also considered.Also in 2015 (September 28–30), Inclusive Programs Department organized the first international training event, Experiencing the Museum at Garage, which later transformed into the annual conference of the same name. The training event aimed to improve the accessibility of museums for deaf, hard-of-hearing, blind, partially-sighted, and deafblind visitors. Experts from Russia, the UK, and the USA took part.Working with Blind and Partially-Sighted VisitorsNovotortseva’s main tasks were “gathering an audience, disseminating information about projects, and consulting with the curators on the selection of artworks to be transformed into tactile models, the creation of models, audio descriptions, and the design and running of tours.”The specialists working with blind and partially-sighted visitors adapted several exhibitions during one exhibition season. All the large shows, which occupied the entire space of the Museum, were adapted. When the Museum held several small exhibitions in parallel, only one or two of them were selected for adaptation. Galya elaborates on the selection process: “I proposed to adapt the most visited exhibitions, by which I mean not those visited by disabled people but by the all visitors. We tried to prioritize famous artists or popular exhibitions. We wanted to create a situation where your sighted friend goes to an exhibition and then tells you about it. We encouraged blind people to attend exhibitions attracting more interest and attention from the media. [...] Since we usually did not have much time from the moment we had enough information on the exhibition to the tour launch, sometimes I would realize that we would not be able to do anything decent for one exhibition while being able to do something good for another. When exhibitions shared the same theme, we chose for adaptation two objects in one exhibition, two objects in another, and made a survey tour of all projects at the Museum.”One way to adapt an exhibition is to develop and manufacture tactile models accompanying the works on display. They are necessary because tactile perception is one of the main sources of information for many blind and partly sighted people. However, the creation of tactile models can meet with resistance from artists or institutions. The production and use of tactile models in Russian museums often leads to discussions, primarily because legislation obliging art institutions to be accessible to visitors is open to interpretation. The status of the tactile model from the point of view of copyright is also problematic (For more information on this topic, see the discussion “Production of Tactile Models: Legal Aspects” between Maria Shchekochikhina, Galya Novotortseva, Dmitry Nikitin, and Mikhail and Olga Shu.) Inclusive Programs Department has so far always been able to reach agreement on the creation of tactile models. They are now kept in the Museum’s institutional archive.Tactile models for Louise Bourgeois’ exhibition Structures of Existence: The Cells, 2015. Authors: Mikhail and Olga ShuSometimes it was possible to use readymade objects. During Japanese artist Takashi Murakami’s exhibition Under the Radiation Falls, in addition to manufactured tactile models, the department used kaiju monster figurines, purchased by Galya Novotortseva in Japan. As she recalls, “It was fun because the [blind] kids visiting us watched anime but could not always imagine what it looked like, so it was great for them to interact with figures from anime and imagine how the animated characters looked.”Another way to adapt exhibitions is to record audio descriptions, detailed verbal descriptions of visual images based on a technique that includes narration from the general to the particular, but without a subjective evaluation from the commentator about the objects. Galya recalled the adaptation of Yayoi Kusama’s exhibition Infinity Theory, which featured two installations. The first, Infinity Mirrored Room—The Souls of Millions of Light Years Away, was a room with mirrored walls filled with thousands of lights reflected in the mirrors. The second, Guidepost to the Eternal Space, was another room in which all the walls and structures were covered with a white polka dot ornament on a red background, so that viewers were deprived of spatial orientation. The works could not be touched, and Galya Novotortseva describes its adaptation as follows: “Together with Garage Teens Team, we recorded visitors sharing their impressions: a young person would approach visitors and ask questions such as, ‘What were your impressions ?’ I recorded a standard audio description. Then we gave these recordings with very emotional responses [to blind and partially-sighted children] to listen to and they entered the installations with their parents. Most people had to go in one at a time, but we were given permission to let in blind or partially-sighted visitors with an accompanying person. So, they had listened to the visitor reactions and the audio description. They went in with their parents and heard them crying and laughing. And all at the same time... Of course, it was mainly indirect perception because they could not touch the installations, but from an emotional point of view it was cool.”It is important to note that tactile models and audio descriptions are complementary practices and not simply interchangeable. The multisensory approach, using smell and taste as well as touch and hearing, makes it possible to perceive works of art more deeply and subtly.As well as exhibitions, public events were adapted for blind and partially-sighted visitors by the development of tours, the recording of audio guides, and the creation of education projects.The tours became permanent after the opening of the exhibition Russian Performance: A Cartography of its History in 2014. In 2015, the Museum launched walks for blind and partly sighted people in Gorky Park, which, according to Galya, “were part of the opening of the Museum and aimed to draw attention to the Seasons of the Year pavilion (the Museum building) and explain its architectural significance. Since I love architecture, I immediately came up with the idea of the walks for blind people. I had a ceramist friend who agreed to make tiles that were used to decorate the inside of the pavilion where the Garage office is now located, according to surviving sketches from the 1923 All-Russian Agricultural and Handicraft Industries Exhibition. But making the facades of the exhibition pavilions or the arch of the main entrance was much more difficult. I complained to Olya Shu that I needed a sculptor, and sit turned she was one. So, Olya started making these reliefs for us. Now Olya and Misha Shu have their own workshop, where they make tactile models for most of the museums in Russia.”The project Architectural Walks for Partially-Sighted and Blind Visitors, 2015As a rule, partially sighted and blind visitors explore from five to eight exhibits during a tour. This is because it takes a lot of time to discuss one object, since in addition to talking about the personality of the artist, the subject of the work or the way it is made, the guide invites the audience to examine a tactile model, often one per group, and also reads aloud or improvises an audio description. Tour groups are usually small; they vary from eight to twelve people, including accompanying persons.In 2017, two outreach programs were launched: Architecture. Accessible, an adapted course on architecture that had been available to Garage visitors without disabilities for several years, and The History of Painting. Accessible, an adaptation of the course for visitors without disabilities In the Footsteps of Contemporary Art. In addition, department staff made audio descriptions and translations of Irina Kulik’s lectures on the history of contemporary art into Russian Sign Language. As Glaya says, “Sometimes I hear very interesting stories, both from blind and sighted people. Someone starts telling me excitedly that they have found lectures on contemporary art with an audio description. I answer, ‘Yes? Really?’ There are also blind people who watch them with great interest. This is great because many people have questions like ‘Why are you doing this? Does anyone need this?’ But the most interesting thing is that several sighted people told me that they watched lectures with Irina Kulik’s audio commentary because they did not have to look at the screen while listening and doing household chores simultaneously. Or if you missed something at the Museum, you can judge from the description whether you should come and see it or not. It’s intriguing."Unlike the community of deaf people, which is united by a common language and culture, and the communities of parents of people with developmental disabilities, adult blind and partially-sighted people do not form communities based on the experience of disability. This does not mean that blind and partially-sighted people do not interact with each other. Some may be in touch because they were in the same school class; others often unite through sports organizations. There are communities of parents of blind children functioning as the basis for connections between blind children and adolescents. However, this is why the formation of a museum audience through communication with the community turned out to be impossible, and Garage staff had to attract its audience directly. As Galya explains: “It was a , many hours of calls to everyone in the world, to every branch of the All-Russia Association of the Blind, and to all organizations that interact with blind people in any way. We made numerous attempts to convince them that the Museum was worth visiting. Over time, people who were uninterested in contemporary art and culture dropped out, and people who were interested began to form a cluster around us.”Galya describes the first years of development of the department of inclusive programs in general and the work with partially-sighted and blind visitors in particular: “We basically did everything from scratch. We looked for all the best practice available, all the available information, discovered guides, toolkits, and so on. Based on this, we figured out how to make tactile models, how to record audio descriptions [. . .]. We learned from everyone who had experience, instead of going to one person and asking them to help as the one and only expert in the field. If we had done that we would have the opinion of a single Russian expert. As we tried to do everything ourselves, we ended up learning from various experts from the USA, the UK, the former Soviet Union, Bulgaria, Germany, and Russia. We gathered this information from everyone. This has led to a deeper understanding of tactile models, audio descriptions, and our program in general.”Maria Sarycheva says, “We began to include those who are now called ‘people with disability experience’ in the process of creating formats intended for them, and then we learned that ‘Nothing for us without us’ is a principle used in the USA. We had been stealing, as it were, from British and American museums. From the Americans because they had the Americans with Disabilities Act, according to which a public space cannot refuse entry to disabled visitors. Otherwise, it will face inspections and litigation. We began to read materials in English on the topic and engage in active self-education.” As for the reputation of their line of work in the museum community, Galya comments, “From the very beginning we attended conferences. We were terribly impudent, telling everyone how wrong they were, reproaching the Hermitage for having a program for children but no programs for adults, like, ‘What will you do for these children when they grow up?’ However, in the end, we formed a team of museum workers with the same interests, the same goals. And then everyone else caught up after realizing that we were not just blabbermouths; we were doing something good.” Garage was the first Russian museum to create a department for inclusive programs, but it was not the first to start working with people with disabilities. Maria Sarycheva adds, “We were not the first to work with people with disabilities in the museum, but we were the first to work with disabled adults. Until the age of 18, people are registered with organizations or institutions, but as soon as a person loses the status of ‘disabled child,’ that’s it. They find themselves isolated from other people, society, and education programs. At conferences, we went on rampage: 'You are doing it all wrong; we need participatory design; we need to integrate people with disabilities.' But now, after collaborating with experienced museum workers who had trodden this path before us, I understand that we were smarty-pants with enormous resources like private funding and the symbolic capital unavailable to these museums.”Garage staff also sought to establish professional relationships with colleagues at foreign museums. They responded with invitations to their conferences. In 2016, Maria Sarycheva, Vlad Kolesnikov, and Galya Novotortseva traveled to Pittsburgh to attend the Leadership Exchange in Arts and Disability (LEAD) conference at the invitation of Rebecca McGinnis, accessibility coordinator for the Metropolitan Museum of Art. In 2017, department staff participated in the same conference in Austin, USA. And in 2018, Garage hosted the annual international conference Experiencing the Museum, dedicated to the integration of blind and partially-sighted visitors and organized by Galya Novotortseva, Alexandra Filippovskaya, and Maria Shchekochikhina.Working with Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing VisitorsInclusive Programs Department also works with deaf and hard-of-hearing visitors. Vlad Kolesnikov was involved in this work from 2015 to 2018. Maria Sarycheva recalls meeting him: “At some point, Vlad Kolesnikov visited us and said, ‘Why do you use the word “inclusion”? There is nothing inclusive here at all. I’m hard of hearing, and I don’t understand the experience of the contemporary art museum. What should we do about it?’ He thought I would defend myself, make excuses or start arguing. I said, ‘Vlad, it’s great feedback. Let’s sit down and have a coffee.’ That is how my friendship and cooperation with Vlad began.”It is important to note that, as Maria Sarycheva points out in the interview, Inclusive Programs Department grew out of friendship. Maria says, “This is something that Garage always ignores. If we look at the Museum’s reader (Garage Journal Reader, an anthology published by Garage and Garage Journal focusing on accessibility and inclusion), edited by Dmitry Bezuglov, we will not find a single word about the launch of the department. It says ‘the institution did everything itself,’ but the institution consists of people and depends on connections between them, on the enormous trust between people. Institutions always ignore that.”Vlad Kolesnikov at a Russian Sign Language tour of the exhibition Proof: Francisco Goya, Sergei Eisenstein, Robert Longo, 2016. Photo: Anton DonikovThe Museum’s work with deaf and hard-of-hearing people involves education projects, tours, lectures, conferences, masterclasses, and discussions. One of the most important projects is the Dictionary of Contemporary Art Terms in Russian Sign Language. Since RSL lacked gestures like "installation," “performative practice," and "exhibition," which are often necessary in conversations about contemporary art, it was vital to create them, or rather to record the explanations that Russian Sign Language translators used during tours. On a global level, the project aimed to improve and enrich Russian Sign Language. A large expert group was assembled to create the dictionary. Members included Arkady Belozovsky, Tatiana Birs, Alexander Martyanov, Alexander Sidelnikov, and Antonina Pichugina. The experts collaborated with the members of the working group: Vlad Kolesnikov, Maria Sarycheva, Ekaterina Vladimirtseva, Anastasia Mityushina, Ekaterina Lazareva, and Natasha Soboleva. Maria Sarycheva says of the project, “We did a tremendous amount of work; without Vlad, it would not have been possible.” Furthermore, work also included the adaptation and translation of Irina Kulik’s lecture series with audio descriptions into Russian Sign Language.Unfortunately, Vlad Kolesnikov refused to give an interview. Without his words, it seems impossible to tell a complete and detailed story about the initial years of working with deaf and hard-of-hearing visitors. However, his colleagues spoke about his contribution to the department. Alexandra Philippovskaya, coordinator of Inclusive Programs Department from 2018 to 2021, described Vlad as a professional with a lot of ideas and a deep understanding of the needs of the community and how to work with them, what programs need to be launched, and what aspects of foreign experience are adaptable. Since Vlad himself is a member of the community, the other members trust him. Alexandra remembered one of her favorite projects, the training course for deaf tour guides (Fall 2016–January 2018), which she coordinated. This was a unique program, the goal of which was to conduct tours in Russian Sign Language; by the deaf and for the deaf. It was supposed to be a one-year course, but lasted longer than expected. Classes were held twice a week. The prototype was the training program for deaf tour guides at Tate in London. The program was backed by institutions ready to hire or invite course participants on an ongoing basis: Garage Museum of Contemporary Art, the Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts, the State Tretyakov Gallery, and Moscow Museum of Modern Art (MMOMA). The course included several modules, each of which was taught at one of the institutions. Their employees gave lectures and facilitated practical seminars in the museum spaces. In addition to classes on art history, museology, and lectures based on institutional collections, the course included masterclasses on information resources, independent research, presentation skills, public speaking, and Russian Sign Language. Participants attended lectures and classes on deaf artists and their art and famous figures and trends related to disability art (an art movement whose members represent or problematize their experiences of disability). Each module concluded with a test and a tour. The indirect objective of the course was to study and use the dictionary of contemporary art terms in Russian Sign Language developed by the team at Garage and a group of independent experts. Alexandra Philippovskaya believes that the project played an important role in the development of inclusion in Russian cultural institutions, since it was the first attempt to include people with disabilities in the professional community. There had been many programs for visitors with disabilities before this project opened up new employment opportunities for deaf people in cultural workplaces and influenced the attitude of museum workers toward disabled people in general. Alexandra noted that the project was an attempt to change the paternalistic attitude to horizontal relationships.The tour guides who completed the course created the organization Sign in the Museum in order to organize tours in sign language in various cultural institutions in Moscow and popularize art among deaf and hard-of-hearing people.Cover photo by Olga Gauga…

Lugamanova Raya | 14 июня 2024

Leonid Talochkin's [social] circle. A to Z index. II

Алфавитный указатель. Л – Я (начало). Настоящий материал дублирует алфавитный указатель публикации дневников Леонида Талочкина «Завтра – см. вчера» (Музей «Гараж», 2024).Л Юлий Александрович Лабас (1933–2008) — ученый-биолог. Автор работ по поведению и физиологии животных. Сын художника Александра Лабаса и художницы и теоретика театра Раисы Идельсон. Работал в Государственном Дарвиновском музее в Москве, в Институте физиологии им. И. П. Павлова, на Беломорской биостанции ЗИН АН СССР. Старший научный сотрудник в Институте проблем экологии и эволюции им. А. Н. Северцова. Ведущий научный сотрудник в Институте биохимии им. А. Н. Баха РАН. – 44, 45, 46, 47, 54, 57, 74, 75, 98, 99, 123, 124, 125, 126, 148, 206, 207, 208, 210, 233, 238, 241, 252, 255, 262, 265, 270, 291, 338, 353, 389, 392, 409, 413, 448 Александр Аркадьевич Лабас (1900–1983) — художник. Член группы «Метод» («Проекционисты») (1921–1924) и «Общества станковистов» (ОСТ) (1925–1932). В начале 1920-х работал как беспредметник. В 1912 г. поступил в Императорское Строгановское художественно-промышленное училище, учился у Дмитрия Щербиновского, Фёдора Фёдоровского, в студии Фёдора Реберга (1915), затем в Студии живописи и рисунка Ивана Машкова (1916) и ГСХМ (1918–1919) у Петра Кончаловского. Преподавал живопись и цветоведение во ВХУТЕМАСе — ВХУТЕИНе (1925–1929). В 1920–1930-х занимался оформлением спектаклей в Театре Революции, Театре им. В. Ф. Комиссаржевской, Государственном Еврейском театре (ГОСЕТ), в Белорусском ГОСЕТ. Делал панорамы и диорамы для советских павильонов на Всемирных выставках. В 1935–1936 гг. Лабаса обвинили в формализме, его произведения перестали приобретать музеи и принимать на выставки. С тех пор в основном работал как театральный художник, создавая панно, панорамы и диорамы. – 448Нина Лабас — жена Юлия Лабаса. – 206, 210, 392 Мирослав Ламач (1928-1992) — чешский критик и искусствовед, автор монографий о Пауле Клее и Ван Гоге, чешском авагарде — Moderne tschechische Malerei. Anfange der Avangarde. 1907–1917 (1967), кубизме и современном искусстве – 311, 415 Вера Иосифовна Лашкова (род. 1944) — диссидентка, правозащитница. Дружила с участниками литературной группы СМОГ. Перепечатывала самиздат, в том числе посвященную процессу Синявского и Даниэля «Белую книгу» Александра Гинзбурга. В 1967 г. была арестована за антисоветскую деятельность. Провела год в предварительном заключении в СИЗО, в 1968-м освобождена. Участница Фонда помощи политзаключенным Александра Солженицына. В 1983 г. выслана из Москвы, жила в деревне Дмитровка Калининской области и работала шофером в колхозе. В 1990-м вернулась в Москву, где стала заведующей архивом Андрея Сахарова. – 146Ева Павловна Левина-Розенгольц (1898–1975) — художница. Принимала участие в оформлении Советского павильона на Всемирной выставке в Париже (1937). Ученица Роберта Фалька. Жена писателя Бориса Левина. В 1949 г. была арестована как социально опасный элемент и осуждена на 10 лет ссылки в Красноярский край. В 1956-м — реабилитирована. В 1950–1970-е занималась преимущественно станковой графикой. – 37, 52 Чарлз Уэбстер Ледбитер (1854-1934) — британский теософ, писатель. – 211 Владимир Лейбзон (Липсон, Лейбсон) — учитель русского языка, знакомый Юлия Лабаса. – 29, 57, 416 Андрей Иванович Леонидов — сын архитектора Ивана Леонидова. Занимался изучением творчества отца. – 42, 47, 48, 51, 52, 53, 55, 264, 346 Иван Ильич Леонидов (1902–1959) — русский архитектор-авангардист. Автор проектов Института библиотековедения им. В. И. Ленина, конкурсных проектов социалистического расселения при Магнитогорском химико-металлургическом комбинате и дома Наркомтяжпрома на Красной площади в Москве. – 49, 52, 64 Хуго Людвигович Лепнурм (1914–1999) — эстонский органист и теоретик органостроения, композитор. Автор фундаментальной монографии «Из истории органа и органной музыки» (Таллин, 1971). Автор сборника хоралов Эстонской лютеранской церкви. – 57, 103 Наталия Павловна Лесина (урожд. Шульц; 1933–2016) — журналистка, краевед, автор популярных в советское время очерков-путеводителей по Коктебелю, Старому Крыму и горе Клементьева. Дочь археолога Павла Шульца. Жена писателя Николая Лесина. – 44, 365, 366, 385, 425, 431 Николай Григорьевич Лесин (псевд. Самвелян; 1936–1992) — писатель, автор исторических романов и повестей для юношества. Писал на русском и украинском языках. С 1976 г. — член Союза писателей СССР. С 1989 г. — президент Международной ассоциации творческой интеллигенции «Мир культуры». Муж Наталии Лесиной. – 365, 367, 368, 425, 431 Моисей Семенович Лесман (1902–1985) — музыкант, коллекционер-библиофил. Собирал издания русских поэтов конца XIX — начала XX века. Собрал библиотеку, насчитывающую около 11 тысяч томов, часть которой впоследствии поступила в коллекцию музея Анны Ахматовой. – 206Виталий Дмитриевич Линицкий (урожд. Сопов; митрополит Стефан; род. 1934) — религиозный художник, митрополит неканонических церковных юрисдикций, представитель неофициального искусства. В 1942–1955 гг. находился в лагере спецпереселенцев под Алма-Атой (Акмолинский лагерь жен изменников родины, АЛЖИР). В 1951–1955 гг. учился в Алма-Атинском художественном училище им. Н. В. Гоголя по специальности «художник-оформитель». В 1961 г. окончил Московский государственный художественный институт им. В. И. Сурикова. Тогда же начал служить алтарником в храмах Москвы. Участник выставок группы «20 московских художников» в Горкоме графиков. В 1981 г. принял монашеский постриг, в 1983 г. стал иеромонахом неканонической Истинно-православной катакомбной церкви. В 2004 г. стал митрополитом Крутицким и Можайским. В 2020 г. исключен из состава Истинно-православной церкви катакомбной церкви. – 280, 282, 315, 317, 343, 366, 370, 372, 389 Ричард Липпольд (1915–2002) — американский скульптор. Автор геометрических конструкций из проволоки. – 47Михаил Александрович Лифшиц (1905–1983) — философ, искусствовед, специалист по эстетическим взглядам Гегеля и Маркса. Критик вульгарной социологии, рассматривающей искусство исключительно в контексте классовой борьбы, и модернизма, в котором Лифшиц видел квинтэссенцию тоталитаризма. В 1950-е подвергся критике за разгромную статью, посвященную сталинской интеллигенции и, в частности, дневнику Мариэтты Шагинян. Опубликованная в «Новом мире» (1954. No 2) статья произвела эффект разорвавшейся бомбы и сделала философа знаменитым. Сама Шагинян истолковала статью Лифшица как «еврейскую реакцию» на ее активное участие в кампании против «идеологически вредного» романа «Жизнь и судьба» Василия Гроссмана. К критике Лифшица присоединились партийные деятели, и вскоре «Новый мир» был вынужден «признать ошибки», а Твардовский был освобожден от должности главного редактора журнала. Самого же философа исключили из КПСС и практически перестали публиковать его работы. Только в 1956-м — после XX съезда КПСС и осуждения культа личности Сталина — положение Лифшица изменилось. Его не только восстановили в партии, но и присудили ему ученую степень кандидата филологических наук за диссертацию, защищенную еще в 1948 г. – 436, 450Георгий Сергеевич Лозбеков (1914–1994?) — живописец- абстракционист. Участник объединения московских художников-нонкомформистов «Двадцать московских художников». Был близок идеям теософии и космизма. – 168Юрий Лопаков (1944–1983) — художник, в 1963–1973 гг. — участник группы «Движение». Занимался преимущественно пространственными композициями из пластилина. Среди прочего, собирал иконы. – 280, 427 Луиджи Лонго (Род. 1923) — итальянский журналист, писатель, переводчик. Сын известного коммуниста, с 1964 г. Генерального секретаря Коммунистической партии Италии Луиджи Лонго и видного профсоюзного деятеля Терезы Ноче. Вместе с родителями, спасаясь от политического преследования, переехал в СССР в 1927 году. Жил во Франции (1929-1932; 1939-1941). Учился в Ивановском интернациональном детском доме в одном классе с дочерью Долорес Ибаррури (1934-1937). Во время Великой Отечественной войны жил в СССР (1941-1945). С 1952 года учился в МГУ на экономическом факультете. Был женат на советском режиссере и сценаристе Тамаре Лисициан. В 1955 году женился на однокурснице Людмиле Плетневой. Работал переводчиком в иностранном отделе ЦК КПСС. В 1960 году переехал в Милан, где стал одним из секретарей компартии Италии. – 333 Людмила Ивановна Лонго-Плетнева (Лонгиха) — преподаватель и популяризатор русского языка в Италии. В 1953 г. поступила на экономический факультет МГУ, где познакомилась с будущим мужем Луиджи Лонго — сыном и полной тезкой первого секретаря компартии Италии. В 1960 г. вместе с мужем эмигрировала в Италию. Преподавала русский язык в ассоциации «Италия — Россия», также работала в Итало-советской торговой палате. В 1961– 1962 гг. вместе с сыном Владимира Набокова Дмитрием записала первый в Италии краткий курс русского языка на пластинках «Русский язык за 40 минут». В 1967 г. получила диплом филолога, преподавателя русского языка и литературы, окончив заочное отделение филфака МГУ. В 1969 г. окончила факультет филологии и философии Миланского государственного университета и получила должность заведующего кафедрой русского языка, сначала на юридическом факультете, а через год — на факультете политических наук. Сотрудничала и дружила с министром культуры СССР Екатериной Фурцевой, была неформальным представителем по культурным отношениям между СССР и Италией. – 82, 83, 90, 91, 93, 100, 150, 174, 180, 183, 207Морис Луис (1912–1962) — американский художник-абстракционист. Приверженец «живописи цветового поля», работы представляют собой в основном сходящиеся или расходящиеся пучки линий. Друг и соратник абстракциониста Кеннета Ноланда. В своих работах испытал влияние Джексона Поллока. – 45 Сергей Алексеевич Лучишкин (1902–1989) — живописец, график, художник-монументалист, театральный художник, режиссер. Представитель экспериментального авангарда 1920-х, входил в Общество художников-станковистов (ОСТ). Разрабатывал идею координат в живописи — создавал концептуальные таблицы и графики, своего рода проекции художественной мысли, которые должны были заменить привычные картины. – 232 Евгений Никитич Лысак (1930–1991) — украинский театральный художник, педагог. – 367 Витольд Лютославский (Witold Lutosławski; 1913–1994) — польский композитор, дирижер, представитель музыкального авангарда. В 1948 г. был обвинен в формализме польскими сталинистами. Автор абстрактной «Книги для оркестра» (1968), считавшейся антисоветским высказыванием и заявлением против ввода советских войск в Чехословакию. – 35 Петр Ляхов – друг и однополчанин Ильи Дудинского – 204 М Густав Малер (1860–1911) — австрийский композитор, один из известнейших и наиболее влиятельных дирижеров. Автор симфоний и песен. Оказал значительное влияние на Новую венскую школу, а также на Дмитрия Шостаковича и Бенджамина Бриттена. – 39 Джерри Маллиган (1927–1996) — американский джазовый саксофонист, композитор, аранжировщик, один из основателей кул-джаза. В СССР записи Маллигана можно было достать только на черном рынке, поскольку джаз считался «буржуазной, чуждой советскому человеку» музыкой. – 29 Юрий Витальевич Мамлеев (1931–2015) — писатель, поэт и философ. Ключевая фигура Южинского кружка — неформального сообщества эзотериков, писателей и художников, которое образовалось в конце 1950-х благодаря встречам в квартире писателя. Творчество Мамлеева тесно связано с такими темами, как метафизика, духовность, эзотерика. В СССР официально не публиковался. В 1975 г. вместе с женой эмигрировал в США. Преподавал в Корнеллском университете. В 1983 г. переехал во Францию, где преподавал русскую литературу и язык в Медонском институте русской культуры, а затем в Институте восточных цивилизаций. В 1991 г. вернулся в Россию. – 12, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 70, 73, 75, 76, 80, 81, 83, 84, 86, 88, 89, 91, 92, 94, 95, 102, 103, 110, 111, 116, 117, 122, 131, 135, 141, 142, 144, 146, 148, 151, 160, 164, 183, 206, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 215, 217, 218, 219, 221, 224, 226, 227, 229, 241, 242, 244, 246, 253, 256, 264, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 277, 282, 286, 289, 304, 322, 323, 326, 341, 353, 360, 389, 396, 416, 428, 429, 434, 436, 444 Шмавон Григорьевич Мангасаров (1907–1992) — художник. Один из учредителей Азербайджанского общества работников революционного искусства (АзОРРИИС). Автор тематических картин, посвященных хлопковым рассадам. В 1930-е находился в опале, поскольку его работы были якобы недостаточно близки принципам соцреализма. Среди прочего некоторые особо рьяные критики и вовсе предлагали уничтожить картины Мангасарова. – 49Виктор Андроникович Мануйлов (1903– 1987) — литературовед, мемуарист и сценарист. Специалист по творчеству Пушкина и Лермонтова, создатель «Лермонтовской энциклопедии». В 1922–1927 гг. учился в Азербайджанском университете в Баку. В 1927 г. переехал в Ленинград, где познакомился с Анной Ахматовой. По ее рекомендации стал помощником литературоведа, историка революционного движения в России Павла Щеголева. В 1931–1933 гг. — главный библиотекарь фундаментальной библиотеки Ленинградского университета. В 1934 г. участвовал в подготовке пятитомного издания сочинений Лермонтова. В 1967 г. защитил докторскую диссертацию по совокупности работ о жизни и творчестве Михаила Лермонтова в Ленинградском государственном университете. – 365, 366, 367 Лидия Алексеевна Мастеркова (1927– 2008) — художница, представительница неофициального искусства. В 1954–1968 гг. — гражданская жена художника Владимира Немухина. В 1943 г. поступила в Московскую городскую художественную школу на Кропоткинской в Чудовом переулке. В 1946–1950 гг. училась в Московском государственном художественном училище памяти 1905 года. В конце 1940-х — начале 1950-х занималась в мастерской Роберта Фалька. В 1948–1949 гг. была замужем за Владимиром Холиным. В 1951–1953 гг. работала администратором в московской филармонии, параллельно занималась моделированием и шитьем одежды. В конце 1950-х вошла в состав Лианозовской группы. С середины 1950-х работала на полиграфическом комбинате, рисовала и реставрировала плакаты для ВДНХ, оформляла детские новогодние праздники в ДК им. Горбунова. В 1963–1964 гг. работала художником в Государственном музее изобразительных искусств им. А. С. Пушкина. В 1974 г. участвовала в «Бульдозерной выставке». В 1975 г. вместе с сыном эмигрировала во Францию. – 234, 320, 346, 350, 378, 381, 382, 386, 388, 391, 396, 397, 414, 418, 420, 424, 447, 454, 455 Жорж Матье (1921–2012) — французский художник, представитель школы ташизма. Один из первых художников, писавших в абстрактном стиле на исторические темы. Также занимался декоративным искусством, создавал рекламные плакаты. – 360 Надежда Ниловна Медведкова (? — между 1970 и 1977) — переводчица французской литературы. Училась в Высшем литературно-художественном институте имени В. Я. Брюсова. Жена поэта Ивана Пулькина и литературоведа, критика, очеркиста Кирилла Андреева. – 18, 20, 23, 36, 63, 64, 67, 166, 212Иегуди Менухин (1916–1999) — американский скрипач и дирижер; исполнял в основном академическую музыку и джаз. В 1945 г. стал первым зарубежным музыкантом, приехавшим в СССР после войны, для исполнения двойного концерта Баха совместно с Давидом Ойстрахом. – 404 Вольф Григорьевич Мессинг (1899–1974) — эстрадный артист, иллюзионист. Известен прежде всего сеансами «чтения мыслей». Среди прочего во время Второй мировой войны выступал в составе агитбригад, в годы Великой Отечественной пожертвовал средства на строительство двух советских истребителей. В 1971 г. получил звание заслуженного артиста СССР. – 124, 429 Игорь Мид (Медведев; 1931-2015) — художник, искусствовед. Во время Второй мировой войны вместе с семьей оказался в концлагере под Веной. После освобождения по специальной программе для беженцев был отправлен в США. Учился в Дартмутском колледже и Калифорнийском университете в Беркли. Получил степень магистра истории искусств в 1953 г. С аккредитацией журнала The New York Review of Books приехал в СССР, организовал (совместно с Павлом Съеклочей) выставку «Графическое искусство в США», которая прошла в Алма-Ате, Москве, Ереване и Ленинграде (1963-1964). Соавтор (с Павлом Съеклочей) книги Unofficial Art in the Soviet Union (1967). Имел собственную галерею Mead Original Prints Gallery (Сан-Франциско). (Автор биографии — Рут Аддисон). – 37 Валентина Милованова (Кроха) — медсестра, возлюбленная и впоследствии жена Леонида Талочкина. – 454, 455, 456 Адольф Израилевич Мильман (1886–1930) — художник, педагог. Участник художественных объединений «Бубновый валет» и — позднее — «Мир искусства». Занимался организацией Отдела изобразительных искусств при Народном комиссариате просвещения. В 1921 г. эмигрировал во Францию. – 277 Жоан Миро (1893–1983) — испанский художник, скульптор, график. Представитель абстракционизма, также близок сюрреализму. Среди прочего занимался керамикой. – 22, 97, 177, 207, 280, 298, 304, 320, 383, 393 Артуро Бенедетти Микеланджели (1920–1995) — итальянский музыкант, пианист. Исполнитель классической фортепианной музыки. Критики высоко ценили талант Микеланджели и окрестили его «новым Листом». – 240 Май Петрович Митурич-Хлебников (1925–2008) — художник, график, иллюстратор. Окончил Московский полиграфический институт (1953), позднее преподавал там же. Автор настенной росписи Палеонтологического музея РАН им. Ю.А. Орлова. Создал иллюстрации ко множеству книг, в том числе к «Маугли» Редьярда Киплинга, «Аленькому цветочку» Сергея Аксакова, произведениям Корнея Чуковского – 180Никита Сергеевич Михалков (род. 1945) — актер, режиссер, сценарист, сын писателя Сергея Михалкова. – 236 Евгений Григорьевич Михнов-Войтенко (1932–1988) — художник, представитель неофициального искусства. В 1951–1954 гг. учился в Ленинградском государственном институте иностранных языков на скандинавском отделении, параллельно занимался в драматической студии в ДК им. Первой пятилетки. В 1954–1958 гг. учился на постановочном факультете Ленинградского театрального института им. А. Н. Островского. В 1959–1988 гг. состоял в штате Комбината живописно-оформительского искусства Художественного фонда. Среди прочего является автором росписи в кафетерии «Сайгон». Искусством занимался с середины 1950-х, в своем творчестве тяготел к переосмыслению религиозных мотивов. – 66 Соломон Михайлович Михоэлс (наст. Вовси; 1890–1948) — актер и режиссер советского театра на идише (ГОСЕТ), педагог, общественный деятель. Один из авторов письма Иосифу Сталину об организации еврейской автономии в Крыму. Председатель Еврейского антифашистского комитета (ЕАК). В 1948 г. был убит сотрудниками Министерства государственной безопасности (МГБ) по приказу Сталина. В том же году был распущен ЕАК, а уже в 1949-м закрылся ГОСЕТ. – 91 Андрей Викторович Монастырский (наст. Сумнин; род. 1949) — художник, писатель, поэт, теоретик искусства, один из лидеров московского концептуализма. Окончил филологический факультет Московского государственного университета в 1980 г. Работал редактором в Государственном литературном музее. В 1973 г. начал заниматься сериальными структурами и минималистскими звуковыми композициями, с 1975 г. — созданием поэтических объектов и проведением акций. Один из основателей (вместе с Никитой Алексеевым, Георгием Кизевальтером и Николаем Панитковым) и автор большинства проектов группы «Коллективные действия», один из авторов-составителей многотомной документации «КД» «Поездки за город». Участник художественных коллективов «Капитон» и «Корбюзье» (вместе с Вадимом Захаровым и Юрием Лейдерманом). Автор ряда теоретических работ о современном искусстве в отечественных и иностранных изданиях. В 2003 г. — лауреат премии Андрея Белого за особые заслуги в развитии русской литературы, в 2009 г. — премии «Инновация» в номинации «Теория искусства». – 449 Владимир Алексеевич Мороз (1929–2022) — художник, коллекционер, издатель. Окончил Московское высшее художественно-промышленное училище им. С. Г. Строганова. С 1950-х работал на живописно-производственном комбинате при Художественном фонде СССР, в мастерской «Промграфики» при Московском союзе художников. Тогда же начал собирать коллекцию. В 1950–1960-е особое внимание уделял работам Роберта Фалька. К 1970 г. в собрании Мороза были как иконы, так и русский авангард первой и второй волны. В 1974 г. арестован и осужден по политическому делу. Коллекция конфискована. Освободился в 1981 г. С середины 1980-х собирал преимущественно наивную живопись. – 330, 385, 406, 439, 442 Ласло Мохой-Надь (Moholy-Nagy László; 1895-1946) — венгерский художник-авангардист, теоретик фото- и киноискусства. Работал в Баухаузе. В 1937 году эмигрировал из Германии в США. В 1939 году стал директором школы дизайна «Новый Баухауз» в Чикаго. – 266Франтишек Музыка (František Muzika; 1900–1974) — чешский художник. Видный представитель чешского авангарда. – 302 Эммануэль Мунье (1905–1950) — французский философ-персоналист, преподаватель. Автор ряда философских трудов экзистенциально-персоналистского направления. Издатель литературно-философского журнала Esprit. Участник движения Сопротивления. – 78 Генри Спенсер Мур (1898–1986) — британский художник и скульптор. Абстракционист, также был близок сюрреализму. Автор монументальных скульптур, отражающих преимущественно пластику человеческого тела – 181 Майя Ильинична Муравник — жена Александра Глезера. Окончила филологический факультет Московского государственного университета. Редактор отдела поэзии издательства «Советский писатель». В 1975 г. вместе с мужем покинула СССР. – 404, 405, 410 Борис (Гантобари) Манигатович Мухаметшин (род. 1942) — художник, диссидент, представитель неофициального искусства. Учился в Московском архитектурном институте. Распространитель самиздата, в том числе «Архипелага ГУЛАГ» Александра Солженицына. В 1974 г. осужден за антисоветскую агитацию. Освободился в 1979 г. После освобождения подвергался преследованию со стороны КГБ. В 1981 г. эмигрировал. – 418Хайнер Мюллер (1929–1995) — немецкий драматург, театральный режиссер, поэт, эссеист. Автор множества пьес и один из виднейших драматургов ГДР. Наследовал традициям Бертольта Брехта. Придерживался социалистических взглядов и выступал с резкой критикой сталинизма. – 260 Н Валентина Афанасьевна Невская (Сильная; род. 1939) — актриса оригинального жанра, возлюбленная Леонида Талочкина. – 12, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 111, 114, 115, 116, 118, 119, 121, 123, 125, 126, 127, 128, 130, 132, 134, 135, 136, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 161, 162, 164, 172, 176, 177, 183, 207, 212, 216, 217, 227, 232, 233, 234, 243, 247, 254, 277, 280, 281, 285, 295, 384, 419, 438 Николай Михайлович Недбайло (род. 1940) — художник-наивист, график, иллюстратор. Родился в семье известных художников Михаила Недбайло и Нины Кашиной, входивших в группу «Тринадцать». Был близок кругу СМОГистов. Работал в таких журналах, как «Вокруг света», «Юность», «Смена», «Молодая гвардия», «Огонек». В 1966 г. из-за связей со СМОГистами был отправлен в ссылку. Вскоре был оправдан, вернулся в Москву. В 37 лет принял крещение, отрекся от своих авангардистских работ (многие — уничтожил) и обратился к наивизму. В 1973 г. стал лауреатом международного конкурса художников-фантастов «Мир завтрашнего дня». – 311, 323, 348, 422 Эрнст Иосифович Неизвестный (1925–2016) — скульптор-монументалист, представитель неофициального искусства. Участник Великой Отечественной войны. В апреле 1945 г. был тяжело ранен и признан погибшим, в связи с чем «посмертно» награжден орденом Красной Звезды. В 1946–1957 гг. учился в Академии художеств Латвийской ССР, в 1947–1954 гг. — в Московском государственном художественном институте им. В. И. Сурикова. Дипломная работа Неизвестного «Строитель Кремля Фёдор Конь» была выдвинута на Сталинскую премию и куплена Государственным Русским музеем. В 1962 г. участвовал в выставке «30 лет МОСХ» в Манеже, разгромленной Никитой Хрущёвым. Позднее был исключен из Союза художников СССР. До эмиграции в 1976 г. работал каменщиком и реставратором. Автор надгробного памятника Никите Хрущёву (1974 г.). В эмиграции преподавал в Гарвардском, Йельском, Колумбийском университетах. В 1986 г. был избран действительным членом Шведской академии наук и искусств и Нью-Йоркской академии искусств и наук. – 40, 86, 278, 307, 309, 310, 312, 314, 379, 380, 403, 406, 415, 416, 418 Виктор Платонович Некрасов (1911–1987) — писатель, диссидент. Участник Великой Отечественной войны. Автор повести «В окопах Сталинграда» — одной из первых правдивых книг о войне, опубликованных в СССР. Один из основателей «лейтенантской прозы», лауреат Сталинской премии 2-й степени. В 1970-е подвергался давлению со стороны КГБ — его обвиняли в «низкопоклонстве перед Западом». Уехал из СССР в 1974-м, после чего в 1979 г. был лишен советского гражданства. – 19, 23, 82 Всеволод Николаевич Некрасов (1934–2009) — поэт и публицист, художник, эссеист. Входил в состав Лианозовской группы. В СССР официально не публиковался. С 1960-х собирал коллекцию живописи, графики и арт-объектов неофициальных художников (передана в Музей частных коллекций Государственного музея изобразительных искусств им. А. С. Пушкина). Оформлял книги для издательств «Детская литература», «Малыш», «Пионер». – 110, 241, 307, 320 Владимир Николаевич Немухин (1925–2016) — художник, представитель неофициального искусства. В 1943–1946 гг. учился в московской Школе-студии Всесоюзного центрального совета профессиональных союзов. В 1946 г. вступил в Горком графиков. В 1950-е работал как художник-плакатист, а также художником-оформителем в конструкторском бюро. В 1957 г. поступил в Московский государственный художественный институт им. В. И. Сурикова, но вскоре был исключен «за несогласие с принципами социалистического реализма». В 1954–1968 гг. состоял в гражданском браке с художницей Лидией Мастерковой. В конце 1950-х познакомился с Оскаром Рабиным и вошел в состав Лианозовской группы. В 1974 г. участвовал в «Бульдозерной выставке». В 1976 г., когда при Горкоме графиков была открыта секция живописи, стал одним из ее неофициальных руководителей. С 1990-х также занимался абстрактной скульптурой, с 2000-х — росписью фарфора – 14, 170, 234, 286, 288, 291, 312, 315, 317, 318, 319, 320, 327, 328, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 349, 351, 352, 363, 368, 370, 373, 375, 378, 381, 382, 383, 384, 385, 386, 387, 388, 389, 391, 393, 394, 395, 396, 397, 398, 403, 405, 406, 407, 408, 414, 416, 418, 419, 420, 421, 424, 427, 429, 434, 437, 438, 441, 442, 443, 446, 447, 449, 452, 453, 455 Леонид Николаевич Нехорошев (1931–2014) — кинодраматург, редактор кино. Окончил сценарно-редакторский факультет ВГИКа (1955). В 1954–1982 гг. работал на киностудии «Мосфильм», с 1974-го — главный редактор киностудии. В 1982 г. стал руководителем сценарной мастерской во ВГИКе, где читал курс «Теория кинодраматургии». Заведующий кафедрой кинодраматургии ВГИКа (1982–1994). – 380 Эдуард Николаев (1937–1989) — художник. Муж Елены Кайровой. Окончил Ленинградское высшее художественно-промышленное училище им. В. И. Мухиной. – 272, 393 Нина Ильинична Нисс-Гольдман (1892–1990) — художница, скульптор, педагог. Одна из учредителей общества художников «4 искусства», член МОСХа с момента его основания и старейший член Союза художников СССР. Экспонент выставок «Мира искусства». Автор множества мемориальных досок, в том числе Льву Толстому и Сергею Рахманинову. – 41, 67 Юрий Новиков — художник-реставратор, ученик Фёдора Семёнова-Амурского. Художник-реставратор во Всесоюзных специальных научно-производственных мастерских Министерства культуры СССР; реставрировал церковь Спаса Преображения на Ильине улице в Великом Новгороде. – 20, 26, 27, 29, 55, 56, 61, 62, 70, 74, 135, 148, 183, 368, 413 Валентин Валентинович Новожилов (1910–1987) — ученый, педагог, механик, специалист по теориям упругости и пластичности, теории волновых процессов. Придерживался необычных консервативных воззрений: среди прочего считал декабристов врагами России, уважал Ивана Грозного, Павла I и Николая I. – 239, 240 Эмилия (Эма) Носкова-Фантышева (Царевна; род. 1938) — возлюбленная Леонида Талочкина, впоследствии вышла замуж за инженера Павла Фантыша и эмигрировала в Чехию. Позднее переехала во Францию, затем — в Италию. В 1970-е проживала в Австралии. – 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 29, 38, 50, 90, 96, 97, 177, 206, 210, 215, 216, 231, 235, 263, 272, 286, 295, 296, 298, 299, 302, 306, 307, 369, 431, 443 Кеннет Ноланд (1924–2010) — американский художник-абстракционист, один из самых известных представителей «живописи цветового поля». Друг и соратник Мориса Луиса. Как правило, работы Ноланда — это концентрические разноцветные кольца, уходящие «вглубь» холста. – 45 Юрий Александрович Нолев-Соболев (1928–2002) — художник, представитель неофициального искусства. Главный художник издательства «Знание». С 1967 г. — главный художник журнала «Знание — сила». Хозяин «Нолева ковчега» — художественного салона, собиравшегося у него в квартире. В 1962 г. участвовал в выставке «30 лет МОСХ» в Манеже, разгромленной Никитой Хрущёвым. В 1960– 1970-е работал художником-постановщиком. В 1990-е создал Международную мастерскую синтеза и анимации «Интерстудио». – 312 Лев Вольдемарович Нусберг (род. 1937) — художник, представитель неофициального искусства. Теоретик искусства. В 1951–1958 гг. учился в Московской средней художественной школе. В дальнейшем самостоятельно освоил стили модернизма ХХ века, включая кубизм Пабло Пикассо, супрематизм Казимира Малевича и конструктивизм Наума Габо. В 1961 г. Нусберг отказался от создания станковой живописи в пользу трехмерных «геометрических и структурно-симметричных объектов с использованием различных материалов, в особенности зеркал и света». В 1962 г. стал инициатором создания «Коллектива свободных художников» (с 1964 г. — группа «Движение»). В группе играл роль неформального лидера, организатора совместных занятий историей и теорией искусства ХХ века и куратора экспериментальных выставок. С 1963 г. начал разрабатывать концепцию киберромантизма. В 1968 г. начал формулировать концепцию искусственной бион-кинетической среды (ИБКС). В 1976 г. эмигрировал из СССР. Жил в Австрии, Франции, Германии. В 1980 г. переехал в США. В последние годы отошел от творческой работы. – 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 47, 48, 54, 55, 56, 57, 59, 63, 65, 67, 70, 82, 93, 100, 109, 110, 151, 168, 169, 171, 172, 175, 176, 177, 226, 233, 234, 240, 245, 290, 296, 301, 302, 308, 309, 312, 314, 325, 346, 350, 358, 388, 418, 421, 427, 447 Евгений Михайлович Нутович (1934–2017) — коллекционер, музейный работник, поэт. Обладатель коллекции русского неофициального искусства 1950–1980-х. С мая 1958 г. работал в Третьяковской галерее, сначала в развесочной бригаде, затем — в фотолаборатории. – 165, 234, 275, 332, 340, 343, 357, 369, 423 Тетя Нюра – мать Александра Харитонова – 223, 226, 237, 240, 246, 247, 251, 257, 258, 264, 269, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 278, 291, 294, 307, 313, 326, 352, 353, 414, 422, 454 О Михаил Овчинников — специалист по древнерусской архитектуре. Возможно, в 1970-е работал во Всероссийском художественном научно-реставрационном центре им. академика И. Э. Грабаря. – 41, 42(?), 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 64(?), 71(?), 80 Джон Огдон (1937–1989) — британский пианист и композитор. Победитель прошедшего в Москве в 1962 г. Международного конкурса имени П. И. Чайковского.—233Давид Фёдорович Ойстрах (1908–1974) — музыкант и музыкальный педагог, дирижер, скрипач, альтист. Профессор Московской консерватории. Активно занимался концертной деятельностью в СССР и за рубежом. Среди прочего исполнял классические и романтические произведения Иоганна Баха, Вольфганга Моцарта, Людвига ван Бетховена, Сергея Прокофьева и Дмитрия Шостаковича. – 369, 404, 407Ричард Олдингтон (1892–1962) — английский поэт и прозаик. Роман «Смерть героя» (1929), наряду с «Прощай, оружие!» Эрнеста Хемингуэя и «На западном фронте без перемен» Эриха Марии Ремарка, — своеобразный манифест «потерянного поколения». Так называли родившихся в 1880–1900-е людей, чья юность пришлась на Первую мировую войну. Многие представители «потерянного поколения» принимали участие в боевых действиях, они получали серьезную психологическую травму и зачастую не могли адаптироваться к мирной жизни. – 61, 387 Джеймс Олдридж (1918–2015) — английский писатель, журналист, общественный деятель. Автор социально-политических романов с ярко выраженной антиколониальной и антифашистской направленностью. Талочкин прочел статью «Писатель и общественная мораль (заметки о творчестве А. Силлитоу, Ф. Саган, Дж. Д. Сэлинджера)». – 32, 285Николай Макарович Олейников (1898–1937) — поэт и писатель. Был редактором журналов «ЕЖ», «Чиж». Участник Гражданской войны, член РКП(б). Позднее примкнул к поэтическому Объединению реального искусства (ОБЭРИУ). В 1937 г. арестован, обвинен в контрреволюционной деятельности и расстрелян. В 1957 г. посмертно реабилитирован. – 238 Джордж Ортман (1926–2015) — американский художник-минималист, скульптор. Понимал геометрические фигуры как основной художественный язык; в своих работах задействовал различные объекты и материалы, создавая как картины, так и трехмерные произведения. – 45 Джордж Оруэлл (1903–1950; в СССР имя писателя транскрибировали как Георг Орвелл). «1984» (англ. Nineteen Eighty-Four) — роман Оруэлла, считающийся одним из образцов антиутопии. Большое влияние на создание романа оказала антиутопия Евгения Замятина «Мы» (1920). В СССР обе книги считались антисоветскими и вплоть до 1988 г. были запрещены, поэтому первый перевод романа на русский язык был осуществлен эмигрантским журналом «Грани»: Орвелл Г. 1984. // Грани. 1955. No 27–28, 31; 1956. No 30. – 91 , 99, 115, 132, 421 Владимир Николаевич Осипов (1938–2020) — публицист, диссидент. В 1960-е осужден за участие в диссидентском движении, в заключении стал православным монархистом. После освобождения в 1968-м издавал православный патриотический самиздатовский журнал «Вече», за что вновь был арестован, до 1982 г. был в заключении. В 1991-м полностью реабилитирован. – 214 Александр Александрович Осмёркин (1892–1953) — художник и педагог, участник группы «Бубновый валет». Преподавал во ВХУТЕМАСе, в Ленинградской Академии художеств, в Суриковском институте. В 1947 г. был обвинен в формализме, в результате чего отказался от преподавательской деятельности. – 85 Татьяна Александровна Осмёркина (род. 1934) — художник-модельер. Дочь Александра Осмёркина. – 63 Лилия (Лидия, Цецилия) Александровна Осмёркина (род. 1939) — работница лекционного бюро Московского отдела народного образования. Дочь Александра Осмёркина. – 63, 164(?)Александр Львович Осповат (род. 1948) — историк-русист, филолог. Исследователь творчества многих русских писателей и поэтов XVIII–XIX веков. – 434 Борис Сергеевич Отаров (1916–1991) — ученый-физик, художник-нонконформист. В 1962 г. оставил занятия физикой и полностью посвятил себя живописи. Первая персональная выставка состоялась в 1980 г. в Горкоме графиков на Малой Грузинской в Москве. – 317, 349 П Платон Александрович Павлов (род. 1925) — искусствовед, антропософ. Работал в Государственном музее изобразительных искусств им. А. С. Пушкина, руководил неофициальной антропософской группой при музее. В 1990-е — один из основателей нового антропософского общества. В середине 1990-х переехал в Белоруссию. – 41, 42, 44, 48, 49, 52, 54, 62, 65, 91, 92, 166, 225, 389, 424, 438, 447 Илья Исаакович Палеев (1901–1970) — коллекционер. Доктор технических наук, профессор. Коллекционировал работы «мирискусников» и авангардистов, при этом беспредметное искусство ценил не слишком высоко. – 105(?), 412 Иржи Падрта (Jiří Padrta, 1929–1978) — чешский искусствовед, теоретик искусства, куратор. Исследовал творчество Казимира Малевича и других художников-авангардистов, абстракционизм, также интересовался советским неофициальным искусством. В 1955–1970 гг. был редактором в журнале Art Work. В 1957-м в Доме искусств в Брно представил работы чешских художников-новаторов — первую после коммунистического переворота выставку довоенного чешского авангарда. В 1960-е принимал активное участие в организации выставки абстракции Nová citlivost. – 415Игорь Анатольевич Пальмин (род. 1933)— фотограф, журналист. В 1955 г. окончил геологический факультет Воронежского государственного университета. В 1958–1964 гг. заочно учился на операторском факультете Всероссийского государственного университета кинематографии им. С. А. Герасимова. С 1958 г. работал телеоператором, оператором научного кино и редактором отдела науки Центрального телевидения. В 1966 г. начал снимать портреты художников-нонконформистов. С 1971 г. работал как фотограф в издательствах «Искусство», «Советский художник», «Советский писатель». В 1980-е обратился к архитектурной фотографии. В 2003 г. стал лауреатом Государственной премии РФ в области литературы и искусства. – 381, 383, 391, 393, 394, 396, 398, 401, 406, 409, 414, 418, 425, 427, 434, 436, 442Чарли Паркер (наст. Чарльз; 1920–1955) — американский джазовый саксофонист и композитор, один из основателей стиля бибоп. – 72Валерий Пасад (наст. Валерий Савельевич Голосов) — бард. – 287, 385, 386, 388, 399, 400, 422, 430 Патанджали (ок. 200–150 до н. э.) — индийский философ. Считается автором «Йога-сутры» — сборника афоризмов и наставлений, призванных помочь адепту с помощью йоги достигнуть просветления и освободиться от перерождений. – 80, 83 Алексей Константинович Паустовский (1950–1976) — художник, представитель неофициального искусства. Сын писателя Константина Паустовского. Ученик и друг художника Владимира Пятницкого. Работал реставратором. – 418Алексей Борисович Певзнер — брат художника Наума Габо (наст. Наум Борисович Певзнер) и скульптора и художника Антуана (наст. Антон) Певзнера. Автор монографии о Науме Габо и Антуане Певзнере (Pevsner A. A Biographical Sketch of my Brothers Naum Gabo and Antoine Pevsner. Amsterdam : Augustin & Schoonman, 1964). – 13, 18, 19, 29, 30, 35, 41, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 59, 64, 67, 80, 91, 93, 97, 118, 119, 151, 168, 169, 171, 177, 220, 221, 233, 245, 248, 251, 270, 274, 275, 284, 309, 315, 317, 318, 321, 381, 454 Антуан Борисович Певзнер (1884–1962) – художник, скульптор, представитель кинетического искусства. – 169, 317 Наум Борисович Певзнер (Наум Габо; 1890–1977) – художник, теоретик искусства. Один из пионеров кинетического искусства. – 35, 40, 52, 53, 56, 169, 233, 245, 248, 251, 275, 284, 381 Кшиштоф Пендерецкий (Krzysztof Penderecki, 1933–2020) — польский композитор. В начале 1960-х получил всемирную известность как один из главных представителей восточноевропейского музыкального авангарда. – 35 Аркадий Алексеевич Первенцев (1905-1981) — писатель и журналист, участник кампании по борьбе с космополитами – 28, 31 Михаил Ефремович Перченко (род. 1946) — коллекционер старых мастеров, средневековой скульптуры и мебели, вице-президент Гильдии оценщиков международной конфедерации антикваров и арт-дилеров, владелец галереи «Старые мастера». – 385, 386, 396, 414, 416, 433Хенк Петерс (1925–2013) — голландский художник, реставратор, представитель нового реализма. Участник голландской группы Nul, присоединившейся к международному движению ZERO. В своих работах тяготел к тактильно привлекательным материалам, работал также в технике реди-мейд. – 421Григорий Николаевич Петников (1894–1971) — поэт, переводчик. Один из основателей харьковского издательства «Лирень», где издавались преимущественно работы футуристов. Входил в Совет председателей земного шара Велимира Хлебникова. Среди его переводов — поэзия Райнера Марии Рильке, Франца Верфеля, греческой мифологии, сказок братьев Гримм. – 43, 44 Марфа Максимовна Пешкова (1925–2021) — архитектор. Внучка Максима Горького и жена Сергея Гегечкори — сына Лаврентия Берии. Научный сотрудник музея-квартиры А.М. Горького, хранительница его личной библиотеки. – 131, 132Михаил Борисович Пиотровский (род. 1944) — историк-востоковед, арабист, исламовед, организатор музейного дела. Сын академика Бориса Пиотровского, много лет занимавшего пост директора Эрмитажа. С 1992 г. — директор Государственного Эрмитажа. – 238, 239 Массимо Пиккианти — активист, автор статей и книг. В 1960-е, будучи коммунистом, приехал на учебу в СССР — вскоре разочаровался в советской модели коммунизма и в коммунизме вообще и начал активно поддерживать диссидентское движение. – 30, 35, 75 Дмитрий Петрович Плавинский (1937–2012) — художник, представитель неофициального искусства. Был близок Лианозовской группе. Интересовался этнографией, палеографией, историей древних культур. Использовал в своем творчестве археологические сюжеты и находки. В 1991 г. эмигрировал в США, в 2004 г. вернулся в Россию. – 56, 58, 70, 75, 83, 90, 105, 108, 109, 110, 164, 170, 180, 213, 234, 281, 304, 308, 312, 328, 329, 330, 339, 340(?), 341, 342, 343, 345, 352, 353, 354, 356, 361, 362, 373, 382, 383, 385, 386, 388, 390, 391, 393, 396, 398, 405, 408, 414, 418, 425, 442, Зана Николаевна Плавинская (1940–2010) — филолог, автор книг о представителях неофициального искусства. Жена художника Дмитрия Плавинского. Окончила филологический факультет Московского областного педагогического института. Преподавала там же русский язык и литературу. – 398, 408 Андрей Платонович Платонов (наст. Климентов, 1899-1951) — писатель, поэт, инженер, изобретатель. – 172, 408, 409 Мария Александровна Платонова (урожд. Кашинцева; 1903–1983) — филолог, муза и жена писателя и инженера Андрея Платонова. После смерти мужа посвятила себя возвращению его наследия и увековечению его памяти. – 408, 412 Василий Петрович Полевой (род. 1936) — живописец, график, монументалист, мозаичист, представитель неофициального искусства. В 1954 г. поступил в Елецкое (Орловское) художественное училище. После его закрытия по перераспределению попал в Ленинградское художественное училище, затем учился в Ленинградском высшем художественном училище им. В. И. Мухиной. В 1970 г. создал монументальные композиции для Клуба войск противовоздушной обороны в Москве, панель «Русские сказки» для посольства Колумбии в Москве, фрески для дома культуры в Арзамасе и для ресторана «Темир-тау» в Казахстане. С 1972 г. жил и работал во Львове, где создал пять мозаик для автовокзалов. Был исключен из Союза художников СССР. В 1990 г. эмигрировал в США. – 66, 68, 102, 135, 140, 167, 168, 233(?), 269, 270, 279, 380Григорий Соломонович Померанц (1918–2013) — философ, культуролог, эссеист. Добровольцем ушел на Великую Отечественную войну. В декабре 1945 г. был исключен из компартии за «антисоветские разговоры», демобилизован. В 1949-м осужден на пять лет лагерей. Полностью реабилитирован (без восстановления в партии) в 1956 г. С конца 1950-х — активный участник диссидентского движения. В своих работах развивал мысль, что религия и философия суть основы человеческого бытия. – 423 , 424, 429, 430, 436 Франсуа Помпон (1855–1933) — французский скульптор, анималист. Был помощником скульптора Огюста Родена. Работал преимущественно в стиле ар-деко. – 181 Николай Афанасьевич Пономарёв (1918–1997) — художник-график, педагог. Был близок «суровому стилю». Член Союза художников СССР, в 1970–1980-е был председателем правления Союза художников СССР. – 448 Бруно Максимович Понтекорво (1913–1993) — итальянский и советский физик, один из основоположников физики нейтрино высоких энергий и нейтринной астрономии. Собиратель произведений искусства. – 70 Артём Михайлович Попов (род. 1923) — художник, руководитель художественной студии. – 201, 202 Игорь Александрович Попов (1927–1999) — художник, председатель СХ РСФСР. Ученик художника-соцреалиста Сергея Герасимова. – 333 Алиса Ивановна Порет (1902–1984) — художница. Ученица Кузьмы Петрова-Водкина и Павла Филонова. Одна из классиков советской книжной иллюстрации — среди наиболее известных ее работ «Калевала» (1932) и «Винни Пух» (1960). – 170 Ольга Ананьевна Потапова (1892-1971) — художница, жена Евгения Кропивницкого. Входила в состав Лианозовской группы. – 234Александр Павлович Потешкин (1926– 2011) — художник, представитель неофициального искусства. В 1942 г. поступил в Московскую среднюю художественную школу. В 1972 г. вступил в Союз художников СССР. В конце 1990-х эмигрировал в Израиль. – 385(?), 439Вадим Борисович Преображенский (1939?—2019) — ученый-физик. Один из организаторов выставки Павла Филонова в ДК Курчатовского института. – 317, 318 Валентин Павлович Провоторов (1936– 2002) — историк, мистик, психолог, педагог, поэт и художник, представитель неофициального искусства. Сильное влияние на его взгляды оказали художники-космисты из группы «Амаравелла». В 1960–1970-е — участник Южинского кружка. Среди прочих его интересов — мистицизм, в частности, сакральная география Москвы. – 38, 49, 56, 92, 93, 114, 242, 250, 428Олег Сергеевич Прокофьев (1928–1998) — художник, скульптор, представитель неофициального искусства, искусствовед, поэт, сын композитора Сергея Прокофьева. В 1949–1952 гг. обучался живописи у Роберта Фалька. Муж детской писательницы Софьи Прокофьевой.В 1960-е познакомился с исследовательницей русского авангарда Камиллой Грей и женился на ней вторым браком. В 1971 г. после смерти супруги сопровождал ее тело в Великобританию, где и остался. – 346, 383Софья Александровна Прокофьева (род. 1928) — коллекционер. – 21, 54, 55, 65, 90, 98, 275(?), 280, 282, 286, 315, 317, 328, 330, 334, 343, 373(?), 447 Борис Иванович Пророков (1911–1972) — художник, мастер сатирической и агитационно-политической графики. В 1929–1931 гг. учился во ВХУТЕМАСе — ВХУТЕИНе у Дмитрия Моора, Павла Павлинова, Константина Истомина, Надежды Удальцовой. В 1930-е в качестве художника сотрудничал с «Комсомольской правдой», «Сменой» и «Крокодилом». Художник Главного управления политической пропаганды Военно-морского флота на Балтийском, Черноморском и Тихоокеанском флоте. В годы Великой Отечественной войны создавал рисунки для фронтовой печати и листовки. Наиболее значительные работы — серии станковых рисунков, посвященных борьбе народов за мир и социальное равенство. – 21, 449Кирилл Николаевич Прозоровский-Ременников (1941–1988) — художник, представитель неофициального искусства. Жена — художница, мастер гобелена Лолита Романова. В 1962 г. окончил отделение истории искусства исторического факультета Московского государственного университета. В 1960-е начал заниматься живописью и ювелирным делом. В 1977 г. вступил в живописную секцию Горкома графиков. – 170, 172, 419, 438, 443Ян Прохазка (Jan Ludevít Procházka, 1929–1971) — чешский писатель, сценарист. Один из видных участников Пражской весны и критиков тоталитаризма. Выступал против попыток СССР вмешаться во внутреннюю политику Чехословакии. После ввода войск в Чехословакию 21 августа 1968 г. и последующего свержения независимого чехословацкого режима Прохазка подвергся травле, за ним следили сотрудники КГБ. – 351 Александр Андреевич Проханов (род. 1938) — писатель, публицист, журналист, общественный деятель, главный редактор газеты «Завтра». С 1964 г. работал в журнале «Жизнь слепых», с 1970-го — в газетах «Правда» и «Литературная газета». Убежденный советский патриот, противник перестройки, придерживается радикально консервативных взглядов. – 135, 148 Франсис Жан Марсель Пуленк (Francis Jean Marcel Poulenc, 1899–1963) — французский композитор, пианист, критик. Участник творческого содружества «Шестерка». Дружил с Сергеем Прокофьевым, Жаном Кокто и с Эриком Сати, с последним он позже разошелся из-за эстетических разногласий. – 107 Регина Модестовна Пшегода — вторая жена Леонида Талочкина. – 19, 22, 26, 28, 30, 32, 35, 37, 39, 40, 41, 42, 45, 47, 48, 49, 61, 67, 101, 130, 142, 174, 203, 230, 234, 411 Андрей Пылаев (ум. 2007?) — писатель-сказочник, поэт. Автор сборника детских сказок «Солнечная сторона» и книги «Как я стал Леней Голубковым». – 218 Юдель Моисеевич Пэн (1854–1937) — художник, педагог, видный деятель «еврейского ренессанса» в России. Учитель Ильи Мазеля и Марка Шагала. Организатор и руководитель частной Школы рисования и живописи. Это учебное заведение, существовавшее в 1898–1919 гг., было первым в России еврейским художественным училищем. Преемником Школы рисования и живописи стало Витебское художественное училище. – 59Владимир Алексеевич Пяст (наст. Пестовский, 1886–1940) — поэт-символист, прозаик, литературный критик, переводчик. Друг и один из первых биографов Александра Блока. Занимал антисоветскую позицию и в 1930 г. был обвинен в контрреволюционной деятельности и участии в контрреволюционной организации. Осужден на три года высылки. По окончании срока был сослан в Одессу, но благодаря стараниям Всеволода Мейерхольда смог вернуться в Москву. – 260 Лариса Георгиевна Пятницкая (Лорик; урожд. Кучерова; 1940–2014) — писательница, правозащитник. В начале 1960-х вместе с Юрием Мамлеевым принимала активное участие в развитии Южинского кружка. В дальнейшем организовывала выставки художников-нонкорформистов. Жена художника Владимира Пятницкого. – 11, 64, 65, 66, 68, 70, 73, 75, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 94, 107, 108, 110, 116, 123, 159, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 179, 207, 217, 218, 219, 224, 225, 227, 229, 241, 269, 270, 272, 273, 274, 276, 277, 279, 289, 315, 318, 328, 338, 349, 350, 399 Владимир Павлович Пятницкий (1938–1978) — художник, представитель неофициального искусства. В 1955–1957 гг. учился на химическом факультете Московского государственного университета; в 1957–1959 гг. — в Московском технологическом институте на факультете прикладного искусства (исключен за «формализм»). В 1965 г. окончил художественно-графический факультет Московского полиграфического института. Был близок кругу одного из виднейших представителей московской богемы 1960–1980-х Александра Васильева (Сашки). В 1960–1970-е входил в Южинский кружок. Совместно с Натальей Доброхотовой-Майковой стал автором знаменитой книги гротескных литературно-исторических анекдотов «Веселые ребята». – 112, 304, 308, 309, 375, Р Оскар Яковлевич Рабин (1928–2018) — художник, представитель неофициального искусства. Входил в состав Лианозовской группы. В 1942 г. познакомился с поэтом и живописцем Евгением Кропивницким. Позднее познакомился с поэтом Генрихом Сапгиром. В 1949 г. исключен из Московского государственного художественного института им. В. И. Сурикова за «формализм». В 1950 г. женился на Валентине Кропивницкой. Получил комнату в бараке в Лианозове, где с 1958 г. проводил домашние выставки и поэтические чтения. В 1966 г. сблизился с коллекционером и популяризатором советского андеграунда Александром Глезером, впоследствии они вместе добивались организации выставок представителей неофициального искусства в Москве. В 1974 г. стал одним из организаторов и участником «Бульдозерной выставки». В 1978 г. с семьей уехал во Францию. Вскоре указом Президиума Верховного Совета СССР был лишен советского гражданства. В 2006 г. получил государственную премию «Инновация» за творческий вклад в развитие современного искусства. – 14, 51, 54, 56, 105, 109, 110, 164, 178, 179, 234, 257, 275, 281, 284, 286, 288, 289, 291, 309, 317, 320, 322, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 345, 346, 347, 349, 354, 362, 363, 370, 371, 372, 380, 381, 384, 385, 386, 388, 391, 393, 394, 395, 396, 397, 403, 404, 405, 406, 407, 408, 410, 414, 415, 417, 418, 420, 421, 422, 423, 424, 429, 438, 453, 454, 455 Юрий Борисович Рассанов (1937–2015) — инженер, преподаватель. В 1955–1961 гг. учился в Московском автомеханическом институте. В 1960-е работал под руководством академика Владимира Бармина в сфере ракетостроения. В 1970-е защитил диссертацию. Преподавал робототехнику во Всесоюзном заочном машиностроительном институте. Увлекался джазом, современным искусством, фотографией. – 51, 53, 58, 62, 63, 74, 75, 76, 82, 83, 93, 103, 104, 110, 119, 128, 135, 136, 144, 149, 152, 158, 165, 167, 218, 219, 244, 267, 322, 323, 353, 375, 433 Надежда Васильевна Рассанова (урожд. Борисова; 1939–2019) — библиотекарь. Жена Юрия Рассанова. В 1962–1967 гг. училась в Московском государственном институте культуры по специальности «библиотековедение и библиография». С конца 1960-х работала в библиотеке No 37 им. Софьи Перовской в Москве, со второй половины 1980-х — в библиотеке школы No 1096 Бабушкинского района города Москвы. – 76, 77Андрей Леонидович Резницкий (1942-2009?) — художник. Член Союза художников СССР. – 318 Алексей Михайлович Ремизов (1877–1957) — писатель, художник, каллиграф. Один из ярких представителей модернизма в целом и символизма в частности. В 1895 г. за сопротивление полиции был отправлен на шесть лет в ссылку в Вологду, где познакомился со многими культурными и политическими деятелями. Вернувшись из ссылки, активно публиковался. В 1921 г. эмигрировал в Германию, а затем во Францию. – 244Антон Рефрежье (Anton Refregier, 1905–1979) — художник. Писал станковые картины, исполнял карикатуры, делал фрески, мозаики и монументальные произведения. – 213, 221, 447 Диего Ривера (Diego María de la Concepción Juan Nepomuceno Estanislao de la Rivera, 1886–1957) — мексиканский художник, монументалист. Придерживался левых взглядов, был близко знаком со Львом Троцким. Неоднократно приезжал в СССР. Известен своими монументальными фресками. Среди прочего был в браке с художницей Фридой Кало. – 80 Святослав Теофилович Рихтер (1915–1997) — один из крупнейших пианистов XX века. Был известен как виртуозный музыкант с огромным репертуаром. Выступления Рихтера были своеобразной рекламой достижений Советского Союза в области культуры. При этом все зарубежные связи пианиста строго контролировались КГБ, дабы пресечь распространение «идеологически неверной» информации. – 255, 404, 407, 439Виталий Сергеевич Рогаль (1915–2004) — живописец, пейзажист. Считается основателем сибирского стиля живописи. – 280Михаил Александрович Рогинский (1931– 2004) — художник, представитель неофициального искусства. В 1946–1951 гг. учился в Московском государственном художественном училище памяти 1905 года. В 1954–1960 гг. работал художником-постановщиком в театрах Северодвинска, Лысьвы, Пскова и Златоуста. В 1960-е занимался преподавательской деятельностью. В 1978 г. эмигрировал во Францию. Перед отъездом продал Леониду Талочкину немало своих работ 1960-х годов. – 70Роберт Иванович Рождественский (наст. Роберт Станиславович Петкевич; 1932–1994) — поэт, один из наиболее значительных представителей шестидесятничества. В 1950–1960-е подвергался критике со стороны власти, но позднее был включен в круг «официально признанного» искусства. В 1972 г. даже получил премию Ленинского комсомола, а в 1977-м вступил в КПСС. – 111, 220 Николай Михайлович Ромадин (1903–1987) — художник-пейзажист. Окончил Самарский художественный техникум (1922). В 1923–1930 гг. учился во ВХУТЕМАСе у Роберта Фалька, Ивана Машкова и Петра Кончаловского. – 278Виктория Андреевна Ростковская (Внучка) — художница, возлюбленная, впоследствии жена Бориса Козлова. – 62, 63, 64, 68, 80, 88, 89, 90, 96, 98, 110, 123, 135, 136, 141, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 156, 157, 158, 159, 161, 165, 168, 173, 174, 177, 179, 180, 182, 183, 184, 209, 211, 214, 218, 219, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 231, 232, 235, 237, 245, 250, 258, 262, 267, 268, 273, 278, 280, 285, 286, 287, 290, 338, 350, 357, 369, 370, 379, 388, 390, 395, 396, 399, 401, 410, 413, 414, 424, 438, 440, 441, 452, 455 Георгий (Гоша, Гога) Ростковский — двоюродный брат Виктории Ростковской, приятель Леонида Талочкина. – 101, 102, 116, 117, 128, 141, 158, 180, 214 Марк Ротко (Mark Rothko, наст. Маркус Яковлевич Роткович, 1903–1970) — американский художник-абстракционист. Один из основоположников «живописи цветового поля» и ведущий представитель абстрактного экспрессионизма. Родился в Российской империи, впоследствии семья эмигрировала в США. Создатель «мультиформ», для которых характерно сочетание разноцветных блоков, размытых и широкоформатных. – 45, 177 Яков Евсеевич (Шиевич) Рубинштейн (1900–1983) — коллекционер. Специализировался на русском искусстве первой трети XX века. – 136, 252, 257, 316, 317, 342, 343, 398, 439 Евгения Руднева — балерина Большого театра, подруга Татьяны Колодзей. – 233, 248, 252, 254, 282, 318, 323(?)Любомир Ружичка (Lubomír Růžička, род. 1938) — чешский и чехословацкий скульптор. – 301Альберт Борисович Русанов (1936–2002) — инженер, московский коллекционер неофициального искусства в 1970–1980-х. Друг детства поэта Всеволода Некрасова и поэта Николая Глазкова. – 339, 385, 386, 396, 397, 398, 406, 434 Лидия Андреевна Русланова (1900–1973) — одна из самых популярных певиц в СССР, исполнительница русских народных песен. В 1948–1953 гг. отбывала наказание в лагерях. Основанием для ареста и ссылки стало «трофейное дело». Инициированное Сталиным, оно было связано с внутрипартийной борьбой за власть и опалой маршала Георгия Жукова. В рамках «трофейного дела» были практически полностью разгромлены высший генералитет и приближенные к нему лица. – 18 Евгений Львович Рухин (1943–1976) — художник, представитель неофициального искусства. В 1966 г. окончил геолого-разведочный факультет Ленинградского государственного университета. С 1963 г. занимался живописью, в том числе в 1964–1965 гг. был вольнослушателем в Ленинградском высшем художественно-промышленном училище им. В. И. Мухиной. В 1974 г. участвовал в «Бульдозерной выставке». Погиб во время пожара в своей мастерской. – 344, 345, 393, 395, 414, 445, 446, 447, 449, 451, 453Галина Александровна Рухина (урожд. Попова) — художница-керамистка. Выпускница Ленинградского высшего художественно-промышленного училища им. В. И. Мухиной. Жена художника-авангардиста Евгения Рухина. – 445 Лев Павлович Рыжов (1935–2002) — художник, поэт, представитель неофициального искусства. – 217, 225, 234, 288, 318, 342Геннадий Васильевич Рыкунов (1932-1994) — инженер. В 1961 г. окончил Московский инженерно-физический институт, отделение электроники и автоматики. соавтор кинетического объекта «Атом» Вячеслава Колейчука, член группы «Мир» (1967–1972). – 311, 321, 329 С Ээро Сааринен (Eero Saarinen, 1910–1961) — архитектор и дизайнер мебели. Развивал принципы модернизма и экспрессионизма в архитектуре. Автор Арки в Сент-Луисе («Врата Запада»). – 153Франсуаза Саган (Françoise Sagan, наст. Quoirez (Куаре); 1935–2004) — французская писательница, запечатлевшая в своих книгах богемную жизнь Франции второй половины XX века. Среди наиболее известных произведений — «Здравствуй, грусть!» (1954) и «Немного солнца в холодной воде» (1969). В СССР творчество Саган не одобрялось партией как буржуазное, однако ее произведения, хотя и с купюрами, публиковались в журнале «Иностранная литература». – 32Беатриса Юрьевна Сандомирская (1894–1974) — скульптор, автор первого советского монумента, реализованного в рамках ленинского плана «монументальной пропаганды», — четырехметровой фигуры Робеспьера из бетона. В 1919 г. Сандомирская была направлена в Оренбург в качестве уполномоченного Наркомпроса РСФСР для создания Государственных свободных художественных мастерских (ГСХМ), где преподавала кубистическую скульптуру. В 1920–1921 гг. организовала ГСХМ в Ташкенте и Самарканде. В Оренбурге работала с Казимиром Малевичем, в Самарканде — с Усто Мумином. Позднее, разочаровавшись в конструктивизме, уничтожила все свои работы 1920–1922 гг. и отошла от монументальной скульптуры. Основным материалом стало дерево, жанром — скульптурные портреты, преимущественно женские. – 19 Игорь Григорьевич Санович (1923–2010) — коллекционер, востоковед. Специализировался на Персии и Иране. В коллекции Сановича было как древнерусское искусство, так и произведения художников русского авангарда и нонконформистов. – 391, 398 Джузеппе Де Сантис (Giuseppe De Santis, 1917–1997) — итальянский кинорежиссер, один из основоположников неореализма, член Коммунистической партии Италии. Неоднократно посещал Советский Союз. – 330, 333 Владимир Яковлевич Самойлов (1924–1999) — актер театра и кино. В 1958–1968 гг. работал в Горьковском областном драматическом театра имени Горького и имел большой успех в роли Ричарда III в спектакле по одноименной пьесе Уильяма Шекспира. – 91Генрих Вениаминович Сапгир (1928–1999) — писатель, поэт, переводчик, один из первых представителей неофициальной литературы. С 1944 г. посещал занятия литературной студии Евгения Кропивницкого, поэта, художника и лидера Лианозовской группы. Под влиянием учителя отказался от традиционной системы стихосложения в пользу экспериментальной. Входил в состав Лианозовской группы. В СССР был известен в основном как автор стихотворных сборников для детей и мультипликационных сценариев. «Взрослая» поэзия вплоть до 1989 г. издавалась только в самиздате или за рубежом. – 22, 37, 59, 65, 66, 67, 95, 113, 116, 218, 231, 257, 340 Кира Александровна Сапгир (урожд. Гуревич; 1937–2022) — писательница, поэтесса, журналист, литературный переводчик. Жена Генриха Сапгира. В 1978 г., оставив мужа, эмигрировала в Париж. Во Франции сотрудничала с русскоязычными изданиями («Русская мысль», «Континент», «Грани» и др.). Была корреспондентом Французского международного радио, радио «Свобода» и русской службы BBC. Переводила Пьера де Ронсара, Жака Превера, Жоржа Брассенса, французскую народную поэзию. – 22, 65, 140, 158 Светлана Сапронова — возлюбленная Леонида Талочкина. – 136, 138, 165, 172, 176, 179, 181, 182, 184, 186, 191, 202, 210, 224, 227, 271Дмитрий Владимирович Сарабьянов (1923–2013) — искусствовед. Занимался историей русского изобразительного искусства, специализировался на стиле модерн и русском авангарде. Среди прочего занимался «высвобождением из опалы» ряда признанных формалистами художников и возвращением их имен в курсы истории искусства. – 111, 114 Жан Поль Сартр (Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre, 1905–1980) — французский философ, писатель, драматург и эссеист, лидер экзистенциалистского движения. Автор романа «Тошнота» и труда «Бытие и ничто». Лауреат Нобелевской премии по литературе (1964), от которой, однако, отказался. Основатель литературно-политического журнала «Новые времена» (фр. Les Temps modernes). В 1950-е сотрудничал с Французской коммунистической партией. В начале 1970-х стал редактором запрещенной во Франции маоистской газеты, принял участие в нескольких маоистских уличных демонстрациях. – 43, 116, 137, 299, 416 Мартирос Сергеевич Сарьян (1880–1972) — художник, пейзажист, график. Был близок фовизму и символизму. Сыграл одну из ведущих ролей в становлении национальной школы армянской советской живописи. В 1937 г. некоторые его работы, на которых были изображены враги народа, сожгли. В 1965 г. в Москве прошла юбилейная персональная выставка Мартироса Сарьяна. Каталог выставки: Мартирос Сергеевич Сарьян. Выставка произведений. М. : Министерство культуры СССР, Союз художников СССР, Министерство культуры Армянской ССР и др., 1965. – 86Ян Сатуновский (наст. Яков Абрамович, 1913–1982) — поэт. В 1930-е учился в Москве, в техникуме. В 1938 г. окончил Днепропетровский государственный университет по специальности «физическая химия». В 1939 г. призван в армию. Ветеран Великой Отечественной войны. После демобилизации поселился в городе Электросталь Московской области. В конце 1950-х познакомился с участниками Лианозовской группы. В СССР публиковались в основном «детские» произведения Сатуновского, «взрослые» стихи издавались в сам- и тамиздате. – 340(?)Эммануил Сведенборг (Emanuel Swedenborg, 1688–1720) — шведский ученый-естествоиспытатель, теософ, христианский мистик. Изучал анатомию, минералогию, космологию. Подробно документировал свой мистический опыт, в том числе вел дневник снов, создавал теологические труды. Своего рода манифестом Сведенборга можно считать работу «Тайны небесные» (1749-1756). – 77Михаил Аркадьевич Светлов (наст. Шейнкман; 1903–1964) — поэт, драматург, журналист. Автор стихотворения «Гренада», которое было очень популярно в качестве песни. В 1920-е, согласно документам НКВД, поддерживал Льва Троцкого и левую оппозицию в целом, а также семьи арестованных оппозиционеров. Издавал нелегальную газету «Коммунист». В 1930-е резко высказывался в адрес только появившегося Союза писателей СССР и Третьего московского процесса (он же — дело Рыкова и Бухарина, часть кампании по борьбе с троцкистами). Однако, несмотря на это, репрессии обошли поэта стороной. В годы Великой Отечественной войны работал военным корреспондентом. За книгу «Стихи последних лет» посмертно получил Ленинскую премию (1967). – 19 Борис Петрович Свешников (1927–1998) — художник, представитель неофициального искусства. Учился в Московском институте декоративного и прикладного искусства. В 1946 г. арестован по политическому делу и приговорен к восьми годам лагерей. В 1954–1956 гг. жил в Тарусе, позже переехал в Москву. В 1956 г. реабилитирован. С конца 1950-х занимался графическим и книжным дизайном на Комбинате декоративно-прикладного искусства и в Гослитиздате. – 58, 75, 108, 281, 291, 314, 362, 384, 386, 393, 396, 405, 417 Харви Сводос (Harvey Swados, 1920–1972) — американский журналист и писатель. В молодости был троцкистом, затем отошел от партийной деятельности и стал независимым радикалом. Представитель социального реализма, в своих произведениях разрабатывал тему неразрывной связи личного и общественного. – 138 Наталья Алексеевна Северцова-Габричевская (1901–1970) — художница, актриса. Жена искусствоведа Александра Габричевского. Представительница наивной живописи. В своем творчестве тяготела к романтизму. – 362, 398Черубина де Габриак — псевдоним-мистификация Елизаветы Ивановны Дмитриевой (1887–1928), русской поэтессы и драматурга, близкой теософским кругам и, в частности, Максимилиану Волошину. – 366, 440 Дмитрий Семёнов (Дима-бионик) — приятель Леонида Талочкина. – 52, 67, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 97, 107, 111, 114, 118, 119, 121, 123, 125, 126, 127, 128, 130, 134, 137, 147, 149, 156, 172, 207, 210, 212, 213, 217, 242, 243, 245, 358 Фёдор Васильевич Семёнов-Амурский (1902–1980) — художник, мастер портретной и пейзажной живописи, представитель неофициального искусства. В 1925–1930 гг. учился во ВХУТЕМАСе. Был подчеркнуто аполитичен, однако в 1946 г. его исключили из Союза художников СССР за «формализм». Продолжал «тихую» работу. Открыл собственную школу, среди его учеников были Григорий Громов, Александр Максимов, Юрий Новиков, Игорь Шелковский и др. – 19, 20, 21, 51, 56, 73, 93, 148, 170 Галина Иосифовна Серебрякова (1905–1980) — писательница и журналистка, автор романов о Карле Марксе и Фридрихе Энгельсе. Оба ее мужа (Леонид Петрович Серебряков и Григорий Яковлевич Сокольников) были видными партийными деятелями, позднее проходили по «троцкистскому делу». Серебрякова расстреляли, Сокольников погиб в лагере. Саму Галину Серебрякову, несмотря на ее лояльное отношение к партийной идеологии и тематику творчества, в 1936 г. арестовали и отправили в ссылку, где она провела два года. Затем как жена врага народа она до 1945 г. отбывала наказание в лагерях. В 1949 г. снова была арестована за «контрреволюционную агитацию», в 1955-м — освобождена, в 1956-м — полностью реабилитирована. – 18 Зинаида Евгеньевна Серебрякова (1884–1967) — художница, участница объединения «Мир искусства». После революции работала в Харьковском археологическом музее, выполняя зарисовки экспонатов. В 1924 г. эмигрировала во Францию. В 1960-е благодаря оттепели творчество Серебряковой наконец получило признание в СССР. Так, в мае 1965 г. открылась ретроспективная выставка Серебряковой в Выставочном зале Союза художников СССР. Каталог выставки: Серебрякова З.Е. Выставка произведений из музеев и частных собраний. М. : Советский художник, 1965. – 81Владимир Александрович Серов (наст. Раппопорт; 1910–1968) — художник, один из самых известных представителей соцреализма (и апологет метода), автор исторических картин и пропагандистских плакатов. В основу работ, посвященных Октябрьской революции и первым годам советской власти, легла официальная историография 1940–1960-х. Президент Академии художеств СССР (1962–1968). – 20, 283Томаш Сикорский (Tomasz Sikorski, 1939–1988) — польский композитор и пианист. Первый представитель минимализма в польской музыке 1970–1980-х. В своем творчестве осмыслял произведения Сёрена Кьеркегора, Хорхе Луиса Борхеса и экзистенциалистов. – 315Алан Силлитоу (Alan Sillitoe, 1928–2010) — английский поэт и прозаик, представитель критического направления в британской литературе, характерного для поколения «Рассерженных молодых людей» (1950-е). Автор бытовых социальных романов о судьбах британских рабочих. До 1968 г. посещал СССР. Однако после выступления на съезде советских писателей, где он высказался о нарушении прав человека в Советском Союзе, стал персоной нон грата. – 32Василий Яковлевич Ситников (1915–1987) — художник, представитель неофициального искусства. Родился в Тамбовской области, в 1921 г. семья переехала в Москву. В 1933 г. учился в Московском судомеханическом техникуме. В 1935 г. попытался поступить в Ленинградский институт живописи, скульптуры и архитектуры. Работал на строительстве метро, художником-мультипликатором, показывал диапозитивы на лекциях профессоров Московского государственного художественного института им. В. И. Сурикова. В 1940-е признан душевнобольным, отправлен на принудительное лечение в Казань. В 1944 г. вернулся в Москву. С 1951 г. преподавал в созданной им альтернативной «художественной академии». В 1975 г. эмигрировал в Австрию, в 1980 г. — в США. – 164, 166, 167, 168, 170, 172, 213, 218, 330, 340, 341, 349, 354, 355, 356, 374, 375, 394, 403, 405, 406 Джузеппе Скардовелли — художник, основатель нового течения в художественной культуре Запада, зонтицизма. – 161 Олег Иванович Скляров (Морячок; 1931– 1998) — художник, представитель неофициального искусства. Учился у Элия Белютина в студии «Новая реальность». Работал ретушером. – 66(?), 68Георгий Саввич Сковорода (1722–1794) — философ, поэт, религиозный мыслитель. Был близок к пантеизму и монизму. В своих работах опирался на христианское и на языческое литературное наследие. Автор учения о трех мирах — макрокосме, микрокосме (человеке) и «символическом мире» (основан на сакральных текстах). – 188 Наталья Скотникова (урожд. Кузнецова) — подруга Бориса Козлова, впоследствии его возлюбленная. Жена режиссера Юрия Скотникова. – 137, 140, 223, 225, 228, 229, 235, 242, 243, 250, 255, 441 Виталий Яковлевич Скуратовский (Алик; псевд. Шарль, Борис Лидин, С.К. и др.; род. 1939) — поэт, прозаик. Учился в МИФИ. Участник поэтических чтений на Маяковке, издатель и один из авторов сборника «Коктейль». Участник журнала «Сирена». Впоследствии печатал юмористические рассказы в советской прессе. – 125, 179, 211, 246, 269, 280, 359, 378, 384, 388, 389, 392, 430, 444 Владимир Львович Слепян (псевд. Эрик Пид; 1930–1998) — художник, литератор, представитель неофициального искусства. Окончил Первую московскую художественную школу. Изучал математику — сначала в Москве в Московском государственном педагогическом институте им. В. И. Ленина и Московском государственном университете, затем, в 1950-е, переехал и продолжил учебу в Ленинградском государственном университете. В 1956 г., вернувшись в Москву, организовал художественный салон в своей квартире. В дальнейшем вокруг этого салона сформировалось сообщество художников-нонконформистов, в которое вошли Юрий Злотников, Олег Прокофьев, Игорь Шелковский и др. В 1958 г. эмигрировал из СССР. В 1963 г. оставил живопись и сосредоточился на литературной и переводческой деятельности. – 380 Илья Львович Слоним (1906–1973) — скульптор. Обучался во ВХУТЕМАСе — ВХУТЕИНе под руководством художника-анималиста и скульптора Ивана Ефимова и скульптора Иосифа Чайкова (1924–1929). Работал в дереве и мраморе, обращался к сюжетам античной мифологии, в поздние годы творчества также создавал надгробия и мемориальные доски известным людям СССР. – 220 Борис Абрамович Слуцкий (1919–1986) — поэт, один из представителей советского литературного подполья 1960–1980-х. Окончил Литературный институт им. Горького (1941), где посещал семинары крупнейшего представителя авангарда в русской поэзии Ильи Сельвинского. Первые публикации относятся к 1941 г. Автор мемуаров «Записки о войне», до 1995 г. распространявшихся в самиздате. Стихи Слуцкого вплоть до падения СССР также выходили преимущественно в самиздате. В 1958 г. на собрании Союза писателей СССР осудил публикацию на Западе романа Бориса Пастернака «Доктор Живаго» (впоследствии сильно раскаивался). В 1966 г. подписал письмо 25 деятелей культуры и науки Леониду Брежневу против реабилитации Сталина. – 23 Алексей Глебович Смирнов (фон Раух) (1937–2009) — художник, иконописец, литератор, представитель неофициального искусства. Один из основоположников магического символизма. Внук художника-передвижника Бориса Смирнова. В 1950–1956 гг. учился в Московской средней художественной школе. В 1957–1962 гг. изучал графику в Московском государственном художественном институте им. В. И. Сурикова. С 1960-х был близок Южинскому кружку. В середине 1970-х оставил изобразительное искусство и полностью переключился на литературу. Вплоть до распада СССР официально не публиковался. – 304, 308 Светлана Смирнова (Светка, Ланька) — первая жена Леонида Талочкина. – 20, 21, 23, 25, 38, 41, 44, 45, 50, 58, 70, 72, 74, 76, 86, 87, 93, 96, 97, 100, 106, 110, 115, 118, 121, 124, 134, 142, 145, 147, 150, 151, 169, 175, 176, 177, 180, 181, 184, 202, 211, 282, 349, 358 Яков Абрамович Смородинский (1917–1992) — физик-теоретик. Специалист в области ядерной физики, теории элементарных частиц, общей теории относительности, теории групп и методов симметрии в физике, квантовой алгебре. Главный редактор журнала «Ядерная физика», один из создателей журнала «Квант»; совместно со Львом Ландау написал книгу «Лекции по теории атомного ядра». – 71, 72, 73, 111, 220Пётр Петрович Соколов (1821–1899) — художник, график. Был практически самоучкой — лишь недолго учился в Императорской Академии художеств у Карла Брюллова. В 1855 г. получил звание неклассного (свободного) художника по акварельной портретной живописи. Среди прочего известен как автор иллюстраций к «Запискам охотника» Ивана Тургенева и «Мертвым душам» Николая Гоголя. – 232Наталья Тихоновна Сорокина (1918–1991) — художница, педагог, дочь историка искусства, собирателя икон Тихона Сорокина и Екатерины Сорокиной (урожд. Шмидт). Среди друзей семьи был поэт и художник Максимилиан Волошин. В 1953 г. Наталью Сорокину исключили из Союза художников СССР за «космополитизм» и влияние импрессионистов и авангардистов. В 1958-м — восстановили. В 1950–1970-е преподавала в Московском полиграфическом институте и во Всесоюзном заочном народном университете имени Н. К. Крупской. Создавала иллюстрации для детских сказок и работы на производственную тему. – 35, 37 Юло Ильмар Соостер (Ülo Ilmar Sooster, 1924–1970) — художник, график, представитель неофициального искусства. Родился в Эстонии. В 1943 г. поступил в Высшую художественную школу «Паллас». В 1945–1949 гг. учился в Тартуском государственном художественном институте (бывш. «Паллас»). В 1949 г. арестован по политическому делу. В 1956 г. реабилитирован, переехал в Москву. С 1957 г. работал художником-оформителем книг и журналов. В 1962 г. участвовал в выставке «30 лет МОСХ» в Манеже, разгромленной Никитой Хрущёвым. – 296, 312, 385, 386, 405 Виктор Александрович Соснора (1936–2019) — поэт-шестидесятник, прозаик, драматург. Учился на философском факультете ЛГУ им. А. А. Жданова, позднее — на филологическим факультете ЛГУ. В 1962 г. выпустил сборник стихов «Январский ливень» в издательстве «Советский писатель» — в дальнейшем публиковался в сам- и тамиздате. В 1963 г. был принят в Союз писателей. В 1967 выступил с поддержкой письма Александра Солженицына IV съезду писателей СССР. Свободно ездил за границу и читал лекции в Венсенском университете в Париже, университетах США, участвовал в фестивалях поэзии в Праге, Варшаве, Риме, Стокгольме, Хельсинки, Париже, Белграде, Стамбуле. – 389 Андрей Старостин — муж Татьяны Старостиной, вероятно, родственник кого-то из семейства Лабасов. – 114(?), 125, 140, 147, 207, 218, 232, 252Иван Михайлович Стеблин-Каменский (1945–2018) — лингвист, специалист по Ирану и иранской лингвистике. Среди прочего перевел на русский язык собрание священных текстов зороастрийцев «Авеста», старейшего памятника древнеиранской литературы. – 238, 264 Виктор Степанов (1943–2020) — художник, дизайнер, инженер, представитель неофициального искусства. В 1956–1962 гг. учился в Московской средней художественной школе. В 1962 г. поступил в Московский текстильный институт. Тогда же познакомился со Львом Нусбергом и стал частью «Коллектива свободных художников» (с 1964 г. — группы «Движение»). В 1962–1964 гг. работал художником-проектировщиком на Производственном комбинате Торгово-промышленной палаты СССР, занимался оформлением международных промышленных выставок. В 1965 г. перешел на службу в Комбинат декоративно-оформительского искусства Художественного фонда РСФСР, где среди прочего оформил выставку к 100-летию Владимира Ленина в ЦВЗ «Манеж» (1970 г.). В процессе работы над художественным проектом, где предполагалось использование лазерных технологий, открыл и запатентовал механизмы компрессии и обратной расшифровки видеосигналов. В 1984 г. начал работать инженером в Астрономическом совете при Академии наук СССР. В 2005 г. занял пост главного специалиста по сжатию цифровой информации наземных и космических комплексов в Научно-производственном предприятии «Оптэкс». В 2009–2014 гг. сотрудничал с Научно-производственным объединением им. С. А. Лавочкина в том же качестве. – 20, 32, 47, 56, 57, 86(?), 169, 296, 367, 370, 375, 395, 425, 428 Виталий Львович Стесин (1940–2012) — художник, представитель неофициального искусства. Был руководителем в одном из подмосковных домов культуры. Неофициально занимался реставрацией икон. Был близок кругу Венедикта Ерофеева. В 1973 г. эмигрировал из СССР. – 391 Нина Андреевна Стивенс (урожд. Бондаренко; 1912– 2004) — журналист, коллекционер. Родилась под Оренбургом в семье офицера. Жена Эдмунда Стивенса. В 1930 г. уехала на учебу в Москву. После окончания Московского государственного университета работала в Издательстве иностранных рабочих секретарем заведующего английским отделением. В 1939–1956 гг. жила вместе с мужем в США. В 1960-е активно собирала работы советских неофициальных художников. В 1967 г. организовала первую выставку советского независимого искусства в США. – 108, 159, 164, 165, 169, 170, 171, 172, 174, 212, 269, 270, 275, 283, 287, 291, 330, 339, 340, 341, 344, 442 Эдмунд Уильямс Стивенс (1910–1992) — американский журналист и писатель-документалист. Изучал международное право в Колумбийском университете в Нью-Йорке. В 1930-е учился в Московском государственном университете. В 1935 г. устроился переводчиком в государственное издательство, продававшее литературу о Советском Союзе за пределы СССР; также писал репортажи из СССР для британских газет. В том же году женился на Нине Бондаренко. Поддерживал тесные контакты с послом США Джозефом Дэвисом. В 1939 г. вместе с женой эмигрировал в США. В 1956 г. вновь приехал в Москву. Писал для зарубежных СМИ, активно общался с советскими официальными и неофициальными деятелями культуры. С одобрения властей СССР покупал иконы и картины для последующей перепродажи в нью-йоркские галереи. Состоял в Коммунистической партии США. – 108, 171 Владимир Фёдорович Стожаров (1926–1973) — живописец, пейзажист. Окончил Московский государственный институт им. В. И. Сурикова (1951). В 1954 г. был принят в члены МОССХа. Член Союза художников СССР с 1954 г. – 278 Вадим Яковлевич Столляр (ум. в 1970-е) — композитор-авангардист и коллекционер неофициального искусства (в первую очередь работ Владимира Яковлева). Об обмене картин из собрания Михаил Громбан писал: «Неожиданно позвонил Вадим Столляр и предложил менять его собрание Яковлева на иконы» (Гробман М. Левиафан. М. : Новое литературное обозрение, 2002. С. 94). – 112Елена Васильевна Строева (ум. 1975) — журналистка, диссидентка, жена художника Юрия Титова. Окончила журфак МГУ. В своей квартире держала своего рода «салон», где собиралась московская богема. В 1973 г. с мужем эмигрировала из СССР. Покончила с собой в Париже. – 168, 328, 332, 352, 363 Виктор Евсеевич Суслин (1942–2012) — композитор, пианист. Одним из первых в СССР начал использовать консонирующие трезвучия. В 1979 г. был подвергнут жесткой критике. Композитор Тихон Хренников заявил, что в произведениях Суслина и еще шести композиторов «музыкальная мысль если и присутствует, то безнадежно тонет в потоке неистовых шумов, резких выкриков или невразумительного бормотания». В 1981 г. эмигрировал в Германию. – 104 Дмитрий [Антонович] Сухарев (наст. Сахаров; род. 1930) — ученый-биолог, поэт, переводчик, бард, один из зачинателей авторской песни на биофаке МГУ. – 235 Владимир Сухи (Vladimír Suchý, 1923–1998) — чехословацкий художник, музыкант, педагог. Профессиональный бас-гитарист, играл в джазовых группах. Позднее полностью посвятил себя живописи и графике. Один из ярких представителей послевоенного чехословацкого искусства. – 300, 301 Джером Дэвид Сэлинджер (Jerome David Salinger, 1919–2004) — американский писатель, автор культового романа «Над пропастью во ржи» (англ. The Catcher in the Rye, 1951). Впервые на русском языке «Над пропастью во ржи» был опубликован в 1960 г. (Иностранная литература. 1960. No 11) в переводе Риты Райт-Ковалёвой. Этот перевод стал каноничным, хотя его интонация несколько далека от оригинала (Райт-Ковалёва значительно смягчила изначально грубый тон рассказчика). В дальнейшем появились другие переводы этого романа: наиболее известный и скандальный — «Ловец на хлебном поле» Максима Немцова. – 32 Т Александр Яковлевич Таиров (наст. Корнблит; 1885–1950) — театральный актер и режиссер. Основатель и художественный руководитель Камерного театра. В 1930-е подвергся критике со стороны властей за постановку, в пародийном ключе переосмыслявшую историю Древней Руси. «Идеологически неграмотный» спектакль якобы искажал события русской истории. Критику постановки и театра в целом поддержали в числе прочих Константин Станиславский и Всеволод Мейерхольд. – 91, 93Танька (Таня, Танька-Васька) — подруга Бориса Козлова. – 26, 32, 55, 60, 62, 66, 73, 75, 76, 80, 118, 338 Валерий Яковлевич Тарсис (1906–1983) — писатель и переводчик, диссидент. В 1962 г. по указанию Никиты Хрущёва за сатирическую повесть «Сказание о синей мухе» (в СССР выходила только в самиздате) был помещен в психиатрическую больницу. После международных протестов в 1963-м был освобожден. В 1966 г. был лишен советского гражданства и выслан из СССР. – 108, 110, 132, 138, 140, 159, 164Александр Трифонович Твардовский (1910-1971) — писатель и журналист. Был главным редактором журнала «Новый мир» в 1950–1954 и в 1958–1970 гг. – 18, 20 Георг Филипп Телеман (1681–1767) — немецкий композитор. Работал во всех современных ему жанрах, отдавая, однако, предпочтение совмещению барочной музыки и «галантного стиля». Также был концертмейстером, занимался издательской и преподавательской деятельностью. Оказал значительное влияние на развитие музыкальной культуры Германии. – 38 Игорь Арамович Тер-Ованесян (род. 1938) — легкоатлет. Неоднократный рекордсмен мира по прыжкам в длину. На Олимпийских играх 1960 и 1964 гг. завоевал бронзовые медали – 99, 118Абрам Терц (наст. Андрей Донатович Синявский; 1925–1997) — писатель, литературовед, критик, диссидент. Издавался на Западе и ограниченно (в основном литературоведческие труды) в СССР. Осенью 1965 г. вместе с Юлием Даниэлем был арестован по обвинению в антисоветской пропаганде и агитации (произведения обоих авторов тайком переправлялись за рубеж для публикации). В феврале 1966-го осужден на семь лет колонии. Судебный процесс вызвал широкий общественный резонанс и стал отправной точкой второй волны диссидентского движения в СССР. В 1971 г. Синявский был досрочно освобожден по указанию Юрия Андропова, с 1973-го — в эмиграции. – 108, 112, 113, 133, 138, 139, 140, 146, 154, 159, 259, 421 Юрий Васильевич Титов (1928–2017) — художник, иконограф, диссидент, представитель неофициального искусства. В 1951 г. окончил Московский архитектурный институт. В 1951–1964 гг. работал в проектном институте. В 1960-е вместе с женой Еленой Строевой организовал салон в своей квартире. Участник «митинга гласности» 5 декабря 1965 г. Из-за преследования со стороны советских властей (в том числе из-за многократных принудительных госпитализаций в психиатрические больницы) в 1973 г. вместе с семьей эмигрировал во Францию. После самоубийства жены в 1975 г. лечился в психиатрических клиниках, жил в православном скиту, в Монжеронском замке в общежитии советских мигрантов, на улице. С 1999 г. жил в пансионате «Земгор» русского Красного Креста в Кормей-ан-Паризи. – 86, 168, 235, 328, 329, 332, 352, 360Елена Толчёнова — знакомая Леонида Талочкина, актриса. Училась в Театральном училище им. Б. Щукина, служила в Театре на Таганке. – 28, 33, 34, 40, 42, 46, 47, 50, 75, 154, 155, 220, 265, 286, 365 Поль Торез (Paul Thorez, 1940–1994) — писатель, член Французской коммунистической партии, один из ведущих специалистов по истории постсоветской России. Сын Мориса Тореза — руководителя французского и международного рабочего и коммунистического движения, генерального секретаря Французской коммунистической партии. Поль Торез хорошо знал русский язык и часто посещал Москву. Он познакомился здесь с русскими писателями и художниками и помогал им вывезти их произведения из СССР. Автор книги очерков о Москве (Moscou L’Atlas des voyages. Essai. Lausanne : Rencontre, 1964). В 1970 г. Полю Торезу запретили въезд в СССР в связи с несоответствием его взглядов политике КПСС. – 34, 327, 339 Олег Трипольский — художник, реставратор. В 1974 г. участвовал в «Бульдозерной выставке». Муж Риммы Иосифовны Заневской-Сапгир – 15, 19, 21, 30, 32, 37, 43, 90, 91, 100, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 116, 164, 217, 231, 235, 276, 277, 279, 280 Вильям Сергеевич Труб (1932–2012) — искусствовед, журналист, коллекционер. Работал в ЦВЗ «Манеж». Был известен также как фотограф и художник-любитель, создавал эскизы часов для городской среды. – 49, 51, 52, 95, 98, 102, 104, 110, 111, 133, 137, 144, 150, 166, 167, 172, 174, 177, 178, 207, 212, 216, 246, 247, 255, 318 Ингрид Тулин (Ingrid Thulin, 1926–2004) — шведская актриса театра и кино. Одна из муз Ингмара Бергмана. В фильмах Бергмана Тулин разрабатывает серию сложных женских характеров — саморазрушительных, обнажающих противоречия рационального и эмоционального. По словам самого Бергмана, такой образ — «полусознательная попытка отобразить мою собственную интуицию. У нее нет лица, она не знает, сколько ей лет, она уступчива, испытывает потребность нравиться. Подвержена внезапным импульсам, общается с богом, ангелами и демонами <...>, чувствительна до предела <...>. Она не несет в себе ни созидательного, ни деструктивного начала. Она — параболическая антенна для приема таинственных сигналов потусторонних передатчиков» (Бергман И. Картины. М. : Музей кино, Alexandra, 1997). – 123Александр Григорьевич Тышлер (1898–1980) — живописец, график и театральный художник, скульптор. Принадлежал к левому крылу художественного авангарда 1920-х. Входил в группу художников-проекционистов «Метод» и в Общество художников-станковистов (ОСТ). Оформил более 100 спектаклей. – 40, 41, 149, 159, 247, 253, 291, 402, 411 Алексей Александрович Тяпушкин (1919– 1988) — художник, представитель неофициального искусства. В 1936–1939 гг. учился в Ивановском художественном училище. Прошел всю Великую Отечественную войну, получил звание Героя Советского Союза. В 1951 г. окончил Московский государственный художественный институт им. В. И. Сурикова. В 1957 г. принят в Союз художников СССР. – 170, 213, 339, 341 У Борис Лазаревич Уан-Золи (Китайчонок, Боря-китаец, Вазелин; род. 1938) — инженер, автор патентов, художник, карикатурист, сценограф. – 117, 131, 132, 133, 275, 386 Надежда Андреевна Удальцова (1886–1961) — живописец, график, педагог. Одна из видных представительниц русского авангарда, работала преимущественно в стилях кубизма и супрематизма. В послереволюционные годы занималась преподавательской деятельностью. В 1938 г. ее мужа, художника Александра Древина, арестовали и расстреляли. Сама же Удальцова подвергалась гонениям как жена врага народа, а в 1948 г. была обвинена в «формализме». В 1958-м — реабилитирована, получила право выставляться. – 37 Евгений Яковлевич Урбанский (1932–1965) — актер театра и кино. Среди наиболее известных работ — роль летчика Алексея Астахова в фильме «Чистое небо» (реж. Григорий Чухрай). Трагически погиб на съемках фильма «Директор» (реж. Алексей Салтыков). – 98 Виктор Аркадьевич Урин (1924–2004) — поэт-импровизатор. Ветеран Великой Отечественной войны. Окончил Литературный институт (1948). В 1974 г. был исключен из Союза писателей СССР за то, что выступил с инициативой учреждения Всемирного Союза поэтов. В 1976 г. эмигрировал в Сенегал, с 1977 г. жил в США. – 329, 350 Александр Урусов — писатель, преподаватель. Участник объединения СМОГ. Автор рассказа «Крик далеких муравьев» (опубликован в альманахе «Сфинксы» в 1965 г.). В 1978 г. женился на итальянском искусствоведе Николетте Мислер. В 1982 г. эмигрировал в Италию, где занялся преподаванием русского языка и литературы в Университете Неаполя. – 259, 264, 268, 269, 270, 274, 276, 304, 323, 341, 350, 351, 354, 364, 386, 389, 385, 416, 423, 424, 436 Пётр Демьянович Успенский (1878–1947) — писатель, мистик, оккультист, путешественник. Последователь Георгия Гурджиева, среди прочего совместно с учителем разработал эзотерическую систему Четвертого пути. – 59, 84 Ф Владимир Андреевич Фаворский (1886–1964) — художник-график. Обучался рисованию, в частности, в Мюнхене в школе Шимона Холлоши. Преподавал во ВХУТЕМАСе (1921–1923), позд- нее был его ректором (1923–1925). Также преподавал в Полиграфическом (1930–1934) и Архитектурном (1933–1938) институтах, в Институте изобразительного искусства (1934–1938). Один из членов-учредителей общества художников «Четыре искусства». – 57Пётр Петрович Фатеев (1891–1971) — представитель русского космизма в искусстве, один из создателей и лидер стихийного объединения художников-интуистов «Амаравелла» (1923–1930). Участники «Амаравеллы» находили вдохновение в пространстве духовного, внеземного, мистического. Сильное влияние на группу оказали идеи Елены Блаватской, Владимира Вернадского, Николая Рериха, Георгия Гурджиева и культурные традиции Древнего Востока. Поскольку творчество «Амаравеллы» оказалось чуждо советской власти, в 1930 г. группа была ликвидирована, многие участники арестованы. Пётр Фатеев — из тех редких амаравелльцев, которым удалось избежать тюрьмы. До самой смерти продолжал «тихо» работать — принципиально не выставлялся и не публиковался. – 18, 23, 36, 38, 41, 42, 56, 68, 86, 88, 159, 165, 166, 169, 224, 225, 243, 244, 359, 379 Гарри Файф (урожд. Гарри Семёнович Файфермахер; 1942–2002) — советский и французский архитектор, скульптор, инженер. Представитель советского кинетизма. Окончил Московский архитектурный институт. В 1973 г. эмигрировал во Францию. Участвовал в художественных выставках по всему миру. Открыл собственное архитектурное бюро, разработал проекты муниципальных домов и шумозащитных сооружений вдоль дорог в Париже и окрестностях. – 311, 325 Эрвик Феньвеш — венгерский физик, профессор. – 73Павел Васильевич Флоренский (род. 1936) — геохимик и петрограф, писатель, филателист и общественный деятель. Внук священника Русской православной церкви и религиозного философа Павла Флоренского. В 1959 г. окончил геолого-разведочный факультет Московского института нефтехимической и газовой промышленности имени И. М. Губкина по специальности «геология и разведка нефтяных и газовых месторождений». Руководитель Экспертной группы по чудесам при Синодальной библейско-богословской комиссии РПЦ. – 117, 121, 125, 126, 128, 131, 133, 139, 140, 141, 144, 146, 152, 175, 176, 178, 212, 221, 234, 237, 242, 243, 327, 358Валентин Николаевич Фляжников (1911–1956) — художник, иллюстратор. Среди наиболее известных работ — иллюстрации к «Садко и морской царь» и «Демону» Михаила Лермонтова. – 88Артур Владимирович Фонвизин (1883–1973) — живописец-акварелист. Участник художественных объединений «Бубновый валет» и «Мир искусства». В 1937 г. был обвинен, в том числе назван одним из главарей «шайки формалистов» (она же «три Ф»: Фальк, Фаворский, Фонвизин). В 1943 г. из-за немецкого происхождения был выслан в Казахстан. После войны преподавал в МАРХИ. – 109, 167, 168, 213, 214, 232, 414Лучо Фонтана (1899–1968) — итальянский художник-абстракционист. Наиболее известен картинами с прорезями и разрывами. – 92, 288, 425 Марк Григорьевич Фрадкин (1914–1990) — композитор, автор песен и музыки к кинофильмам и театральным постановкам. Среди наиболее известных работ — «Дорога на Берлин», «Течет Волга», песни для ВИА «Самоцветы». – 38, 46, 66 Владимир Фредынский (Архаров) (род. 1937) — художник, муж Цецилии (Лили) Осмёркиной, дочери художника Александра Осмёркина. В 1961 г. окончил художественно-графический факультет Московского полиграфического института. С 1971 г. — член Московского союза художников. – 63, 164, 217, 225, 226, 279, 341 Эрих Зелигманн Фромм (1900–1980) — немецкий социолог, философ. Представитель Франкфуртской школы неомарксизма. Один из основателей неофрейдизма и фрейдомарксизма — концепций, соединяющих черты фрейдистского учения и марксизма. Критиковал капиталистическое общество; занимался философией религии. – 138, 389 Андре Фужерон (1913–1998) — французский художник-неореалист. С 1939 г. — член Коммунистической партии Франции. Во время Второй мировой войны — участник движения Сопротивления. Большинство произведений имеют социальную направленность. – 21 Екатерина Алексеевна Фурцева (1910–1974) — министр культуры СССР. В 1928–1930 гг. работала на прядильно-ткацкой фабрике (именно поэтому в 1960-е творческая интеллигенция, в том числе Леонид Талочкин, презрительно называла ее ткачихой). При Фурцевой была введена жесткая цензура — например, Мстиславу Ростроповичу было запрещено выступать в СССР. В то же время именно при Фурцевой был учрежден Театр на Таганке, прошли выставки французских импрессионистов и выставка Марка Шагала. Фурцева сопровождала Никиту Хрущёва в Манеже при разгроме выставки «30 лет МОСХ» (1962). – 42, 83 Х Исаак Маркович Халатников (1919–2021) — физик-теоретик, первый директор Института теоретической физики имени Л. Д. Ландау РАН. Аспирант Льва Ландау. Автор исследований по основам квантовой электродинамики, также работал в области общей теории относительности и космологии. – 43Елена Исааковна Халатникова-Щорс (род. 1944) — дочь физика Исаака Халатникова и врача Валентины Щорс. Внучка офицера, командира украинских красногвардейских повстанческих формирований, начальника дивизии Красной армии Николая Щорса. – 43Индрих Халупецкий (1910–1990) — искусствовед, теоретик литературы, поэт, переводчик, общественный деятель. В 1940-е входил в авангардистское литературно-художественное объединение «Группа-42». Тогда же был редактором журналов Život и Listy, позднее, в 1960– 1970-е, входил в редакционный совет журнала Výtvarnà pràce. Автор множества трудов по исто- рии и теории современного искусства и литературы, в том числе монографий о дадаизме и сюрреализме в чешском искусстве (1976 г.) и Марселе Дюшане (1975 г., 1978 г.), распространявшихся преимущественно в самиздате. Организатор выставок чешского искусства за рубежом. С 1960-х поддерживал советских художников-нонконформистов. – 301, 302, 303, 307, 309, 320, 415 Александр Васильевич Харитонов (1931– 1993) — художник, представитель неофициального искусства. Наиболее известен как автор жанровых и пейзажных работ со сказочными и религиозными мотивами. – 54, 75, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 94, 105, 108, 109, 110, 123, 149, 155, 159, 164, 173, 212, 213, 214, 217, 218, 219, 221, 222, 226, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 240, 241, 242, 243, 245, 246, 247, 248, 250, 251, 252, 253, 255, 256, 257, 264, 269, 270, 271, 272, 274, 275, 278, 285, 286, 288, 290, 291, 292, 294, 304, 307, 313, 314, 315, 318, 319, 320, 322, 323, 324, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 334, 338, 339, 340, 341, 345, 346, 347, 352, 353, 356, 360, 361, 362, 366, 370, 379, 384, 388, 389, 395, 406, 414, 422, 429, 430, 454 Ханс Хартунг (1904–1989) — французский художник немецкого происхождения, представитель Парижской школы. – 214Юрий Харченко (род. 1943) — цирковой актер, сыграл роль клоуна в фильме «Девочка на шаре» (1966), гражданский муж Валентины Невской. – 139, 142, 152, 280, 281, 346, 419 Валентина Хацянова (Унылая Лошадь, Лошадь) — подруга Леонида Талочкина. – 134, 138, 144, 149, 153, 162, 164, 178, 202, 271Алексей Львович Хвостенко (Хвост; 1940– 2004) — поэт, автор и исполнитель песен, драматург, художник, представитель неофициального искусства. Учился в Ленинградском Государственном институте театра, музыки и кинематографии. В 1963 г. создал литературную группу «Верпа». С 1966 г. участник андерграундной художественной группы «Хеленукты». В 1968 г. переехал в Москву. Совместно с Анри Волохонским написал такие известные песни, как «Город золотой» и «Орландина». В 1977 г. эмигрировал во Францию, где совместно с поэтом Владимиром Марамзиным занялся изданием журнала «Эхо». В 1990-е практически вер- нулся в Россию, в 2004 г. получил российское гражданство. – 108, 238, 239, 450Торбен Хейер – возлюбленный Хелле Дальгорд, за которого она впоследствии вышла замуж. – 421, 455 Ал Хелд (1928–2005) — американский художник-абстракционист, акварелист, монументалист. Один из лидеров живописной абстракции, оказавших влияние на нью-йоркскую художественную сцену конца XX века. В работах Хелда преобладают простые геометрические фигуры, исполненные в нескольких цветах. – 45 Аида Моисеевна Хмелёва (урожд. Топешкина; псевд. Любовь Молоденкова; 1936– 2021) — литератор, коллекционер, организатор неофициальных квартирных выставок. В 1970 г. окончила редакционно-издательское отделение факультета журналистики Московского государственного университета. В 1960–1970-е активно участвовала в диссидентском движении, была близка кругу московских нонконформистов. Хранительница архива самиздатовского православно-патриотического журнала «Вече». В 1979 г. эмигрировала во Францию. – 213, 214 Пауль Хиндемит (1895–1963) — немецкий композитор, дирижер, педагог, теоретик музыки. В 1930-е работал в Турции, по просьбе президента Турции Мустафы Кемаля оказывал помощь в создании системы музыкального образования в Турции. В 1940 г. эмигрировал в США, в 1953-м — вернулся в Европу – 39Валентина Михайловна Ходасевич (1894–1970) — художница, племянница поэта Владислава Ходасевича. – 257Игорь Холин-Мастерков (1949–2021) — сын художников Владимира Холина и Лидии Мастерковой. – 340, 346, 350, 381, 393, 394, 442, 447, 449 Джонни Холлидей (1943–2017) — французский рок-певец и композитор, актер кино. В начале своей карьеры подражал Элвису Пресли, позднее выработал собственную манеру, которая принесла ему известность во франкоязычных странах и несколько престижных наград. – 46Игорь Сергеевич Холин (1920–1999) — поэт, прозаик, один из первых представителей неофициальной советской литературы. Близкий друг Генриха Сапгира. В 1927 г. оказался в детском доме, затем бродяжничал, в начале 1930-х был направлен в детскую трудовую колонию. Прошел Великую Отечественную войну, был дважды ранен. После войны поселился в Москве. В 1949 г. за административный проступок был приговорен к двум годам лагерей. Отбывал наказание в зоне рядом с поселком Долгопрудный, где познакомился с поэтом и художником Евгением Кропивницким и его семьей и вошел в круг Лианозовской группы. Под влиянием Кропивницкого в 1949 г. начал писать стихи, создал цикл «Жители барака». В 1950–1970-е писал стихи для детей. «Взрослые» стихи публиковались только в самиздате или за рубежом. В 1974 г. участвовал в «Бульдозерной выставке». – 30, 65, 110, 116, 218, 220, 231, 246, 257, 264, 273, 338, 340, 391, 406 Нонна Георгиевна Хотемова (1915–1980) — художница-африканист. Училась в Московском Государственном художественном институте им. В. И. Сурикова в мастерской Игоря Грабаря. В 1962 г. вошла в состав правления Ассоциации дружбы с народами африканских стран. – 173 Ц Осип Алексеевич Цадкин (1890–1967) — скульптор-авангардист, гравер, иллюстратор, поэт. Ученик Юделя Пэна. Развивал идеи кубизма и экспрессионизма. С 1910 г. жил во Франции на Монпарнасе. Был знаком с Гийомом Аполлинером, Константином Бранкузи, Пабло Пикассо, Эмилем Бурделем, Анри Матиссом, Робером Делоне, Амадео Модильяни. – 59, 339Анастасия Ивановна Цветаева (1894–1993) — писательница, дочь профессора Ивана Цветаева, младшая сестра поэтессы Марины Цветаевой. В 1937 г. была арестована по делу «ордена Розенкрейцеров», а затем приговорена к десяти годам в лагерях. Воспоминания писательницы частично были опубликованы в журнале «Новый мир» (1966. No 1, No 2), а в 1971 г. вышли отдельным изданием: Цветаева А. Воспоминания. М. : Советский писатель, 1971. – 43Олег Николаевич Целков (1934–2021) — художник, представитель неофициального искусства. В 1949–1953 гг. учился в Московской средней художественной школе, в 1953– 1954 гг. — в Белорусском театрально-художественном институте в Минске (исключен за «формализм»). В 1954 г. поступил в Институт живописи, скульптуры и архитектуры им. И. Е. Репина (вскоре был исключен — также за «формализм»). В 1958 г. окончил Ленинградский государственный институт театра, музыки и кинематографии по специальности «художник-технолог сцены». Работал в театрах, в 1959 г. вступил в театральную секцию СХ СССР. В 1972 г. оформил первое в СССР представление оперы Джорджа Гершвина «Порги и Бесс». В 1977 г. эмигрировал из СССР во Францию. В 2015 г. получил российское гражданство. – 61, 70, 88, 109, 110, 111, 331, 384, 388, 403, 406, 453 Збигнев Губерт Цибульский (1927–1967) — польский актер театра и кино. В 1950–1960-е был крайне популярен. Погиб в 1967 г., попав под поезд. – 236 Александр Федосеевич Цивилёв (Устюг) — краевед, специалист по Русскому Северу. Жил в Великом Устюге. – 178, 181, 182, 184, 186, 187, 188, 189(?), 190(?), 191, 201, 211, 247, 248, 253, 260, 268, 280, 369, 375, 376, 384, 396, 397, 427, 429, 443Илья Иоганович Цырлин (1907–1964) — искусствовед, коллекционер. Автор ряда трудов по изобразительному искусству, в том числе о Питере Пауле Рубенсе и Питере де Хохе. – 83 Геннадий Михайлович Цыферов (1930–1972) — писатель-сказочник, сценарист и драматург. С 1957 г. его книги выходили в издательстве «Малыш». В соавторстве с писателем и поэтом Генрихом Сапгиром выпустил в киностудии «Союзмультфильм более 25 мультфильмов («Паровозик из Ромашкова», «Лошарик» и другие). Сотрудничал с журналом «Мурзилка», детскими радиопередачами «В гостях у сказки», «С добрым утром», телепередачей «Спокойной ночи, малыши». – 218Ч Олег Витальевич Чайка (род. 1944) — актер. Служил в Московском театре юного зрителя (МТЮЗ) и в театре «Современник». Также играл в фильмах-спектаклях. Скорее всего, Леонид Талочкин познакомился с Чайкой через Валентину Невскую. – 151, 158 Стоян Челич (1925–1992) — сербский художник-абстракционист. Автор «редуктивного метода» — преобразования привычных объектов в новые визуальные символы и коды. – 298 Павел Фёдорович Челищев (1898–1957) — живописец, основатель мистического реализма. Один из родоначальников сюрреализма. Также оформил несколько спектаклей для театра «Синяя птица». В 1920 г. эмигрировал из СССР. – 136 Михаил Иванович Чернышов (род. 1945) — художник, представитель неофициального искусства. В 1965 г. поступил в Московский государственный университет на отделение истории искусств исторического факультета (не окончил). Член живописной секции Горкома графиков. В 1980 г. эмигрировал из СССР. – 70, 73Виктор Тихонович Черноволенко (1900–1972) — художник, композитор. Входил в объединение художников-интуистов «Амаравелла». Был знаком с сыном художника Николая Рериха Юрием, последний оказал на него большое влияние. В 1930-е после репрессий в адрес недостаточно коммунистического искусства оставил занятия искусством и вернулся к ним только на пенсии. – 225Леонид Натанович Чертков (1933–2000) — поэт, прозаик, историк литературы, переводчик. В 1957 г. был осужден на пять лет за антисоветскую агитацию и пропаганду. В годы заключения публиковался в самиздате. Был женат на литературоведе Татьяне Никольской. В 1974 г. эмигрировал. – 238 Владимир Семенович Чернецов (1907–1969) — живописец, график. Учился во ВХУТЕМАСе — ВХУТЕИНе у Константина Истомина, Павла Павлинова, Владимира Фаворского. Принимал участие в работах Мастерской монументальной живописи при Академии архитектуры СССР. С середины 1940-х был художественным редактором и заведующим отделом художественного оформления журнала «Вокруг света». – 388Олдржих Черник (1921–1994) — чехословацкий государственный и политический деятель. Премьер-министр ЧССР. В ходе Пражской весны 8 апреля 1968 г. был назначен премьер-министром. На посту проявил себя осторожным, но последовательным сторонником реформ. После вторжения советских войск в ЧССР смог сохранить свою должность, однако уже в 1970-м был смещен, а затем исключен из Компартии ЧССР. И все же Черник не попал в полную опалу и на протяжении следующих 20 лет был заместителем директора одного из пражских академических институтов. – 365 Саша Чёрный (наст. Александр Михайлович Гликберг, 1880–1932) — писатель, поэт. Известен прежде всего как мастер сатиры, в том числе благодаря сотрудничеству с журналом «Сатирикон». В 1920 г. эмигрировал, жил во Франции. – 238 Сергей Иванович Чудаков (1937–1997) — поэт и журналист. В 1950-е учился на факультете журналистики Московского государственного университета (отчислен). В 1957–1969 гг. занимался журналистикой, публиковался в «Московском комсомольце», «Знамени» и др. изданиях. В 1974 г. арестован и отправлен на принудительное лечение. В дальнейшем еще несколько раз попадал в клинику. Стихи публиковались в основном в самиздате, в частности в альманахе «Синтаксис». – 406 Абрам Филиппович Чудновский (1910–1985) — агрофизик, доктор физико-математических наук, известный коллекционер искусства XX века. Создал и детально разработал теплофизику. Работал в Физико-техническом и в Политехническом институте (1933–1937), позднее — в Агрофизическом институте ВАСХНИЛ (1937–1985). С 1953 г. собирал работы художников XX века (авангардистов и не только). – 24, 38, 105, 392, 412Микалоюс Константинас (Константинович) Чюрлёнис (1875–1911) — литовский художник, композитор, представитель символизма, неоромантизма, абстракционизма, один из лидеров нового литовского искусства начала XX века. Скорее всего, Талочкин имеет в виду книгу Чюрлёнис М. Про музыку и рисование, письма, записи и статьи. Вильнюс, 1960. – 24, 166, 169, 311 Ш Мариэтта Сергеевна Шагинян (1888–1982) — писательница, поэтесса, искусствовед, журналист. Рьяная коммунистка. Автор (под псевдонимом Джим Доллар) серии агитационно-приключенческих и пропагандистских повестей «Месс-Менд». Особое внимание в своем творчестве уделяла фигуре Владимира Ленина (роман «Семья Ульяновых» и др.). В 1936 г. была подвергнута критике со стороны ЦК ВКП(б) и лично Иосифа Сталина, в результате чего «Семья Ульяновых» попала в список запрещенных книг. В 1956-м роман был реабилитирован. Автор статьи «Чудовищные ублюдки» (1937), в которой обличала бывших руководителей партии, обвиненных в создании подпольного параллельного троцкистского центра. – 38 Михаил Шварц — журналист, друг Бориса Козлова. – 142, 341, 344, 384, 423, 438 Михаил Матвеевич Шварцман (1926–1997) — художник, живописец, график, монументалист, представитель неофициального искусства. Автор концепции иератизма. В 1956 г. окончил Московское высшее художественно-промышленное училище им. С. Г. Строганова (изначально учился на монументальном отделении, впоследствии перевелся на отделение металла). В 1957–1958 гг. — главный художник павильона «Просвещение» на ВДНХ. В 1966–1985 гг. — главный художник Специального художественно-конструкторского бюро Министерства легкой промышленности. Также в 1960-е работал в качестве книжного иллюстратора, плакатиста. – 66Екатерина Васильевна Шевелёва (1917– 1998) — писательница, поэтесса, журналистка, общественный деятель. Комментатор агентства печати «Новости». Активная участница международного движения за мир, член Советского комитета защиты мира. В 1930-е работала токарем на заводе «Динамо». На заводе начала посещать поэтический кружок. В даль- нейшем поступила в Литературный институт им. А. М. Горького. Автор песен из репертуара Валентины Толкуновой. Во время Великой Отечественной войны совершала поездки на фронт, писала репортажи. После войны работала в различных журналах, в том числе и за рубежом — в Индии. – 380, 390Татьяна Шевелёва — дочь писательницы и журналистки Екатерины Шевелевой. Возлюбленная Леонида Талочкина, в дальнейшем — возлюбленная Виктора Калугина. – 380, 399, 443Александр Васильевич Шевченко (1883–1948) — живописец и график, теоретик искусства, авангардист. Заведовал литературно-художественным подотделом Коллегии по делам искусств Наркомпроса. Преподавал во ВХУТЕМАСе — ВХУТЕИНе. Входил в группу «Маковец» и в «Общество московских художников». – 178, 256 Михаил Михайлович Шемякин (род. 1943) — художник, представитель неофициального искусства. С 1945 по 1957 г. жил с родителями в Дрездене. В 1957 г. вернулся в СССР. В том же году принят в среднюю художественную школу при Институте живописи, скульптуры и архитектуры им. И. Е. Репина (отчислен в 1961 г.). В 1967 г. основал группу «Петербург». Автор теории метафизического синтетизма. В 1971 г. эмигрировал во Францию. В 1981 г. переехал в США. Инициировал создание Института философии и психологии творчества во Франции. В 2000 г. создал в США Воображаемый музей. – 392, 395Игорь Сергеевич Шелковский (род. 1937) — художник, скульптор, ученик Фёдора Семёнова-Амурского, представитель неофициального искусства. В 1954–1959 гг. учился на театральном отделении в Московском государственном художественном училище памяти 1905 года. После училища работал в издательствах, позднее — художником-постановщиком в тульском ТЮЗе. В 1962–1966 гг. занимался реставрацией икон и фресок в Великом Новгороде и Москве. В 1976 г. эмигрировал во Францию. В 1979–1986 гг. — совместно с Александром Алексеевым (наст. Сидоров) издавал журнал «А–Я», посвященный советскому андерграунду. В августе 1985 г. лишен советского гражданства. В 2009 г. получил премию «За вклад в развитие современного искусства» во внеконкурсной программе конкурса «Инновация». – 61, 62, 64, 70, 148, 173, 174Нина Леонтьевна Шенгели-Манухина (урожд. Лукина, 1893–1980) — поэтесса, переводчица. Вдова поэта и переводчика Георгия Аркадьевича Шенгели. В 1920-е участвовала в «Никитинских субботниках» — литературном кружке, организованном критиком и поэтессой Евдоксией Никитиной. Позднее в доме Шенгели-Манухиной стал собираться литературный салон. – 55, 131, 146, 147, 319, 362, 391, 440 Николя Шеффер (1912–1992) — скульптор, художник, теоретик искусства. Видный представитель кинетизма и один из основоположников кибернетического искусства и видеоарта. – 47 Марк Мануилович Шехтман (род. 1928) — художник. Сын художника-авангардиста Мануила Шехтмана. В 1980 г. репатриировался в Израиль, где получил известность. – 211, 253Арнольд Шёнберг (1874–1951) — австрийский и американский композитор, педагог, музыковед, дирижер, публицист. Основатель Новой венской школы. Адепт атональной школы и автор техники додекафонии. Среди его воспитанников и учеников Антон Веберн, Альбан Берг, Эрнст Кшенек, Роберто Герхард, Джон Кейдж. – 38, 67, 233 Геннадий Михайлович Шиманов (ГенМих; 1937–2013) — православный мыслитель, публицист и общественный деятель. Один из идеологов русского национального возрождения. В 1960–1970-е занимался распространением в самиздате христианской литературы, писал статьи на тему религии. Тогда же вокруг Шиманова собралась группа единомышленников, в связи с чем его по требованию КГБ поместили в психиатрическую больницу. Больничные заметки Шиманова («Записки из красного дома») были опубликованы на Западе. В 1971–1974 гг. принимал активное участие в издании самиздатовского православно-патриотического журнала «Вече». В 1980–1982 гг. издавал самиздатовские альманахи «Многая лета», в 1987– 1991 гг. — «Непрядва». – 65, 66, 73, 77, 78, 82, 98, 148, 175, 233, 234, 235, 236, 244, 307, 320, 324, 328, 341Павел Петрович Ширмаков (1919–1994) — филолог. Защитил кандидатскую диссертацию по творчеству писателя Александра Куприна. Работал в Литературном музее Пушкинского дома. Занимался разбором и комплектацией архивов советских писателей. – 411 Виктор Борисович Шкловский (1893–1984) — писатель, сценарист, литературовед, киновед, критик. Один из ключевых деятелей русского формализма. В 1916 г. стал одним из зачинателей «Общества изучения теории поэтического языка» (ОПОЯЗ), объединившего теоретиков формальной школы в литературоведении. Автор термина «остранение». Принимал участие в анти большевистском заговоре эсеров, подвергался преследованиям со стороны ЧК. К 1919 г., в частности благодаря ходатайству Максима Горького, был реабилитирован. В 1922 г. эмигрировал из СССР, однако спустя год вернулся. В 1930-е отказался от идей формализма. В 1958 г. принимал активное участие в травле Бориса Пастернака. Так, в своей статье литературовед писал: «...отрыв <...> от советского народа привел Пастернака в лагерь оголтелой империалистической реакции, на подачки которой он польстился» (Письмо в редакцию // Курортная газета. 1958. 31 октября. No 213). – 44, 212, 265, 273, 372 Дементий Алексеевич Шмаринов (1907–1999) — художник, график, иллюстратор. Среди наиболее известных работ — иллюстрации к «Преступлению и наказанию» Фёдора Достоевского, «Войне и миру» Льва Толстого и «Жизни Матвея Кожемякина» Максима Горького. В годы Великой Отечественной войны создавал политические плакаты. – 220 Катерина (Екатерина) Оттовна Шмидт (1889–1977) — гражданская жена писателя, поэта Ильи Эренбурга, позднее вышла замуж за историка искусства, собирателя икон Тихона Сорокина. – 41, 42 Жерар Эрнест Шнайдер (1896–1986) — швейцарский худож- ник-абстракционист. Один из пионеров личной, лирической абстракции. – 214Николя Шоффер (1919–1992) — художник, скульптор, кинетист. В мае — августе 1967 г. его работы были представлены на выставке Art Cinetique a Paris LUMIÈRE ET MOUVEMENT. – 307 Николай Николаевич Шпанов (1896–1961) — писатель, автор фантастических, детективных и приключенческих романов. Среди прочего создал образ сыщика Нила Кручинина, одного из первых в советской литературе сквозных героев нескольких произведений. – 422 Джоэл Шпигельман (род. 1933) — американский композитор, дирижер, пианист, клавесинист. В сентябре 1965 г. приехал в СССР для изучения клавишной музыки XVIII века и советских композиторов послевоенной эпохи. Тогда же выступал в Москве с клавесинными концертами. – 98, 99Рудольф Штайнер (также Штейнер; 1861–1925) — австрийский философ, эзотерик, мистик. Создатель и идейный вдохновитель антропософского движения, основоположник вальдорфской педагогики. Исследователь творчества Иоганна Вольфганга Гёте. – 182, 211 Аркадий Акимович Штейнберг (1907– 1984) — поэт, переводчик, художник. Отец художников Эдуарда Штейнберга и Боруха (наст. Борис Штейнберг). В 1925 г. поступил во ВХУТЕМАС, в 1927 г. перевелся в Одесский политехникум изобразительных искусств, но через год вернулся во ВХУТЕМАС, откуда в итоге ушел с третьего курса. В 1929 г. гостил у поэта Максимилиана Волошина в Коктебеле. В 1930 г. подружился с поэтом и переводчиком Эдуардом Багрицким. Дважды репрессирован: в 1937 и 1944 гг. В заключении провел 11 лет. После освобождения обосновался в Тарусе. С 1961 г. — один из инициаторов, составителей и редакторов сборника «Тарусские страницы». – 108 Эдуард Аркадьевич Штейнберг (1937– 2012) — художник, представитель неофициального советского искусства. Сын поэта Аркадия Штейнберга, брат художника Боруха (наст. Борис Штейнберг). С 1967 г. сотрудничал с журналом «Знание — сила». В конце 1960-х познакомился с ленинградским режиссером и религиозным философом Евгением Шифферсом. Сотрудничал на постоянной основе с парижской галереей Клода Бернара. В 2016 г. искусствовед и жена Штейнберга Галина Маневич передала мастерскую Эдуарда Штейнберга в Тарусе в дар Государственному музею изобразительных искусств им. А. С. Пушкина. – 234, 330, 331, 347 Давид Петрович Штеренберг (1881–1948) — живописец, график, театральный художник, книжный иллюстратор. Участник выставок с 1912 г., в том числе Весеннего и Осеннего салонов, Салона независимых в Париже (1912–1917). Член объединения «4 искусства» (1924). – 154, 232, 312, 322 Франц фон Штук (1863–1928) — немецкий живописец и скульптор. Основатель Мюнхенского сецессиона. – 309 Валентина Алексеевна Шульц (урожд. Головкина; 1903–1982) — археолог, искусствовед. Жена Павла Николаевича Шульца. – 43, 44, 69, 365 Эмиль Шумахер (1912–1999) — немецкий художник-абстракционист. Представитель информализма, с 1950-х работал исключительно с цветовыми композициями, без конструктивных элементов. – 298 Павел Николаевич Шульц (1900–1983) — археолог, историк искусства. Работал в Эрмитаже, доцент Академии художеств. В 1933–1934 гг. проводил археологические разведки в Крыму, на греческом Кульчукском и на греко-скифском городищах. С 1945 г. организатор и бессменный руководитель Тавро-скифской экспедиции. В 1948 г. по предложению Президиума АН СССР организовал научно-исследовательскую базу Академии наук в Крыму. В 1966– 1974 гг. возглавлял античный отдел Ленинградского отделения Института археологии АН СССР. – 43, 44, 89, 365 Аполлон Викторович Шухт (Апоша; 1941– 2017) — поэт. Участник чтений на Маяковке. Публиковался в самиздатовских альманахах «Бумеранг» и «Феникс». Был близок кругу СМОГистов. – 277, 279, 280 Щ Валериан Васильевич Щеглов (1901–1984) — живописец, плакатист, карикатурист, мастер книжной и журнальной иллюстрации. Рисовал агитплакаты во время Гражданской и Великой Отечественной войны. На протяжении более чем 50 лет работал в издательстве «Детгиз». – 166Пьер Анри Мари Шеффер (1910–1995) — французский инженер, композитор-авангардист. Пионер конкретной музыки, построенной на записи звуков природного происхождения и их последующем микшировании. – 36, 39Ангелина Васильевна Щёкин-Кротова (1910–1992) — искусствовед. Жена Роберта Фалька. Посвятила себя распространению и сохранению художественного наследия мужа, организовывала выставки, публиковала статьи о нем, а также передала в дар различным музеям его работы. – 21, 38, 111, 116, 117, 439 Анатолий Иванович Щукин (псевд. Ан. Ветер; 1940–2012) — поэт. Участник чтений на Маяковке. Публиковался в самиздате. Входил в поэтическую группу «АМАВЪ». Был близок кругу СМОГистов. – 323, 410 Э Филип Эвергуд (1901–1973) — американский художник, скульптор и писатель. Для его творчества характерен намеренно неуклюжий, «непрофессиональный» рисунок. В 1950-е был близок символизму. – 139Григорий Михайлович Эпельбаум (род. 1939) — азербайджанский художник. – 277Илья Григорьевич Эренбург (1891–1967) — писатель, поэт, публицист, журналист, переводчик. Автор культовой повести «Оттепель» (1954), давшей имя целой эпохе. В 1963 г. на встрече Никиты Хрущёва с писателями Галина Серебрякова выступила с нападками на Илью Эренбурга. По ее словам, Эренбург вместе со Сталиным несет ответственность за разгром Еврейского антифашистского комитета (ЕАК) и за арест его членов в 1948–1952 гг. Несмотря на явную провокативность заявления, оно имело серьезные последствия для Эренбурга. Он стал одной из самых заметных жертв «идеологических чисток» 1960-х. – 18, 22, 40, 41, 80, 99, 277 Степан Дмитриевич Эрьзя (наст. Нефёдов; 1876–1959) — художник, мастер скульптуры из дерева. Был сторонником Октябрьской революции, принимал активное участие в реализации ленинского плана монументальной пропаганды — программе развития монументального искусства как важнейшего средства коммунистической агитации. Однако работы Эрьзя не в полной мере отвечали принципам революционного позитивизма, что создавало определенные трудности. В итоге художник решил уехать из страны — в 1926 г. он эмигрировал во Францию, а затем в Аргентину. В 1950 г. получил разрешение на возвращение в Советский Союз и в 1951-м приехал в страну. – 132 Ю Мария Вениаминовна Юдина (1899–1970) — пианистка. Среди прочего на своих концертах читала запрещенные в СССР стихи Бориса Пастернака и в целом находилась в конфронтации с культурной политикой Советского Союза. Вероятно, благодаря тому, что была любимой пианисткой Иосифа Сталина, смогла избежать тюремного заключения, однако ее выступления нередко отменяли. – 91, 237 Тамара Григорьевна Юфа (род. 1937) — художница. Известна прежде всего иллюстрациями к карело-финскому эпосу «Калевала» и другим эпическим сказаниям. Также работала сценографом в Национальном театре Республики Карелии. – 204, 205Я Анна Тимофеевна Ягодовская (1929–2005) — искусствовед, автор книг и статей о советской живописи. – 40, 41, 42, 44, 45, 48, 49, 51, 52, 54, 62, 91, 242Анатолий Александрович Якобсон (1935–1978) — поэт, переводчик, литературный критик, правозащитник, диссидент. Специалист по русской литературе. В 1969–1972-м редактор «Хроники текущих событий» — первого в СССР неподцензурного правозащитного информационного бюллетеня (как и другие материалы подобного рода, распространялся в самиздате). В 1973 г. эмигрировал в Израиль. В 1978 г. покончил с собой. – 449 Владимир Игоревич Яковлев (1934–1998) — художник, представитель неофициального искусства. Внук пейзажиста Михаила Яковлева, одного из основателей российского импрессионизма. С 1945 г. наблюдался и периодически проходил лечение в психиатрических клиниках. Работал курьером и ретушером в издательстве «Искусство». В 1976 г. вступил в живописную секцию Горкома графиков. Участник выставок группы «10 московских художников». С 1983 г. постоянно жил в психоневрологическом интернате No 30 на Днепропетровской улице в Москве. – 66, 68, 112, 270, 271, 330, 331, 346, 347, 349, 356, 359, 360, 386, 391, 406 Надежда Васильевна Янковская — биолог. Подруга, в дальнейшем возлюбленная Леонида Талочкина. Позднее — любовница Александра Харитонова. – 23, 29, 48, 52, 58, 63, 118, 222, 224, 226, 228, 229, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 240, 264, 288, 291, 318, 413Владимир Борисович Янкилевский (1938– 2018) — художник, график, представитель неофициального искусства. В 1956 г. окончил Московскую среднюю художественную школу. В 1957–1962 гг. учился на художественно-графическом факультете Московского полиграфического института, занимался в студии Элия Белютина. В 1962 г. участвовал в выставке «30 лет МОСХ» в Манеже, разгромленной Никитой Хрущёвым. Занимался оформлением книг. В 1989 г. переехал в США, затем — во Францию. Автор эссе и автобиографической повести «И две фигуры...» (М. : Новое литературное обозрение, 2003). – 24, 62, 109, 110, 296, 312, 313, 333, 404, 410 Юлиана Яковлевна Яхнина (1928–2004) — литературовед, переводчик. Работала с французским и скандинавскими языками. Переводила прозу и публицистику Андре Моруа, Жана Поля Сартра. Автор перевода «Здравствуй, грусть!» Франсуазы Саган. – 116…

Kirillova Aleksandra | 29 марта 2024

Leonid Talochkin's [social] circle. A to Z index. I

Алфавитный указатель. А - К Настоящий материал дублирует алфавитный указатель публикации дневников Леонида Талочкина «Завтра – см. вчера» (Музей «Гараж», 2024).А Текташ Агаоглу (1934–2018) — турецкий писатель и переводчик, художник. Переводил произведения Фёдора Достоевского, Михаила Шолохова и Эриха Марии Ремарка. В 1973 г. арестован за перевод произведений Карла Маркса и Фридриха Энгельса, приговорен к 7 годам тюрьмы, однако освобожден спустя 5 месяцев. В 1975-м арестован еще на год. В 1980-е эмигрировал в Швейцарию. – 303Алексей Иванович Аджубей (псевд. Радин; 1924–1993) — журналист, главный редактор газет «Комсомольская правда» (1957–1959) и «Известия» (1959–1964). Депутат Верховного Совета СССР. В 1949 г. женился на Раде Никитичне Хрущёвой, дочери Никиты Сергеевича Хрущёва. Участвовал в подготовке речей для Хрущёва. Семнадцатого августа 1963 г. напечатал в «Известиях» запрещенную поэму Александра Твардовского «Тёркин на том свете». После снятия Хрущёва с высших партийных должностей Аджубея отстранили от занимаемых постов и вывели из состава ЦК КПСС. – 19, 449Александра Вениаминовна Азарх-Грановская (урожд. Идельсон; 1892–1980) — актриса, режиссер и театральный педагог. Сестра Раисы Вениаминовны Идельсон. Служила в Государственном камерном еврейском театре (ГОСЕКТ, позднее — Государственный еврейский театр, ГОСЕТ). Жена Алексея Михайловича Грановского (наст. Абрам Михайлович Азарх) — режиссера театра и кино, основателя ГОСЕКТ–ГОСЕТ. В 1927 г. вместе с мужем выехала на гастроли в Париж и решила остаться за границей. В 1933 г. вернулась в СССР. Вместе с сестрой организовала у себя дома культурный салон, который посещали многие представители неофициальной культуры Советского Союза. – 19, 21, 24, 29, 30, 34, 35, 37, 38, 41, 45, 46, 47, 48, 59, 63, 66, 67, 70, 85, 91, 99, 107, 110, 114, 124, 140, 147, 148, 207, 211, 218, 220, 221, 232, 234, 241, 253, 270, 277, 285, 338, 340, 347, 362, 395, 409, 423, 439, 448 Геннадий Николаевич Айги (урожд. Лисин; 1934–2006) — чувашский и русский поэт и переводчик. В 1953 г. окончил Батыревское педагогическое училище и поступил в Литературный институт им. А. М. Горького. В 1958 г. отчислен из института «за написание враждебной книги стихов, подрывающей основы метода социалистического реализма». До перестрой- ки официально практически не публиковался. В 1961–1971 гг. заведовал изосектором в Государственном музее В. В. Маяковского, где организовал множество выставок представителей советского авангарда (серия экспозиций «Художники — оформители произведений В. Маяковского» и др.). Много занимался переводами мировой поэзии на чувашский, в том числе создал антологии «Поэты Франции», «Поэты Венгрии», «Поэты Польши». – 100, 120, 347, 400 Александр Аксёнов — художник-нонконформист. – 354, 357, 373, 435 Василий Павлович Аксёнов (1932–2009) — писатель, драматург, переводчик. Был связан с диссидентским движением, за что неоднократно подвергался критике со стороны властей СССР. Эмигрировал в США в 1980 г. (за что был лишен советского гражданства), а затем — во Францию. Поддерживал идеи перестройки, в 1990-м смог восстановить советское гражданство. – 40 Владимир Петрович Акулинин (1943–2020) — художник-кинетист, представитель неофициального искусства. С 1955 по 1958 г. занимался в изостудии тульского Дворца пионеров. В 1958–1962 гг. учился в Московской средней художественной школе на отделении скульптуры. В 1962 г. вошел в состав группы «Движение». В 1963 г. поступил в Московское высшее художественно-промышленное училище им. С. Г. Строганова на отделение скульптуры. В 1989 г. вступил в Горком графиков. – 350, 398, 420, 427 Владимир Дмитриевич Алейников (род. 1946) — поэт, прозаик, художник, представитель неофициального искусства. В 1962 г. начал публиковать стихи. В 1963 г. подвергся жесткой критике «за формализм» и в дальнейшем вплоть до перестройки издавался только в сам- и тамиздате. В 1964 г. поступил на отделение истории и теории искусства исторического факультета Московского государственного университета. В 1965 г. вместе с Владимиром Батшевым, Леонидом Губановым, Еленой Басиловой и другими молодыми поэтами основал СМОГ. В том же году исключен из университета за публикацию стихов за рубежом, в 1966 г. — восстановлен. В 1980-е писал стихи для детей. Со второй половины 1980-х занимался переводами, был известен как переводчик поэзии народов СССР. – 164, 290 Архимандрит Алипий (наст. Иван Михайлович Воронов; 1914–1975) — священнослужитель Русской православной церкви, иконописец, художник. Ветеран Великой Отечественной войны, орденоносец. После войны — живописец, член Московского товарищества художников. В 1950 г. принял монашеский постриг, в том же году рукоположен во иеромонаха, с 1953 г. — игумен. С 1959 г. и до смерти — наместник Псково-Печерского монастыря. С 1960 г. — архимандрит. – 57, 192, 250 Натан Исаевич Альтман (1890-1970) – художник-авангардист. – 247, 392, 394Михаил Владимирович Алпатов (1902–1986) — искусствовед, педагог. Работал на филологическом факультете МГУ, однако в 1943 г. был вынужден уйти, поскольку подвергался критике. Тогда же стал преподавать в Московском художественном институте имени И. В. Сурикова. Среди его учеников — Илья Кабаков и Эрик Булатов. Автор фундаментальной работы «Всеобщая история искусств». – 220 Андрей Алексеевич Амальрик (1938– 1980) — писатель, публицист, диссидент. В 1950–1960-е активно распространял самиздат, собирал работы художников-нонконформистов, в том числе своего друга Анатолия Зверева. В 1960 г. поступил в Московский государственный университет на исторический факультет. В 1963 г. был исключен за курсовую работу о происхождении русской государственности. В 1965 г. был арестован за поддержание связи с зарубежными журналистами, приговорен к 2,5 года лагерей, но освобожден досрочно в 1966 г. Вернувшись в Москву, устроился внештатным сотрудником в агентство печати «Новости». В 1968 г. подготовил сборник «Процесс четырех» о суде над Александром Гинзбургом, Юрием Галансковым, Алексеем Добровольским и Верой Лашковой и передал его иностранным корреспондентам. В 1969 г. выпустил в самиздате эссе «Просуществует ли Советский Союз до 1984 года?», за которое позднее был арестован и приговорен к трем годам лагерей. В 1975 г. был освобожден, получил отказ в выдаче паспорта и получении московской прописки. Однако из Москвы не уехал, жил в городе нелегально. В 1976 г. принял участие в создании Группы содействия выполнению Хельсинкских соглашений в СССР. В том же году эмигрировал в Нидерланды. – 85, 275, 340, 369, 406, 452 Гюнтер Андерс (1902–1992) — австрийский писатель, философ. Активный участник всемирного антиядерного и антивоенного движения. Муж философа, политического теоретика Ханны Арендт. Был близок к представителям Франкфуртской школы, во время Второй мировой войны эмигрировал из Германии во Францию, а потом в США. Позднее вернулся в Европу. – 138 Николай Валентинович Андриевич (род. 1944) — художник-абстракционист, график. Окончил Московский полиграфический институт (1964). С 1967 г. работал в Мастерской рекламно-прикладной графики («Промграфика). В 1976 г. участвовал в «Выставке произведений московских художников» в Доме культуры на ВДНХ. Живет и работает в Москве. – 391 Анита – француженка, подруга Льва Нусберга, с которой он познакомился в Москве на Всемирном фестивале молодёжи и студентов в 1957 г. Анита регулярно снабжала Нусберга и его друзей «тамиздатом» — изданными за рубежом книгами, запрещенными в СССР. – 22, 63 Фёдор Елисеевич (в некот. источниках — Алексеевич) Антоновский — краевед Старого Крыма, заведующий Старокрымским городским музеем (годы работы неизвестны). В 1931 г. обнаружил надгробие Жанны Ламотт, прототипа Миледи из романа Александра Дюма «Три мушкетера» и фигурантки нашумевшего в XVIII веке процесса об ожерелье Марии-Антуанетты (об этом процессе см., напр.: Ожерелье королевы. Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона. Т. 42. СПб. : Акционерное издательское общество Ф. А. Брокгауз — И. Е. Ефрон, 1897. С. 759). В 1944 г. совместно с Институтом истории материальной культуры имени Н. Я. Марра АН СССР принимал участие в обследовании крымских памятников. – 27, 44 Жан Ануй (1910–1987) — французский драматург и сценарист. Во время немецкой оккупации Парижа поставил пьесу «Антигона», в которой в имплицитной форме высказывал идеи неподчинения насилию. В СССР «Антигону» в 1965 г. показали во время гастролей театра «Ателье» – 82 Луи Арагон (урожд. Луи-Мари Андрие; 1897–1982) — французский поэт и прозаик. Изначально тяготевший к идеям дадаизма, в 1920-е сблизился с Андре Бретоном и примкнул к сюрреалистам. Во время Второй мировой войны — один из организаторов движения Сопротивления. С 1927 г. — деятель Французской коммунистической партии. Неоднократно бывал в СССР, занимался популяризацией советской литературы во Франции. Лауреат Международной Ленинской премии «За укрепление мира между народами» (1957). В 1966 г. публично осудил судебный процесс над Андреем Синявским и Юрием Даниэлем. В 1969-м подписал коллективный протест против исключения Александра Солженицына из Союза писателей. – 70, 383Гагик Григорьевич Арзуманян — сын первого секретаря ЦК КП Армении. – 229 Ерванд (Эрик) Ашотович Арзуманян (род. 1941) — актер театра и кино. В 1965 г. окончил Театральное училище им. Щукина и стал актером Московского театра миниатюр. В 1988 г. награждён званием «Заслуженный артист РСФСР». С 1995 г. — актер театра «Шалом». – 155, 157, 169, 176, 210, 220 Луи Дэниел Армстронг (1901–1971) — американский джазовый музыкант. Ключевая фигура в истории джаза. – 72 Рубина Рубеновна Арутюнян (род. 1941) — коллекционер, представительница неофициальной культуры. Была близка кругу московских художников-нонконформистов, в том числе организовывала квартирные выставки участникам Маяковских чтений и Южинского кружка. В 1960 г. вышла замуж за Михаила Каплана, однако вскоре развелась. В 1970-е была замужем за Игорем Дудинским. В 1975 г. осуждена на 2 года условно по политическому делу. С 1981 г. живет в Мюнхене. – 307 Михаил Петрович Арцыбашев (1878–1927) — писатель, публицист, драматург. Автор вызвавшего общественный резонанс романа «Санин» (Арцыбашев М. Санин. СПб. : Русская скоропечатня, 1908). Арцыбашева обвиняли в том, что его роман порнографичен, поскольку «Санин» содержит откровенные сцены и в целом транслирует довольно смелые взгляды автора. Так, одна из главных тем романа — необходимость человека удовлетворять свои потребности. Арцыбашев был ярым противником советской власти, поэтому в 1923 г. эмигрировал в Польшу. В СССР публиковался только в самиздате. – 59 Александр Порфирьевич Архипенко (1887–1964) — скульптор, живописец, график. Один из крупнейших представителей кубизма в скульптуре. Один из первых, кто смог перенести принципы кубизма из двухмерного в трехмерное пространство. В 1908 г. уехал из России, вначале в Европу, затем в США. – 181 Ксения (Оксана) Михайловна Асеева (урожд. Синякова; 1892–1985) — жена поэта Николая Асеева и муза художника Анатолия Зверева. – 408 Вильям Уокер Аткинсон (1862–1932) — американский писатель-оккультист, адвокат, издатель. Увлекался идеями «нового мышления» — эзотерического направления, возникшего в конце XIX в. Переводил с французского языка спиритическую литературу, увлекался индуизмом и йогой, распространял эти учения в США. – 84 Олег Феофилович Ахминов (1931–2005) — антиквар, букинист. – 97, 207, 211, 224, 226, 269 Б Сэмюэл Барбер (1910–1981) — американский композитор и музыковед. Следовал традициям романтизма и неоклассицизма. Автор опер, балета, симфонии и других произведений для оркестра. Adagio для струнных (1936) признано одним из 20 лучших произведений музыки второго тысячелетия. – 38Альфред Барр (1902–1981) — американский историк искусства, первый директор Музея современного искусства в Нью-Йорке. В своих работах систематизировал признаки модернизма, категоризировал его различные течения. Куратор и организатор знаковых выставок постимпрессионистов. Устроитель ретроспективной выставки Пабло Пикассо в 1939–1940 гг., которая привела к переосмыслению творчества художника. – 361 Владимир Семёнович Батшев (род. 1947) — писатель, поэт, прозаик, сценарист, радиоведущий, диссидент. В 1965 г. был одним из организаторов и руководителей неофициального литературного объединения СМОГ. Редактор журнала «Сфинксы» (No 1–4), альманахов «Чу», «Рикошет», «Авангард». Издатель альманаха «Перелом». В 1966 г. осужден на пять лет «за тунеядство», в 1968 г. освобожден по амнистии. В 1989–1995 гг. — внештатный обозреватель радио «Свобода». В 1993 г. организовал издательство «Мосты», выпускавшее одноименный альманах. В 1995 г. эмигрировал в Германию. Член Союза писателей Германии и международного ПЕН-клуба. С апреля 1998 г. — редактор журнала «Литературный европеец» и председатель Союза русских писателей в Германии. Лауреат британской литературной премии Veritas и премии им. М. Алданова. – 102, 147, 269, 321, 435, 449 Леонид Александрович Бажанов (род. 1945) — художник, историк искусства, куратор. В 1962–1964 гг. занимался живописью в студии Бориса Иорданского при Московском высшем художественно-промышленном училище им. С. Г. Строганова. В 1963–1964 гг. учился в Московском авиационном институте, в 1964–1965 гг. — в Горьковском художественном училище. В 1967–1969 гг. занимался в студии Бориса Биргера. В 1968–1973 гг. учился на отделении истории искусств исторического факультета Московского государственного университета. В 1974–1985 гг. работал в издательстве «Советский художник», в том числе выступил редактором сборника «Советское искусствознание». В конце 1960-х занимался организацией неофициальных выставок в Москве. В 1986 г. основал творческое любительское объединение «Эрмитаж», в 1990 г. — первый в России Центр современного искусства. В 1992–1997 гг. возглавлял Управление изобразительного искусства Министерства культуры РФ. В 1992 г. инициировал создание Государственного центра современного искусства (ГЦСИ). В 1997–2016 гг. — художественный руководитель ГЦСИ. В 2019 г. получил премию «Инновация» — «За вклад в развитие современного искусства России». – 417 Рахиль Львовна Баумволь (1914–2000) — израильская и советская поэтесса, прозаик, автор детских книг. Писала на идише и на русском языке. Окончила литературный факультет еврейского отделения Второго МГУ (1936). Во время Великой Отечественной войны эвакуирована в Ташкент, где познакомилась с Анной Ахматовой. Во второй половине 1940-х, с началом антисемитской кампании, писала только на русском языке. В 1961 г. стала постоянным автором литературно-политического журнала на идише «Советиш геймланд». В 1971 г. вместе с супругом, поэтом Зиновием Телесиным, репатриировалась в Израиль. В связи с этим ее исключили из Союза писателей, а уже изданные книги изъяли из продажи и из библиотек. – 38 Елена Николаевна Басилова (псевд. Алена Басилова; 1943–2018) — поэтесса. Родилась в семье театрального режиссера и композитора Николая Басилова, также бывшего помощником Всеволода Мейерхольда, и звезды советской оперетты драматурга и поэтессы Аллы Рустайкис. Участница чтений на Маяковке. Организовала у себя дома литературный салон. В середине 1965 г. была одним из организаторов неофициального литературного объединения СМОГ. В 1966–1970 гг. была в браке с Леонидом Губановым, в 1970-е вышла замуж за португальца Антонио Жозе Кортеша Силурико Драго. В 1968 г. подвергалась преследованию со стороны властей за то, что дала показания в пользу подсудимых «Процесса четырех». – 290, 449, 453 Вагрич Акопович Бахчанян (1938–2009) — художник, литератор-концептуалист, представитель неофициального искусства. В 1957 г. поступил в харьковскую Студию декоративного искусства. Тогда же устроился на работу художником-оформителем в ведомственной газете Харьковского тракторного завода. В 1960 г. переехал в Москву, работал в «Литературной газете» и ряде других изданий. В 1960-е создавал книги-объекты. В 1974 г. эмигрировал в США. – 312, 396 Евгений Владимирович Бачурин (1934– 2015) — художник, поэт, бард, представитель неофициального искусства. В 1951 г. поступил в Московский полиграфический институт на художественно-графический факультет. В 1954 г. перевелся в Институт живописи, скульптуры и архитектуры им. И.Е. Репина на факультет живописи, однако после исключения в 1957 г. вернулся в Московский полиграфический институт, который окончил в 1959 г. В 1960–1969 гг. работал иллюстратором в журналах «Юность», «Смена» и др., занимался оформлением книг для издательств «Художественная литература», «Детгиз», «Молодая гвардия» и др. С 1970-х работал как график-станковист в технике литографии. С 1985 г. занимался исключительно живописью. Стихи, песни и рассказы публиковались в журналах «Юность», «Знамя» и др. – 381Иван Беднар (1923–1993) — художник, педагог, теоретик искусства. Работал преимущественно в технике масляной пастели. – 415 Екатерина Фёдоровна Белашова (1906–1971) — скульптор. В конце 1960-х — первый секретарь Союза художников СССР. – 448 Пётр Иванович Беленок (1938–1991) — художник, представитель неофициального искусства. В 1955–1957 гг. учился в Киевской художественной школе, в 1957–1963 гг. — в Киевском государственном художественном институте на факультете скульптуры. Во второй половине 1960-х переехал в Москву. В 1970-е принимал активное участие в выставках неофициальных художников как в СССР, так и за рубежом. Участник группы «20 московских художников». В 1977 г. вступил в живописную секцию Горкома графиков. – 396, 397Борис Михайлович Белов — фотограф. – 252, 264, 265, 288, 317, 319, 334, 340, 342, 348, 362, 379, 416, Анатолий Владимирович Беляев (род. 1931) — баянист, композитор. Занимался соединением естественных тембров баяна с возможностями электрооргана. Совместно с конструктором баянов Юрием Волковичем разработал электронный баян. – 120Николай Александрович Бердяев (1874–1948) — религиозный философ. Активный участник и заметный деятель культурной жизни Серебряного века. Автор таких концепций, как философия свободы и Новое Средневековье. В 1903–1904 гг. принимал участие в организации Союза освобождения — нелегальной политической организации, задачей которой было расширение демократических свобод. В 1922 г. выслан из России на «философском пароходе». – 78, 334, 336, 434 Жозеф Бернар (1866–1931) — французский скульптор. Обучался в парижской Школе изящных искусств и в мастерской скульптора-академиста Пьера-Жюля Кавелье. В своем творчестве тяготел к классицизму и наследовал Огюсту Родену. – 181 Руслан Беспалов-Кручёных – внучатый племянник поэта Алексея Кручёных. – 400Анастасия Алексеевна Биантовская – мать Леонида Талочкина – 49, 62, 76, 116, 124, 140, 142, 143, 145, 156, 157, 172, 173, 177, 183, 190, 203, 211, 214, 222, 232, 263, 265, 267, 281, 427, 431, 433, 450, 454 Кристиан Ханс Херлуф Бидструп (1912–1988) — датский художник-карикатурист, отличавшийся узнаваемым стилем. Его четкий штрих и умение с помощью одной-двух деталей точно передать необходимую эмоцию стали своего рода эталоном социальной карикатуры и оказали значительное влияние на современную карикатуристскую школу. В СССР Бидструпа охотно публиковали, поскольку он был убежденным коммунистом, критиковал капиталистический Запад. – 131Галина Георгиевна Битт (род. 1946) — художница, подруга Льва Нусберга, участница группы «Движение». В 1960-е принимала активное участие в выставках художников-кинетистов в СССР и за рубежом, также в 1960–1970-е плотно сотрудничала с Львом Нусбергом, в том числе в 1967 г. принимала участие в плане оформления Ленинграда к 50-летию Октябрьской революции. В конце 1960-х подверглась преследованию по политическим мотивам. В 1977 г. эмигрировала, в том же году приняла участие в Венецианской биеннале. – 427 Фрэнсис (Фрэнни) Бичер (1921–2014) — джазовый гитарист и кантри-музыкант. Соло-гитарист группы Bill Haley & His Comets (известна песней (We’re Gonna) Rock Around The Clock, вошедшей в Зал славы рок-н-ролла). – 46Елена Александровна Благинина (1903–1989) — одна из ведущих детских писательниц в СССР, постоянный автор журналов «Мурзилка» и «Затейник». В годы Великой Отечественной создала ряд произведений на военную тематику. В 1958 г. выступила против травли Бориса Пастернака и его романа «Доктор Живаго». Позднее поддержала Лидию Чуковскую. С 1960-х активно занималась «взрослой» поэзией и прозой, публиковалась в журналах «Новый мир» и «Знамя». Была замужем за поэтом Георгием Оболдуевым (при жизни было опубликовано только одно его стихотворение, поскольку Оболдуев числился в рядах «антисоветчиков»). – 38 Елена Петровна Блаватская (1831–1891) — теософ, мистик, оккультист, писательница. В 1875 г. основала Теософское общество. Теософы призывали изучать все существующие философские и религиозные учения, находя в них истины, которые помогут раскрыть сверхчувственные силы человека. Учение Блаватской соединяло в себе черты восточных и европейских мистических учений и повлияло на многие более поздние оккультные системы. – 211, 260, 261 Георгий Самойлович Блох (1889–1973) — коллекционер, юрист. Один из первых собирателей Роберта Фалька; более того, именно он пропагандировал искусство художника в Ленинграде. Сыграл большую роль в становлении коллекционера Ильи Палеева. – 206, 240 Артур Блэйки (1919–1990) — американский джазовый барабанщик, руководитель оркестра «Посланники джаза» (англ. The Jazz Messengers). Работал в стилях бибоп, хард-боп. Кроме того, известен экспериментами на стыке соула и фанка. – 48 Илья Вениаминович Бокштейн (1937– 1999) — художник, поэт, переводчик, диссидент. Участник поэтических чтений на Маяковке. В 1961 г. был осужден за антисоветскую пропаганду и на пять лет отправлен в тюрьму в Мордовию. В 1966 г. освобожден. Чтобы прописаться в Москве, симулировал психическое заболевание. В 1972 г. эмигрировал в Израиль. – 214, 428 Марина Петровна Бондаренко (1938– 2002) — пианистка, концертмейстер и педагог. Жена Виктора Деревянко. – 129, 290 Сергей Михайлович Бордачёв (род. 1948) — художник, представитель неофициального искусства. В 1964 г. окончил профессионально-техническое училище по специальности «автослесарь». В 1966 г. обратился к живописи, ранние работы сделаны под влиянием Анатолия Зверева. С 1968 г. работал на комбинате декоративно-оформительского искусства. В 1974 г. участвовал в «Бульдозерной выставке». В 1976 г. вступил в Горком графиков. В 1990 г. присоединился к Международной федерации художников (IFA). С 1993 г. — президент Клуба абстрактной импровизации при Союзе музыкальных деятелей. – 391, 398, 417, 430, 447, 448, 449 Борух (наст. Борис Аркадьевич Штейнберг; 1938–2003) — художник, представитель неофициального искусства. Сын переводчика, поэта, художника Аркадия Штейнберга и брат художника Эдуарда Штейнберга. В 1956 г. уехал разнорабочим в Ханты-Мансийск, в 1960 г. перебрался в Москву, где устроился комендантом в Музей Востока. В 1974 г. участвовал в «Бульдозерной выставке». В 1978 г. отправлен на принудительное психиатрическое лечение. После выхода из больницы вновь участвовал в квартирных выставках. – 105, 106, 107, 108, 112, 117, 180, 183, 385, 442, 453, 454 Лиля Юрьевна Брик (урожд. Лиля Уриевна Каган; 1891–1978) — хозяйка одного из самых известных в XX веке литературно-художественных салонов. Участница «Левого фронта искусств» (ЛЕФ). Муза Владимира Маяковского и хранительница наследия поэта, принимавшая активное участие в создании музея Маяковского в Москве. Автор мемуаров, в которых среди прочего рассказывает о своих взаимоотношениях с поэтом. – 257 Вениамин Маркович Брискин (1906–1982) — художник, график, карикатурист, плакатист. Автор первых антифашистских карикатур, появившихся в советских изданиях, а также плакатов, обличающих капитализм. Работал в сатирическом журнале «Крокодил» и в газетах «Комсомольская правда» и «Правда». Кроме того, оформлял книги Максима Горького, Константина Симонова, Марка Твена. – 314, 357 Эдвард Бенджамин Бриттен (1913–1976) — британский композитор, дирижер, пианист. Автор вокальных циклов и опер. Значительное внимание уделял церковной музыке («Гимн Деве» (1930), «Притчи для церковного исполнения» (1960-е) и др.). Неоднократно посещал СССР. – 39 Анатолий Рафаилович Брусиловский (род. 1932) — художник, представитель неофициального искусства. Работал в жанре коллажа, ассамбляжа и боди-арта. Иллюстратор журналов «Знание — сила», «Огонек», художник-постановщик (в том числе первого полиэкранного фильма «Наш марш», 1970). Автор фотопортретов многих деятелей российского нонконформистского искусства. – 110, 286, 308, 312, 333, 334, 369, 388, 391, 396, 397, 400, 405, 410, 415 Яков Витальевич Брюс (1669–1735) – государственный деятель петровских времен – 68 Армен Акопович Бугаян (1940–2006) — художник, представитель неофициального искусства. В 1960-е входил в Южинский кружок. Дружил с художниками Андреем Монастырским и Николаем Панитковым. В 1957 г. работал резчиком на производственно-издательском комбинате Всероссийского института научной и технической информации, в 1970–1990-е — литейщиком на Московском агрегатном заводе «Дзержинец». – 81, 83, 84, 92, 98, 175, 207, 237, 272, 274, 307, 408 Владимир Константинович Буковский (1942–2019) — правозащитник, писатель, публицист и общественный деятель. Участник чтений на Маяковке. Один из основателей и активный участник диссидентского движения в СССР. За свою деятельность в 1961 г. отчислен из Московского государственного университета. В январе 1967 г. задержан за организацию демонстрации против ареста писателя Александра Гинзбурга; приговорен к трем годам заключения. В общей сложности в тюрьмах и на принудительном лечении провел 12 лет. В 1976 г. советские власти обменяли Буковского на лидера чилийских коммунистов Луиса Корвалана. Благодаря этому обмену Буковский выехал в США. В эмиграции продолжал заниматься политической деятельностью, в частности призывал к бойкоту Олимпиады 1980 г. в Москве. В 1990-е отказался от российского гражданства. – 111, 225, 227, 236, 237, 276, 277 Эрик Владимирович Булатов (род. 1933) — художник, представитель неофициального искусства. В 1945–1947 гг. занимался в изостудии при Московском доме пионеров, в 1947–1952 гг. учился в Московской средней художественной школе. В 1952–1958 гг. — в Московском государственном художественном институте им. В. И. Сурикова. Посещал мастерские Владимира Фаворского и Роберта Фалька. Сотрудничал с издательствами «Детгиз» и «Малыш». В 1989 г. переехал в США, позднее перебрался во Францию. В 2013 г. стал лауреатом всероссийской премии «Инновация» — «За творческий вклад в развитие современного искусства» – 37, 111 Эмиль Антуан Бурдель (1861–1929) — французский скульптор, ученик Огюста Родена. Автор монументов, скульптур, живописных работ, фресок, рисунков, вдохновленных преимущественно древне- греческой мифологией. – 181 Александр Борисович Буркатовский — художник-оформитель, иллюстратор. – 323 Давид Давидович Бурлюк (1882–1967) — поэт и художник, один из основоположников русского кубофутуризма, создатель литературного объединения «Гилея». – 43, 44Мишель Бютор (1926–2016) — французский писатель, художественный критик, переводчик. Бютор также выпустил несколько сборников эссе, в том числе посвященных Альберто Джакометти, Питу Мондриану и другим художникам. До 1960-х был связан с «новым романом» («антироманом») — литературным направлением, сложившимся во Франции в 1940–1960-е и основанным на принципах «вещизма» и антитрагедийности. – 213В Николай Иванович Вавилов (1887–1943) — учёный-генетик, ботаник, селекционер. Основатель Всесоюзного института растениеводства (1920). Инициатор создания крупнейшей в мире коллекции семян культурных растений. В 1940 г. арестован по обвинению во вредительстве и «помощи буржуазным организациям». В 1941 г. приговорен к расстрелу, однако впоследствии меру пресечения заменили на 20 лет тюремного заключения. В 1955 г. посмертно реабилитирован. – 70 Йитка Валова (1922–2011) — чешский художник, график, дизайнер. – 311Зигмунт Валишевский (1897–1936) — художник-авангардист, живописец, график, монументалист, сценограф. Вместе с Кириллом Зданевичем занимался сохранением и популяризацией творческого наследия грузинского художника Нико Пиросмани. Кроме того, оформлял книги футуристического объединения «41°» («Сорок первый градус»), а также был основателем группы «Парижский комитет» (Komitet Paryski, КП, каписты). – 385 Пётр Адамович Валюс (1912–1971) — живописец, график, художник книги. Окончил Московский архитектурно-строительный институт. В 35 лет оставил работу инженера и посвятил себя книжной иллюстрации, живописи, графике. Зарабатывал оформлением книг. Участвовал в групповых выставках студии Элия Белютина. При жизни художника прошли две его персональные выставки (обе в 1968-м) — трехдневная в Институте А. Н. Несмеянова и упомянутая десятидневная при институте им. И. В. Курчатова. – 349Виктор Вазарели (1906–1997) — французский художник, график и скульптор. Представитель оп-арта. Автор «Желтого манифеста» — программного текста оп-артистов. Также был близок идеям кинетизма. – 298 Теодорус (Тео) Ван Гог (1857–1891) — голландский торговец картинами, младший брат художника Винсента Ван Гога. Благодаря тому, что Тео поддерживал Винсента, последний мог полностью посвятить себя живописи. – 125, 126Автандил Варази (1926–1977) — художник, представитель неофициального искусства. В 1943–1948 гг. учился в Тбилисском техническом университете на факультете архитектуры. Считается одним из пионеров грузинского поп-арта. Наиболее известная работа — «Голова быка» (1966 г.) — находится в собрании нью-йоркского Музея современного искусства. Сыграл роль Нико Пиросмани в фильме Георгия Шенгелая «Пиросмани» (1969 г.). – 341, 344, 453Эдгар Варез (1883–1965) — французский и американский композитор, один из основоположников электронной музыки. Играл, в частности, на терменвоксе. Творчество Вареза не вызывало особого интереса у его современников, лишь после Второй мировой войны произведения композитора стали известны. – 175Анатолий Исаакович Васильев (род. 1939) — актер театра и кино, кинорежиссер. В 1961–1966 гг. учился в Щукинском училище, в мастерской Альберта Борисова. В 1962 г. совместно с однокурсником написал музыку для студенческого спектакля «Добрый человек из Сезуана» по пьесе Бертольда Брехта. В 1964 г. начал работать в Театре на Таганке. В 1966–1970 гг. учился в мастерской Леонида Трауберга на Высших курсах сценаристов и режиссеров. С 1970-го — режиссер-постановщик творческого объединения «Экран». – 154, 220, 276 Клавдия Николаевна Васильева-Бугаева (урожд. Алексеева; 1886–1970) — переводчица, антропософ. Преподавала эвритмию в Московском антропософском обществе. Вторая жена Андрея Белого. В 1931 г. арестована как член антропософского общества, в том же году освобождена (в том числе благодаря содействию Андрея Белого). Автор «Воспоминаний о Белом» и книги об основателе антропософского общества Рудольфе Штайнере. – 210 Олег Владимирович Васильев (1931–2013) — художник, представитель неофициального искусства. В 1958 г. окончил графическое отделение Московского государственного художественного института им. В. И. Сурикова. Посещал мастерские Владимира Фаворского и Роберта Фалька. С 1959 г. в соавторстве с Эриком Булатовым создавал иллюстрации для детских книг, сотрудничал с издательствами «Детгиз» и «Малыш». В 1990 г. эмигрировал в США. – 37, 116Антон Веберн (1883–1945) — австрийский композитор и дирижер, один из основателей Новой венской школы. Ученик и последователь Арнольда Шёнберга. Автор симфонических и вокальных произведений, повлиявших на развитие европейского музыкального авангарда, в том числе на творчество Игоря Стравинского, Альфреда Шнитке, Карлхайнца Штокхаузена. – 39, 67, 74, 95, 233, 241 Александр Иванович Введенский (1904–1941) — поэт и драматург. Был знаком с Даниилом Хармсом, входил в поэтическое объединение «ОБЭРИУ». Один из приверженцев зауми, деконструирующей семантические структуры языка. Известен как философской лирикой, так и детскими стихами. В 1941-м арестован по обвинению в контрреволюционной агитации, в том же году умер в заключении. Был посмертно реабилитирован в 1964 г. – 238 Владимир Григорьевич Вейсберг (1924–1985) — художник и теоретик искусства, представитель неофициального искусства. В 1943–1948 гг. учился в московской Школе-студии Всесоюзного центрального совета профессиональных союзов. Позднее — в студиях Ильи Машкова, Александра Осмёркина. В годы Великой Отечественной войны занимался оформлением помещений московских воинских частей, интерьеров Дома Союзов, клубов. В 1949–1950 гг. оформил Государственную публичную историческую библиотеку в Москве. В 1964–1984 гг. преподавал живопись в студии Института повышения квалификации Союза архитекторов СССР, в 1964–1966 гг. — на Высших курсах работников телевидения. С 1961 г. состоял в Союзе художников СССР. – 213, 257, 277, 304, 341, 386, 397, 405, 406, 415Владимир Иосифович Векслер (1907–1966) — физик-экспериментатор, академик-секретарь Отделения ядерной физики АН СССР (1963–1966), создатель синхрофазотрона Объединенного института ядерных исследований. В 1964 г. основал журнал «Ядерная физика» и стал его главным редактором. – 72, 111 Артём Весёлый (наст. Николай Иванович Кочкуров; 1899–1938) — писатель. Большевик, участник революции и Гражданской войны. В 1920-е опубликовал ряд произведений на революционную тематику. Входил в творческое объединение «Перевал», затем — в Российскую ассоциацию пролетарских писателей (РАПП). В 1937 г. арестован как член антисоветской террористической организации, в 1938-м — расстрелян. В 1956-м посмертно реабилитирован. – 110Генрих Вёльфлин (1864–1945) — швейцарский писатель, теоретик и историк искусства. Основатель формального анализа для изучения произведений изобразительного искусства. – 380 Николай Евгеньевич Вечтомов (1923– 2007) — художник, представитель неофициального искусства. Прошел Великую Отечественную войну, был в плену. В 1946 г. поступил в Московское государственное художественное училище памяти 1905 года. В 1950-е работал в московской художественной производственной мастерской Комбината декоративно-оформительского искусства. В середине 1950-х входил в состав Лианозовской группы. В 1976 г. вступил в живописную секцию Горкома графиков. – 234, 330, 332, 333, 334, 335, 340, 342, 343, 346, 347, 348, 350, 375, 383, 384, 385, 386, 393, 396, 397, 404, 406, 416, 424 Свами Вивекананда (1863–1902) — индийский философ. Считается одним из основоположников движения нью-эйдж, утверждал, что между различными религиями отсутствуют сущностные различия. – 279 Юджин Лютер Гор Видал (1925–2012) — американский писатель, драматург. – 427Густав Вигеланд (1869–1943) — норвежский скульптор, модернист. Создатель Парка скульптур Вигеланда в Осло. В своем творчестве осмыслял, в частности, средневековые и возрожденческие мотивы. – 245 Александр Виленский — одноклассник Игоря Дудинского. Сын заведующего международным отделом журнала «Крокодил». Учился в МГИМО. Эмигрировал в США, где среди прочего занимался фотографией. Упомянут в романе Эдуарда Лимонова «Это я, Эдичка» как «еще один фотограф». – 252, 253Леонид Аркадьевич Виноградов (1936–2004) — поэт-миниатюрист, драматург. В официальной печати был известен как автор пьес для детей и взрослых. Как поэт относился к «неофициальным» писателям, в том числе относился к «филологической школе» (также УВЕК — аббревиатура из первых букв фамилий поэтов-участников: Владимира Уфлянда, Леонида Виноградова, Михаила Еремина, Сергея Кулле). – 276 Феликс Евгеньевич Вишневский (1902–1978) — музейный деятель, собиратель искусства, первый частный коллекционер СССР, основатель музея В. А. Тропинина и московских художников его времени. В 1928-м репрессирован и выслан из Москвы. Тогда же была конфискована часть коллекции. В ссылке продолжал заниматься собирательством. В 1946–1948-м репрессирован повторно, отбывал наказание в лагере. Позднее реабилитирован с практически полным возвращением собрания. Большую часть коллекции на безвозмездной основе передал в различные музеи. С конца 1950-х работал в ГМИИ им. А. С. Пушкина. – 342, 343, 391 Владимир Петрович Вишняков (псевд. Ковшин, род. 1941) — поэт. Входил в поэтическое объединение СМОГ, также был участником поэтической группы «АМАВЪ». Его работы публиковались в самиздатовских журналах, альманахах и сборниках «Бумеранг», «Феникс», «Сирена», «Сфинксы». – 276, 277 Юрий Кузьмич Владимиров (род. 1942) — артист балета, педагог. Солист Большого театра (1962–1987), народный артист СССР (1987). Лауреат множества международных конкурсов. Известен прежде всего партиями Пастуха («Весна священная» Игоря Стравинского), Спартака («Спартак» Арама Хачатуряна), Ивана Грозного («Иван Грозный» на музыку Сергея Прокофьева), Икара («Икар» Сергея Слонимского). – 409 Юрий Петрович Власов (1935–2021) — тяжелоатлет, заслуженный мастер спорта СССР. Установил 31 рекорд мира и 41 рекорд СССР. – 404 Ярослав Вожняк (1933–2005) — чешский живописец, график, художник-оформитель. Участник группы Šmidra, сатирически переосмыслявшей политическую систему. Во второй половине 1960-х сотрудничал с одной из самых известных в Чехословакии бижутерных фирм «Яблонекс», в том числе в рамках «Экспо-67» в Монреале. – 304, 305, 306, 312 Мария Степановна Волошина (урожд. Заболоцкая; 1887–1976) — медицинский работник, экскурсовод, музейный работник, писатель-беллетрист. Вторая жена Максимилиана Волошина. Ей принадлежит заслуга сохранения музея и архива Волошина в годы Великой Отечественной войны. В 1961 г. познакомилась с Владимиром Купченко, с которым сотрудничала на протяжении многих лет. – 38, 43, 362 Александр Николаевич Волков (1886–1957) — художник, один из основоположников современного искусства в Средней Азии. В 1908–1912 гг. учился в петербургской Академии художеств в мастерских Владимира Маковского, Николая Рериха и Ивана Билибина, в 1912–1916-м — в Киевском художественном училище у Фёдора Кричевского. Входил в группу «Мастера нового Востока», участники которой занимались свободными экспериментами на стыке разных художественных направлений в поисках нового «национального стиля». Организатор художественного объединения «Бригада Волкова». Участники «Бригады» ездили в творческие командировки по Узбекистану и запечатлевали новое советское строительство. В 1934–1936 гг. во время кампании по борьбе с формализмом работы Волкова были признаны антисоциалистическими, а в 1949-м в рамках «борьбы с космополитизмом» произведения художника убрали из музеев, а его самого уволили. Остаток жизни провел в полной изоляции.-- 241, 247, 250 Андрей Волконский (1933–2008) — композитор, клавесинист и органист. В 1955 г. совместно с альтистом и дирижером Рудольфом Баршаем создал Московский камерный оркестр. В 1962 г. подвергся давлению со стороны властей — его произведения оказались под запретом. В 1965 г. основал ансамбль старинной музыки «Мадригал». В 1973 г. эмигировал в Швейцарию. В 1981 г. создал ансамбль старинной музыки Hoc Opus. С 1988 г. жил во Франции. – 243Сергей Александрович Волохов (род. 1937) — художник, представитель неофициального искусства. В 1961–1965 гг. учился в Московском государственном педагогическом институте им. В. И. Ленина. В 1967 г. присоединился к молодежной секции Московского Союза художников СССР. В 1969–1970 гг. совместно с художником Виталием Комаром и Александром Меламидом участвовал в выставке «Ретроспективизм» в кафе «Синяя птица». В 1990-е, после распада СССР, эмигрировал. – 292, 293, 296 Анри Гиршевич Волохонский (1936–2017) — поэт, писатель, переводчик. В советские годы издавался в самиздате, за исключением одной публикации — в 1972 г. в журнале «Аврора» была напечатана басня «Кентавр». В 1974 г. репатриировался в Израиль, позднее переехал в Германию, где стал работать на «Радио Свобода». – 238, 239 Валентин Ильич Воробьёв (род. 1938) — художник, литератор, представитель неофициального искусства. В 1953–1958 гг. учился в художественных школах Орла и Казани; в 1958–1961 гг. — во ВГИКе, откуда был исключен за «профессиональную непригодность». В 1960-е работал учителем рисования в Звенигороде. В 1974 г. участвовал в «Бульдозерной выставке». В 1975 г. эмигрировал во Францию. – 338, 386, 405, 442 Игорь Васильевич Ворошилов (1939–1989) — художник, представитель неофициального искусства. В 1957–1962 гг. учился во Всероссийском государственном университете кинематографии им. С. А. Герасимова на факультете киноведения, где познакомился с одним из представителей московской богемы 1960–1980-х — Александром Васильевым (Сашкой); впоследствии сблизился с васильевской творческой группой. В 1958 г. начал заниматься изобразительным искусством. В 1962– 1966 гг. работал редактором в Госфильмофонде. – 304, 308, 309Климент Ефремович Ворошилов (1881–1969) — советский военный и государственный деятель, один из первых военачальников, получивших звание Маршала Советского Союза. Дважды Герой Советского Союза, Герой Социалистического Труда. В 1930-е — нарком обороны СССР. На протяжении длительного времени оставался максимально лояльным Сталину, участвовал в репрессиях против высшего командного состава РККА. Участник Гражданской и Великой Отечественной войн. – 452 Валерий Михайлович Воскобойников (род. 1939) — пианист, музыковед, историк музыки. В 1963 г. окончил Московскую консерваторию им. П. И. Чайковского, где учился у выдающегося пианиста Генриха Нейгауза. В 1965 г. эмигрировал в Италию. Президент итальянской ассоциации «Генрих Нейгауз», которая занимается сохранением и распространением наследия Нейгауза, в том числе проводит музыкальные фестивали. – 72, 73, 74, 75, 77, 79, 80, 82, 83, 91, 93, 100, 119, 271Ирина Врубель-Голубкина (род. 1943) — литератор, редактор. Жена поэта и художника Михаила Гробмана. Окончила педагогический институт, факультет русского языка, литературы и истории. Издавала в самиздате поэзию второй волны русского авангарда. В 1971 г. эмигрировала в Израиль. В 1990-е вместе с мужем издавала газеты «Бег времени», «Знак времени», «Звенья», с 1993 г. по сегодняшний день — журнал «Зеркало» (в последнем является главным редактором). – 120, 308Игорь Александрович Вулох (1938–2012) — художник, представитель неофициального искусства. В 1953–1958 гг. учился в Казанском художественном училище им. Н. И. Фешина; в 1958–1960 гг. — во Всероссийском государственном университете кинематографии им. С. А. Герасимова на художественном факультете. В 1966–1968 гг. работал на Центральной киностудии детских и юношеских фильмов им. М. Горького. В 1968–1973 гг. преподавал в Духовной академии Троице-Сергиевой лавры; доцент кафедры западных вероисповеданий. В 1970–1990-е занимался художественным оформлением книг. – 314, 347, 400 Евгений Викторович Вучетич (1908–1974) — советский скульптор-монументалист. Лауреат Ленинской и пяти Сталинских премий, академик АХ СССР. Автор таких знаковых монументов, как «Воин-освободитель» (Берлин), «Перекуем мечи на орала» (Нью- Йорк), «Родина-мать зовет» (Волгоград). – 350, 359Александр Гаврилович Вязников (1909–1975) — художник, график, карикатурист. В годы Великой Отечественной войны выступил одним из инициаторов создания в Свердловске агитационной витрины «Окна сатиры». Секретарь правления Союза художников РСФСР (1964–1968). Главный художник газеты «Правда» (1969–1973). – 357Г Владимир Николаевич Галкин (род. 1946) — художник, дизайнер, инженер, представитель неофициального искусства. Не имеет системного профессионального образования. В 1963–1966 гг. входил в группу «Движение». В 1960-е работал художником на московском Комбинате декоративно-оформительского искусства в НИИ строительной физики — занимался преимущественно световой скульптурой. Среди прочего участвовал в проектировании световой архитектуры в городе Тольятти. В 1977 г. эмигрировал в Германию. – 296, 367, 370, 375, 395, 401, 411, 425 Николай Гартман (1882–1950) — немецкий философ. Один из основателей критической онтологии, наследующей философии Канта и его последователей. – 39Соломон Григорьевич Геллерштейн (1896–1967) — ученый, доктор биологических наук, профессор. Один из основателей советской психологии и психофизиологии труда, авиационной психологии, участник психотехнического движения. В 1949 г. в рамках «борьбы с космополитизмом» был уволен из Центрального института усовершенствования врачей. – 63, 114, 116, 124, 147, 209Александр Михайлович Герасимов (1880/1881–1963) — русский советский живописец, архитектор. Первый президент Академии художеств СССР. Академик, четырежды лауреат Сталинских премий. Любимый художник Иосифа Сталина. – 41Филипп Моисеевич Гершкович (1906–1989) — австрийский, румынский и советский композитор, педагог, музыковед. Наследник и пропагандист «новой венской школы». В 1929–1931 гг. учился у австрийского композитора Альбана Берга, а в 1934–1939 гг. – у основателя «новой венской школы» Антона Веберна. В 1960-е читал лекции о «новой венской школе» в Ленинграде, Ереване и Киеве. Наставник таких представителей творческой молодежи 1960-х, как Андрей Волконский, Эдисон Денисов, Альфред Шнитке, София Губайдулина. В 1987 г. вернулся в Австрию. – 74, 91, 92, 95, 118, 119, 142, 146Александр Ильич Гинзбург (1936–2002) — журналист, участник правозащитного движения в СССР, член Московской Хельсинской группы, составитель самиздатовского поэтического альманаха «Синтаксис». В альманахе публиковались стихи Генриха Сапгира, Игоря Холина, Беллы Ахмадулиной, Иосифа Бродского, Булата Окуджавы, Сергея Чудакова, Владимира Уфлянда. За два года существования (1959–1960) вышло три номера «Синтаксиса». Альманах был закрыт после ареста Гинзбурга. По формальному обвинению (в студенческие годы сдал экзамен за другого человека) он получил два года тюрьмы. – 24, 235 Евгения Соломоновна Гинзбург (1904–1977) — журналистка, писательница, кандидат исторических наук. Мать писателя Василия Аксёнова. Автор автобиографической книги «Крутой маршрут», повествующей о лагерном периоде ее жизни. В 1937-м обвинена в участии в троцкистской террористической организации, приговорена к 10 годам тюремного заключения со строгой изоляцией, поражением в правах на 5 лет и конфискацией всего личного имущества. Освобождена в 1947 г. Через два года повторно арестована и приговорена к ссылке на поселение на Колыме Магаданской области. В 1955 г. полностью реабилитирована, в 1959-м вернулась в Москву. – 406Илья Сергеевич Глазунов (1930–2017) — живописец, сценограф, педагог. Народный художник СССР (1980). Основатель и ректор Российской академии живописи, ваяния и зодчества (1981). Несмотря на близость официальному искусству, пользовался популярностью и в среде советской интеллигенции. – 21, 42, 44, 61, 62, 173, 219, 282, 421, 422 Евдокия Николаевна Глебова (урожд. Филонова, 1888–1980), певица, педагог по вокалу. Среди прочего Евдокия Глебова сохранила живописное и графическое наследие брата. – 239, 316, 317, 318, 392 Александр Давидович Глезер (1934–2016) — писатель, поэт, журналист, издатель, коллекционер. Работал инженером и переводчиком (переводил грузинскую поэзию). Активно участвовал в жизни московского нонконформизма, собирал работы неофициальных советских художников. В 1975 г. эмигрировал во Францию. В 1976 г. в коммуне Монжерон под Парижем на основе вывезенной из СССР коллекции основал Музей современного русского искусства в изгнании (позднее музей был перемещен в Нью-Джерси, США). Основатель эмигрантского издательства «Третья волна». – 281, 289, 296, 309, 331, 340, 343, 344, 348, 351, 354, 357, 378, 385, 388, 391, 402, 403, 404, 405, 406, 407, 408, 410, 414, 415, 423, 425, 444(?), 453, 454, 455 Альберт Иосифович Гогуадзе (род. 1935) — художник, представитель неофициального искусства. В 1954–1960 гг. учился в Тбилисской академии художеств на факультете графики. В 1963 г. переехал в Москву. – 418 Александр Яковлевич Головин (1863–1930) — художник, сценограф, декоратор. С 1900 г. делал декорации к спектаклям в Императорских театрах. Совместно с художником Константином Коровиным занимался оформлением русского павильона на парижской Всемирной выставке (1900). Участник объединения «Мир искусства». – 240, 247Евгений Всеволодович Головин (1938– 2010) — философ, поэт, мистик, оккультист. Участник Южинского кружка. Исследователь традиционалистских доктрин. В 1960–1980-е — лидер «московского мистического подполья». В 1974 г. организовал и возглавил «Черный орден SS» — общество, наследующее Южинскому кружку. В 1990-е среди прочего выпускал мистический альманах Splendor Solis. В 2000-е читал лекции по алхимии и эзотерике в «Новом университете» Александра Дугина. – 80, 428 Игорь Наумович Голомшток (1929–2017) — историк искусства. Совместно с Андреем Синявским написал первую советскую монографию о Пабло Пикассо (М. : Знание, 1960); совместно с Александром Глезером выпустил работу Unofficial Art from the Soviet Union (NY : Martin Secker & Warburg Ltd., 1977). Окончил Московский финансовый институт в 1949 г. В 1948 г. поступил на вечернее отделение Московского государственного университета (филологический, затем — исторический факультет). В 1955–1963 гг. работал во Всесоюзных научно-исследовательских мастерских по реставрации архитектурных памятников, позднее — в отделе передвижных выставок Дирекции художественных выставок и панорам Министерства культуры СССР и в Государственном музее изобразительных искусств им. А. С. Пушкина. В 1964 г. читал в Московском государственном университете курс лекций по современному западному искусству. В 1965 г. привлечен как свидетель по делу Даниэля — Синявского и за отказ от дачи показаний приговорен к шести месяцам принудительных работ. В 1972 г. эмигрировал в Великобританию. – 405Андрей Дмитриевич Гончаров (1903–1979) — художник, график, иллюстратор, преподаватель рисунка и ксилографии, театральный художник. В 1923 г. участвовал в оформлении Всероссийской сельскохозяйственной и кустарно-промышленной выставки. В 1924 г. вместе с Александром Дейнекой и Юрием Пименовым представил свои работы на Первой дискуссионной выставке объединений активного революционного искусства. Писал преимущественно на исторические и жанровые мотивы, избегая при этом классической для станковистов индустриальной тематики. – 343 Глеб Яковлевич Горбовский (1931–2019) — поэт и прозаик, представитель неофициального искусства. В 1941 г. оказался под Псковом в немецкой оккупации, до конца Великой отечественной войны бродяжничал. Учился в Ленинградском полиграфическом техникуме в 1954–1957 гг. В 1953 г. написал стихотворение «Когда качаются фонарики ночные...», позднее ставшее популярной песней. Публиковался в газетах и журналах с 1955 г. Дружил с Николаем Рубцовым. С 1970-х писал прозу. В 1986–1991 гг. входил в состав правления Союза писателей СССР. – 105, 238, 240Василий Павлович Горкин — заведующий отделом выставок Дирекции выставок и панорам РСФСР. – 212, 213Алексей Горшков (род. 1957) — сын журналистки Наталии Лесиной (Шульц) от первого брака с поэтом Валентином Горшковым – 365Владимир Петрович Горюшкин (1941–2007) — художник-исполнитель, писатель. Один из основателей кооператива «Мастера» по производству фарфора, расписанного кобальтовыми красками. В дальнейшем, уже после развала СССР, кооператив стал «Фарфоровой мануфактурой Горюшкина В. П.». – 232, 242, 243, 264, 309 Юлиан Антонович Грамши (1926–2007) — кларнетист, преподаватель итальянского языка. Сын итальянского левого философа Антонио Грамши. Работал в оркестре Академического театра им. Моссовета. – 282, 287 Олег Захарович Грачёв (1921–1978) — энтомолог. Первый директор Дома ученых в Дубне. – 70, 71, 72, 86Камилла Грей (1936–1971) — британский искусствовед, историк искусства, исследовательница русского авангарда. Жена поэта и художника Олега Прокофьева. Родилась в Лондоне в семье искусствоведа Бэзила Грея и медиевистки Николет Грей. В 1955 г. приехала в СССР и попыталась поступить в хореографическое училище при Большом театре, но безуспешно. Вернулась в Великобританию. Во время поездки в СССР увлеклась русским авангардом, в 1958–1959 гг. опубликовала первые статьи, посвященные Казимиру Малевичу и Элю Лисицкому. В 1960 г. вновь приехала в СССР. Во время этой поездки познакомилась с множеством неофициальных художников и коллекционеров, в том числе со своим будущим мужем. Советские власти препятствовали браку (не давали въехать в страну или, наоборот, выехать), однако в 1969 г. Грей и Прокофьев все же смогли расписаться. В 1970 г. родила дочь Анастасию. В 1971 г., будучи беременной вторым ребенком, заразилась гепатитом и умерла. – 283, 297, 380, 383 Максим Грек (1475–1556) — богослов, писатель и переводчик. Этнический грек, проживал в Италии и на Афоне. В 1518 г. прибыл в Москву. Позже был обвинен в ереси и заточен в монастыре, под конец жизни переведен на покой в Троице-Сергиев монастырь. Канонизирован Русской православной церковью в лике преподобных. – 239Михаил Григорьевич Гречишников (1927–1999) — художник, реставратор. Работал реставратором в Художественном фонде РСФСР-СССР. Среди прочего занимался плакатом. – 277, 326, 372, 391Александр Грин (наст. Александр Степанович Гриневский; 1880–1932) — писатель, автор произведений «Алые паруса» (1923), «Бегущая по волнам» (1928). В 1930 г. советская цензура запретила переиздания уже опубликованных произведений, новые публикации могли выходить только раз в год (поскольку писатель «не сливался с эпохой»). Во время кампании по борьбе с космополитизмом (1948–1953) Грина признали «воинствующим реакционером и духовным эмигрантом». В результате книги писателя были изъяты из библиотек. В 1956 г. реабилитирован, его произведения вновь начали публиковать. – 27 Нина Николаевна Грин (урожд. Миронова; 1894–1970) — писательница. Вторая жена Александра Грина, основатель и хранитель музея писателя в Старом Крыму (был официально признан лишь в 1971 г.). Послужила прототипом главных героинь «Алых парусов» и «Бегущей по волнам». В годы Великой Отечественной войны попала в оккупацию, была отправлена на трудовые работы в Германию. В 1945 г. добровольно вернулась в СССР в Крым. 26 февраля 1946 г. Военным трибуналом войск НКВД Крыма была приговорена к 10 годам исправительно-трудовых лагерей за «коллаборационизм и измену Родине». В 1956-м частично реабилитирована (полная реабилитация произошла уже после смерти — в 1997-м). – 43, 44 Михаил Яковлевич Гробман (род. 1939) — художник, поэт, издатель, коллекционер, представитель неофициального искусства. Автор термина «второй русский авангард» и один из лидеров этого движения. Учился рисунку в частных студиях Москвы. В 1967 г. принят в Союз художников СССР, однако вскоре был изгнан из него. Стихи публиковались в сам- и тамиздате. В 1971 г. эмигрировал с семьей в Израиль. Основал группу израильских художников «Левиафан» и издавал одноименную газету. С 1990 г. совместно с Ириной Врубель-Голубкиной издавал газеты «Бег времени», «Знак времени», «Звенья», с 1993 г. по сегодняшний день — журнал «Зеркало». Много сил посвятил пропаганде советского неофициального искусства, был куратором многих выставок второго русского авангарда. – 86, 88, 108, 109, 112, 119, 120, 226, 234, 271, 275, 296, 304, 308, 309, 331, 342, 343, 356, 384, 391, 400, 405, 415 Гарри Яковлевич Гродберг (1929–2016) — органист, получивший всемирную известность как интерпретатор музыкального наследия Иоганна Себастьяна Баха. – 21 Грок (наст. Шарль Адриен Веттах; 1880–1959) — швейцарский клоун. Был назван «королем клоунов» и «величайшим клоуном Европы». Выступал с гастролями в России, странах Европы и Америки. После Второй мировой войны открыл собственный цирк. – 149Татьяна Михайловна Громан-Котенева (1943– 2015) — детский поэт, педагог, основатель и руководитель студии «Жизальмо» в Российской государственной детской библиотеке. Публиковалась в журналах «Костер», «Мурзилка», «Пионерская правда». – 76 Леонид Георгиевич Губанов (1946–1983) — поэт, представитель неофициальной поэзии. При жизни публиковался в основном в самиздате. В 1965 г. был одним из организаторов неофициального литературного объединения СМОГ. Пятого декабря 1965 г. принял участие в «митинге гласности» на Пушкинской площади. За «антикоммунистические» выступления Губанов был принудительно госпитализирован в психиатрическую больницу. – 111, 164, 323 Ладо Давидович Гудиашвили (1896–1980) — художник, график, монументалист, иллюстратор. Среди прочего занимался росписью церквей, за что в 1946 г. был исключен из ВКП(б). Был знаком с множеством известных художников, в том числе с Пабло Пикассо, Морисом Утрилло, Амедео Модильяни, Михаилом Ларионовым и Наталией Гончаровой. – 174, 304 Валентин Гуревич — социолог, коллега Леонида Талочкина в Центральном котлотурбинном институте им. И. И. Ползунова. – 65, 68, 69, 75, 77, 79, 88, 94, 95, 107, 111, 124, 125, 128, 134, 136, 144, 151, 152, 166, 169, 175, 176, 177, 180, 182, 210, 215, 225, 236, 243, 244, 246, 247, 254, 260, 261, 263, 268, 272, 295, 322, 324, 339, 349, 353, 359, 378, 416, 423, 429, 430, 451Георгий Иванович Гурджиев (1866–1949) — духовный учитель, писатель, композитор, путешественник, эзотерик. В поисках мистических знаний провел много экспедиций по Востоку. Разработал совместно со своим последователем Петром Успенским оригинальную эзотерическую систему Четвёртого пути. Основатель Института гармонического развития человека. Важная часть учения Гурджиева — сакральные танцы: «Сотканный из множества движений танец на самом деле представлял собой своего рода текст, набор предложений. Каждый жест отсылал к какой-либо истине или откровению, почерпнутому Учителем во время странствий по миру» (Мизиано А. Четвертый путь Георгия Гурджиева // «Мы храним наши белые сны». Другой Восток и сверхчувственное познание в русском искусстве. 1905–1969. М. : Музей современного искусства «Гараж», 2020). – 84 Алла Гурова (Малыш, Алёнка) — возлюбленная Леонида Талочкина. – 48, 49, 50, 51, 54, 55, 56, 63, 64, 67, 93, 227, 454 Наталия Григорьевна Гутман (род. 1942) — советская и российская виолончелистка, народная артистка СССР (1991), лауреат Государственной премии России (2000). Жена Владимира Мороза. – 439 Виктор Мирославович Гуминский (род. 1949) — писатель, журналист. Доктор филологических наук, профессор. Автор ряда книг и публикаций, посвященных в основном русской классической литературе. – 434Ренато Гуттузо (1911–1987) — итальянский художник-реалист, живописец, график, один из создателей итальянского послевоенного художественного течения «Новый фронт искусств», член Коммунистической партии Италии. В 1960–1970-е — наиболее публикуемый в СССР итальянский художник. Удостоен звания почетного члена Академии художеств СССР (1962). – 21, 333 Д Лидия Анатольевна Давыдова (1932–2011) — камерная певица, сопрано. Народная артистка России. Жена писателя и художника Леонарда Данильцева. Дебютировала в Малом зале Московской консерватории в 1962 г. С 1972 г. — руководитель ансамбля старинной музыки «Мадригал», исполнявшего музыку эпохи Возрождения. – 243Хелле Дальгорд (Helle Dalgaard) — возлюбленная Леонида Талочкина. Училась в Университете Орхуса (Дания). В 1960-е приехала в СССР изучать объединение молодых писателей «Серапионовы братья». В дальнейшем занималась изучением советского неофициального искусства, а также болгарской культурой и литературой. Живет в Орхусе. – 381, 386, 387, 388, 389, 390, 391, 392, 393, 394, 395, 396, 397, 398, 399, 400, 401, 403, 404, 405, 406, 407, 408, 409, 410, 411, 412, 413, 414, 415, 416, 419, 420, 421, 424, 427, 429, 431, 432, 433, 434, 435, 437, 438, 439, 442, 443, 444, 445, 446, 448, 450, 455, 456Юлий Маркович Даниэль (псевд. Николай Аржак, 1925–1988) — прозаик и поэт, диссидент. Автор антиутопической повести «Говорит Москва» (1962). В повести рассказывается о введении в СССР Дня открытых убийств и общественной реакции на это нововведение («народные массы» одобряют эту инициативу, и только отдельные «неблагонадежные» личности выступают против). Осенью 1965 г. вместе с Андреем Синявским был арестован по обвинению в антисоветской пропаганде и агитации (произведения обоих авторов тайком переправлялись за рубеж для публикации). В феврале 1966-го осужден на пять лет колонии. Судебный процесс вызвал широкий общественный резонанс и стал отправной точкой второй волны диссидентского движения в СССР. – 113, 133, 138, 139, 140, 146, 148, 159, 259, 421, 429 Леонард Евгеньевич Данильцев (1931–1997) — поэт, писатель и художник. Муж певицы Лидии Давыдовой. В 1951 г. окончил Московскую среднюю художественную школу, а в 1957-м — и актерский факультет Театрального училища им. Б. Щукина. Работал художником-оформителем в библиотеке им. В. И. Ленина в течение 27 лет. В СССР публиковался только в самиздате. – 243 Клод Дей – журналист и куратор выставки ABC décor – 327, 406 Вадим Николаевич Делоне (1947–1983) — поэт, писатель, диссидент. До перестройки публиковался в самиздате. Сын физика Николая Делоне. Учился на филологическом факультете Московского государственного педагогического института им. В. И. Ленина. Работал внештатным корреспондентом «Литературной газеты». В 1966 г. исключен из института за письмо с требованием легализовать литературное объединение СМОГ. В 1967 г. осужден на год (условно) как участник демонстрации на Пушкинской площади в защиту участников «Процесса четырех». После освобождения уехал в Академгородок под Новосибирск. В 1968 г. вернулся в Москву. За участие в демонстрации 25 августа 1968 г. против ввода советских войск в Чехословакию осужден почти на три года лагерей. В 1975 г. эмигрировал во Францию. – 224, 225, 237, 276, 277 Александр Григорьевич Дементьев (1904–1986) — журналист, военный корреспондент, литературовед. Происходил из семьи зажиточных крестьян, что в дальнейшем осложнило его партийную карьеру. Работал в журналах «Звезда», «Новый мир», «Вопросы литературы». – 436 Андрей Георгиевич Демыкин (1951–1989) — художник и иллюстратор. Сын поэтессы и детской писательницы Галины Демыкиной и писателя Георгия Балла. – 417, 418Катрин Денёв (род. 1943) — французская актриса, исполнительница роли Женевьевы Эмери в «Шербурских зонтиках». – 169Эдисон Васильевич Денисов (1929–1996) — композитор, музыковед. Окончил Московскую консерваторию им. П. И. Чайковского. Исполнению его музыки чинились всяческие препятствия вплоть до начала перестройки. В 1994 г. попал в автокатастрофу, проходил лечение во Франции, там же остался жить до самой смерти. – 37, 38, 39, 48, 49, 52, 53, 55, 95, 98, 120, 148, 150, 244, 315, 360 Виктор Петрович Деревянко (род. 1937) — пианист, педагог. В 1959 г. окончил Государственный музыкально-педагогический институт им. Гнесиных по классам фортепиано и камерного ансамбля. В 1959–1974 гг. активно гастролировал в Советском Союзе и за рубежом с сольными концертами, концертами с оркестром и камерными ансамблями. Был известен как один из немногих исполнителей современной западной и советской музыки. В 1974 г. эмигрировал в Израиль, где стал преподавателем Академии музыки им. С. Рубина в Тель-Авиве, а с 1988 г. — профессором. – 77, 80, 82, 91, 92, 93, 101, 112, 118, 120, 129, 237, 244, 290, 432, 440, 451 Шарль Деспио (1874–1946) — французский скульптор, портретист. Ученик Огюста Родена. Тяготел к классицизму. В 1941 г. посетил нацистскую Германию в обмен на освобождение 100 заключенных, за что был обвинен в коллаборационизме и после Второй мировой войны подвергнут остракизму, фактически став изгоем. – 181 Гейдар Джахидович Джемаль (1947–2016) — философ-традиционалист, мыслитель, исламский политический и общественный деятель, исламовед. В молодости был близок Южинскому кружку. В 1979 г. установил связи с исламскими кругами в Таджикской ССР, тогда же наряду с философом Александром Дугиным вступил в сформировавшееся вокруг писателя и оккультиста Евгения Головина эзотерическое общество. С конца 1980-х принимал активное участие в исламской жизни СССР и России, в том числе издавал газету «Аль-Вахдат» («Единение») и журнал «Ат-Тавхид» («Единобожие»). Автор курса лекции «Традиции и реальность». – 428 Элли Джонс (наст. Елизавета Петровна Зиберт, 1904–1985) — переводчица. В 1923 г. уехала в США. В результате связи с Владимиром Маяковским родила Хелен Патрисию Томпсон (урожд. Хелен Джонс; также известна как Елена Владимировна Маяковская). – 44Геворг Григорян (Джотто) (1897–1976) — армянский живописец, портретист. В 1921–1922 гг. учился во ВХУТЕМАСе — ВХУТЕИНе. В основном писал портреты и натюрморты. Автор множества работ на тему геноцида армян, большинство этих работ были уничтожены. – 343 Михаил Александрович Дорохов (род. 1942) — художник-кинетист, представитель неофициального искусства. В 1956–1962 гг. учился в Московской средней художественной школе, в 1966–1972 гг. — в Московском полиграфическом институте. Автор и режиссер фильма «Жизнь и рождение идеи» (1962–1967 гг.). Был близок с «Коллективом свободных художников» (с 1964 г. — группа «Движение»). В 1962– 1990 гг. занимался оформлением и иллюстрацией книг в издательствах «Художественная литература», «Современник» и «Знание». В 1988 г. эмигрировал в Великобританию. С 1999 г. живет и работает во Франции. – 56Нина Александровна Дорохова — сестра художника Михаила Дорохова. – 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 41, 45(?), 46, 47, 57, 58, 63, 140, 179, 207, 243, 244, 250, 252(?), 255, 262, 263, 268, 269, 272, 275, 285, 338Александр Давыдович Древин (1889–1938) — художник-авангардист, основатель объединения молодых латышских художников-авангардистов «Зеленый цветок», участник общества «Бубновый валет». Муж художницы Надежды Удальцовой. В 1930-е подвергался нападкам за формализм, в 1938 г. арестован, признан виновным в контрреволюционной деятельности и расстрелян. Реабилитирован посмертно в 1957 г. – 361, 392Александр Дубчек (1921–1992) — чехословацкий политический и общественный деятель, в январе 1968 г. был избран первым секретарем ЦК Компартии Чехословакии. На этом посту инициировал комплекс демократических реформ, давших начало Пражской весне. К весне 1969 г. был смещен со своего поста, в 1970-м — исключен из Компартии ЧССР и отправлен на работу в лесничество в качестве управляющего. – 265 Игорь Ильич Дудинский (1947–2022) — журналист, писатель, арт-критик, художник, учился на факультете журналистики Московского государственного университета. В 1963 г. познакомился с Леонидом Талочкиным и увлекся неофициальным искусством. Входил в Южинский кружок. В 1972 г. уехал в Магадан, где работал журналистом. Вернулся в Москву в середине 1970-х. С начала перестройки и после распада СССР работал в различных СМИ («Огонек», «Литературные новости», «Московский корреспондент», «Мегаполис Экспресс» и др.). – 29, 32, 51, 57, 62, 65, 88, 93, 94, 101, 102, 110, 111, 112, 113, 116, 123, 128, 133, 137, 139, 141, 143, 146, 147, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 156, 155, 157, 158, 159, 160, 162, 164, 165, 167, 168, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 181, 182, 183, 184, 191, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 207, 212, 213, 214, 216, 219, 220, 222, 223, 225, 226, 227, 229, 231, 232, 233, 234, 236, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 250, 251, 252, 256, 257, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 276, 278, 279, 290, 304, 307, 309, 315, 317, 321, 323, 324, 326, 341, 349, 350, 351, 354, 357, 364, 367, 368, 379, 380, 386, 389, 395, 399, 416, 423, 424, 429, 431, 436, 449, 450, 452 Илья Владимирович Дудинский (1917– 2002) — экономист, заместитель директора Института экономики мировой социалистической системы АН СССР, журналист-международник. Отец арт-критика, художника и писателя Игоря Дудинского. Корреспондент международного отдела газеты «Правда». – 26, 28, 29, 32, 52, 93, 133, 143, 151, 168, 183, 186, 187, 188, 189, 199, 203, 204, 351, 424 Дмитрий Сергеевич Дудко (Отец Дмитрий) (1922–2004) — протоиерей Русской православной церкви, церковный писатель, поэт, проповедник. Родился в Брянской области. В 1941–1943 гг. находился в немецкой оккупации. В 1943–1944 гг. служил в Красной армии. В 1945 г. поступил в Московскую духовную семинарию, в 1947 г. переведен в духовную академию. В 1948 г. арестован и приговорен к десяти годам лагерей и последующим пяти годам поражения в правах по политическому делу. Освобожден в 1956 г. В 1960-е рукоположен в священники. В 1973 г. «за нарушение церковной дисциплины» лишен права служить. Через четыре месяца запрет был снят. С середины 1970-х публиковался за рубежом — критиковал советскую пенитенциарную систему и политический строй. В 1980 г. вновь арестован по обвинению в антисоветской деятельности. Обратился с открытым письмом к патриарху Пимену. В письме и последующих выступлениях утверждал, что никогда не боролся против советской власти, а также раскрыл, через кого передавал свои тексты на Запад. В результате в 1981 г. дело против Дудко было закрыто. За подобное поведение священник подвергся остракизму в диссидентских кругах. С 1984 г. служил в селе Черкизово Коломенского района. – 235, 236, 314, 328, 436Жан Дюбюффе (1901–1985) — французский художник и скульптор. Основоположник ар брют — «грубого», или «сырого», искусства. Ар брют умышленно приближено к непрофессиональной живописи, игнорирует общепринятые эстетические нормы. – 170, 213, 298, 415 Е Евгений Александрович Евтушенко (1932–2017) — поэт, прозаик, актер. Один из главных представителей шестидесятничества и культовый автор времен хрущёвской оттепели. Учился в Литературном институте (1952–1957), но был исключен за «дисциплинарные взыскания». Стихи Евтушенко зачастую были злободневными, что вызывало жаркие споры в художественных кругах. Впрочем, это не помешало его карьере в Союзе писателей СССР. Автор фразы «Поэт в России больше, чем поэт». В 1991 г. эмигрировал в США. – 20, 22, 23, 59, 111, 140, 206, 363, 364, 365 Николай Иванович Ежов (1895–1940) — партийный и государственный деятель, нарком внутренних дел СССР (1936–1938). Ежов был одним из главных организаторов Большого террора — массовых репрессий 1930-х. В 1938 г. попал в опалу, в 1939-м был арестован, осужден за подготовку «антисоветского государственного переворота», в 1940-м — расстрелян. – 385 Владимир Владимирович Ермилов (1904–1965) — литературовед, критик, редактор журналов «Молодая гвардия», «Красная новь» и «Литературной газеты». Занимался идеологическим контролем литературного сообщества СССР, активно участвовал в борьбе с инакомыслием. – 18, 19, 20Сергей Арамаисович Есаян (1939– 2007) — художник, скульптор, сценограф. Учился в МХПУ и МХУ. Вольнослушателем посещал курсы по сценографии в ГИТИСе. В 1968–1975 гг. редактор журнала «Декоративное искусство СССР». Организовал несколько тематических выставок Общества коллекционеров (Феликса Вишневского, Игоря Сановича, Якова Рубинштейна и др.) в залах художественного салона на Кузнецком Мосту в Москве. В 1979 г. эмигрировал из СССР. В 1981–1987 гг. сотрудничал со шведскими театрами, в том числе с Королевской оперой в Стокгольме (сценограф оперы-балета «Балаганчик», 1986) и экспериментальным театром Shahrazad (сценограф постановок «Доктор Дапертутто», 1981 и «Синдром Робинзона», 1983). – 342, 343Александр Сергеевич Есенин-Вольпин (1924–2016) — математик, философ, поэт. Один из лидеров диссидентского и правозащитного движения в СССР. Сын поэта Сергея Есенина. 6 лет провел в местах лишения свободы, активно занимался правозащитной деятельностью, в 1965 г. организовал митинг гласности, ставший первой за многие годы протестной демонстрацией в СССР. В 1972 г. эмигрировал в США. – 276 Ё Александр Васильевич Ёлкин — друг детства писателя Михаила Зощенко. – 415 Ж Жан Жене (1910–1986) — французский писатель, поэт, драматург. Многие произведения исследуют тему преступности (сам Жене попал в тюрьму, еще будучи ребенком). Друг Жана Поля Сартра и Жана Кокто. С 1960-х гг. принимал активное участие в леворадикальном движении, поддерживал студенческие волнения в Париже, выступал за улучшение условий жизни африканских иммигрантов во Франции. – 226Борис Иосифович Жутовский (1932–2023) — художник, иллюстратор, дизайнер книги, писатель, представитель неофициального искусства. В 1956 г. окончил редакционно-издательский факультет Московского полиграфического института. С 1957 г. работал в московских издательствах как иллюстратор и художник-оформитель книг, в том числе в «Молодой гвардии». С конца 1950-х входил в творческое объединение «Новая реальность» Элия Белютина. В 1962 г. участвовал в выставке «30 лет МОСХ» в Манеже, разгромленной Никитой Хрущёвым. – 333 З Алла Забродина — возлюбленная Леонида Талочкина. – 176, 227 Андрей Олегович Заленский (род. 1945) — биолог, художник, представитель неофициального искусства. В 1959–1964 гг. занимался живописью с друзьями и в студии Ленинградского дома ученых. В 1969 г. окончил физический факультет Ленинградского государственного университета. С конца 1960-х по 1990-е работал по специальности. Одновременно был близок кругу советских неофициальных художников и поэтов. В 1991 г. эмигрировал в США, где работал сначала в Калифорнийском университете в качестве приглашенного профессора-исследователя, а затем в качестве профессора в Медицинской школе Восточной Вирджинии. – 238, 246, 391, 392, 411, 413, 429, 444, 445, 450Юрий Израилевич Зальцман (род. 1935) — художник. Автор иллюстраций ко множеству детских книг, также сотрудничал с журналом «Юность» и др. – 368 Римма Иосифовна Заневская-Сапгир (1930–2021) — художница, представительница неофициального искусства. Первая жена поэта Генриха Сапгира. В 1944–1945 гг. училась в училище при киностудии «Мосфильм». В ранний период творчества занималась геометрической абстракцией. В 1960-е увлеклась кинетизмом, была членом «Коллектива свободных художников» (с 1964 г. — группа «Движение»). В 1974 г. участвовала в «Бульдозерной выставке». В последние годы жизни занималась только иконописью. – 15, 19, 21, 30, 32, 47, 105, 110, 115, 116, 169, 170, 217, 276, 277, 296, 326 Иво Иосифович Звара (род. 1934) — чешский и советский радиохимик. Доктор химических наук, профессор. Автор методики химической идентификации элементов периодической таблицы Менделеева. – 73Анатолий Тимофеевич Зверев (1931–1986) — художник, представитель неофициального искусства. Одна из легендарных фигур московского художественного подполья. Зарабатывал на жизнь, в частности, книжной иллюстрацией (среди прочего создал иллюстрации к произведениям Ганса Христиана Андерсена, Николая Гоголя). В 1992 г. был открыт Зверевский центр современного искусства. В 2015 г. появился Музей AZ, работающий с наследием художника. – 56, 58, 70, 75, 83, 85, 101, 105, 106, 108, 165, 170, 172, 212, 213, 234, 257, 264, 281, 327, 328, 330, 331, 332, 333, 335, 339, 340, 341, 342, 347, 349, 361, 362, 385, 396, 405, 406, 408, 419, 447, 452, 453Кирилл Михайлович Зданевич (1882–1969) — художник- авангардист, живописец, график, писатель, футурист и один из лидеров «всечества». Входил в объединения «Ослиный хвост» и «Мишень». Вместе с братом Ильей Зданевичем участвовал в выпуске футуристических манифестов, иллюстрировал книги. В 1912 г. познакомился с Нико Пиросмани — в дальнейшем начал коллекционировать работы художника и занялся исследованием и популяризацией его творчества – 385 Эдуард Леонидович Зеленин (1938–2002) — художник, представитель неофициального искусства. Представитель первой волны второго русского авангарда. В 1954–1957 гг. учился в Свердловском среднем художественно-педагогическом училище, в 1957–1959 гг. — в Ленинградской средней художественной школе. В 1974 г. участвовал в «Бульдозерной выставке». В 1975 г. был арестован за хулиганство, когда пытался получить разрешение официально выставлять свои картины. После освобождения получил разрешение на выезд за рубеж и в том же году эмигрировал во Францию – 66, 304, 308, 396, 400Яромир Земина (род. 1930) — чешский историк и теоретик современного искусства, галерист, куратор, живописец, поэт и педагог. Работал в Национальной галерее в Праге (1961–1992), где с 1965 по 1970 г. возглавлял коллекцию современного искусства. Участник неофициального художественного объединения UB 12. – 414, 415 Илья Самойлович Зильберштейн (1905–1988) — искусствовед, литературный критик, коллекционер произведений русского и европейского искусства. Один из основателей и редактор сборников «Литературное наследство», посвященных Льву Толстому, Ивану Бунину, Владимиру Маяковскому и др. Имел тесные связи с представителями русской эмиграции во Франции, неоднократно посещал Париж. Благодаря Зильберштейну в Россию были возвращены около 20 тысяч исторических документов по истории русской культуры. Основатель Музея личных коллекций (входит в состав ГМИИ им. А. С. Пушкина). – 243Вера Владимировна Зощенко (урожд. Кербиц; 1894–1981) — жена Михаила Зощенко. После смерти мужа занималась сохранением его наследия. Благодаря Вере Зощенко сохранилась подлинная обстановка кабинета писателя в их квартире 119 в доме 9 на канале Грибоедова (ныне Малая Конюшенная, 4/2), где в 1992 г. был открыт музей-квартира писателя (в 2007 г. на базе музея был создан Государственный литературный музей «XX век»). Также пыталась создать в Сестрорецке литературный музей М. М. Зощенко, однако безуспешно. После смерти Веры Владимировны дом пришел в запустение, а в 1991 г. был уничтожен пожаром. – 411, 412, 413 Эдуард Карпович Зюзин (род. 1938) — художник, ученик Марка Шагала, торговец антиквариатом, предметами искусства, книгами. В 1973 г. был арестован. Пять лет провел в тюрьме и в психиатрической лечебнице. Автор серии тюремных портретов. В 1989 г. эмигрировал в США. – 30, 349, 439 И Долорес Ибаррури (1895–1989) — деятельница испанского и международного коммунистического движения, активная участница республиканского движения в годы гражданской войны 1936–1939 гг. Позднее — представительница эмигрантской оппозиции диктатуре Франко. В 1939 г. иммигрировала в СССР.В начале 1960-х получила советское гражданство. В 1975 г. вернулась в Испанию. – 99 Раиса Вениаминовна Идельсон (1894–1972) — поэтесса, художница, теоретик театра. Сестра Александры Вениаминовны Азарх-Грановской. Училась в Школе живописи и рисунка Ю. Пэна в Витебске, в 1920–1921 гг. — во ВХУТЕМАСе. Ее первым мужем был художник Роберт Фальк, вторым — художник, учредитель Общества художников-станковистов (ОСТ) Александр Лабас. Идельсон принимала активное участие в организации художественных выставок как в СССР, так и за рубежом. Вместе с сестрой организовала у себя дома культурный салон, который посещали многие представители неофициальной культуры Советского Союза. – 19, 21, 24, 29, 30, 34, 35, 37, 41, 45, 46, 47, 48, 59, 63, 67, 70, 85, 91, 107, 110, 114, 124, 125, 140, 147, 148, 206, 207, 210, 211, 218, 220, 221, 232, 241, 253, 277, 285, 317, 338, 340, 347, 362, 395, 409, 413, 423, 439Мария Николаевна Изергина (1904–1998) — пианистка, певица, исполнительница романсов. В 1921–1922 гг. училась в Таврическом университете, была исключена из-за дворянского происхождения. Входила в общество «аргонавтов», образовавшееся в 1922 г. из литературно-драматического кружка студентов Таврического университета. В 1923–1925 гг. училась в Крымской консерватории, в 1925–1927 гг. — в Музыкальном техникуме им. А. Н. Скрябина, в 1927–1931 гг. — во втором музыкальном техникуме в Ленинграде по классу рояля. В конце 1930-х работала иллюстратором-аккомпаниатором в алма-атинском драматическом театре. С середины 1950-х жила в Коктебеле. В ее доме часто бывали Мария Волошина, Иосиф Орбели, Григорий Петников, Анастасия Цветаева и другие. – 43, 44 Леонид Фёдорович Ильичёв (1906–1990) — партийный деятель, ведущий советский функционер. Ответственный секретарь журнала «Большевик» (1938–1944), главный редактор газеты «Известия» (1944–1948), главный редактор газеты «Правда» (1951–1952), заведующий отделом печати Министерства иностранных дел СССР (1953–1958). Один из организаторов «борьбы с космополитизмом». В 1958–1961 гг. заведовал отделом пропаганды и агитации ЦК. Сопровождал Никиту Хрущёва в Манеже при разгроме выставки «30 лет МОСХ» (1962). Проводил с Хрущёвым «исторические встречи» с деятелями культуры, в ходе которых представители творческой интеллигенции подвергались жесткой критике. – 40Франсиско Инфанте-Арана (род. 1943) — художник, представитель неофициального искусства. Участник «Коллектива свободных художников» (с 1964 г. — группа «Движение»). В 1960-е занимался геометрической абстракцией, создавал кинетические пространственные конструкции. С 1968 г. совместно с женой, художницей Нонной Горюновой, разрабатывал пространственные композиции на открытом воздухе. В 1970 г. организовал группу художников и инженеров «Авторская рабочая группа» («Арго»). С 1976 г. создает работы, объединенные названием «Артефакт». С 1973 г. — член Московского союза художников. В 1996 г. получил Государственную премию Российской Федерации в области изобразительного искусства. – 20, 32, 47, 57, 109, 110, 169, 245, 297, 397 Борис Владимирович Иогансон (1893–1973) — советский художник, один из ведущих представителей социалистического реализма. – 58Эжен Ионеско (1909–1994) — французский драматург, один из основоположников театра абсурда. – 19, 39, 129, 155, 169, 265, 294 К Илья Иосифович Кабаков (1933–2023) — художник, представитель неофициального искусства. В 1957 г. окончил отделение графики Московского государственного художественного института им. В. И. Сурикова. Зарабатывал на жизнь книжной иллюстрацией. В 1980-е создал жанр тотальной инсталляции. Среди самых известных его работ в этом жанре — «Человек, который улетел в космос из своей комнаты» (1985 г.). Кроме того, активно занимался теоретическими вопросами, связанными с этим жанром, автор работы «О „тотальной” инсталляции». С конца 1980-х выставлялся и работал за рубежом. Обладатель множества международных наград. С 1997 г. его постоянным соавтором стала жена Эмилия Кабакова. – 283, 312, 333, 334, 346, 352, 381, 386, 405, 453 Йозеф Кадлек (1919–2003) — прозаик, переводчик. Секретарь Союза чехословацких писателей по международным связям. В 1960-е был редактором журнала «Мировая литература» (Světová literatura), выходившего в 1956–1996 гг. В «Мировой литературе» публиковались преимущественно произведения соцреалистической направленности. – 304 Гаяна Владимировна Каждан (Филоксера; 1930–1973) — художница, иллюстратор, представительница неофициального искусства. В 1956 г. окончила художественно-графический факультет Московского полиграфического института. В начале 1960-х занималась в студии Элия Белютина «Новая реальность». – 368, 372, 375, 381, 383, 385, 400, 425, 436Нелли Евгеньевна Казанец — врач-психиатр. Жена Этелия Казанца. – 41, 42, 49, 73, 155, 248 Этелий Филиппович Казанец — врач-психиатр, доктор медицинских наук. В 1970-е написал ряд трудов о вирусной природе шизофрении, вызвавших большой общественный резонанс. – 41, 68, 73, 75, 90, 91, 98, 101, 119, 136, 155, 242, 248Елена Павловна Кайрова-Николаева (род. 1940) — художница. Занималась росписью ткани, ткачеством гобеленов, созданием костюмов, оформлением театров и дворцов культуры. Падчерица пианистки и певицы Марии Изергиной. Жена художника Эдуарда Николаева. Вместе с мужем в 1973 г. перебралась в Алма-Ату, где продолжила работать в качестве художника-оформителя. – 14, 43, 48, 57, 61, 73, 79, 83, 86, 88, 90, 95, 108, 121, 122, 123, 125, 140, 159, 169, 176, 179, 181, 210, 220, 221, 272, 273, 392, 393 Галина Калачёва — возлюбленная Бориса Козлова. – 51, 73, 80, 82, 98, 118, 121, 123, 126, 127, 129, 138, 144, 150, 151, 153, 156, 157, 160, 248, 264, 267, 278, 338 Вячеслав Васильевич Калинин (1939–2022) — художник, график, представитель неофициального искусства. В 1958–1963 гг. учился в Абрамцевском художественном училище на факультете художественной обработки дерева. В 1965–1968 гг. работал художником по интерьеру в Научно-исследовательском институте проектирования зданий торговли. В 1991 г. эмигрировал в США. — 111, 165, 167, 169, 170, 172, 174, 177, 179, 212, 255, 256, 257, 276, 291, 330, 341, 346, 375, 378(?), 391, 429 Татьяна Калинкина — художница-кинетистка, представительница неофициального искусства. Входила в круг Льва Нусберга – 20, 32, 40, 63, 105, 180 Виктор Ильич Калугин (род. 1943) — поэт, прозаик. Участник поэтических чтений на Маяковской площади в начале 1960-х. Входил в литературную группу «Феникс». – 368, 369, 370, 373, 379, 380, 385, 396, 413, 416, 418, 435, 436, 440, 447, 450Отари Захарович Кандауров (род. 1937) — художник, представитель неофициального искусства. В 1956 г. окончил Московскую среднюю художественную школу. В 1957 г. поступил в Московский государственный педагогический институт им. В. И. Ленина (не окончил). В 1980-е реализовал проект «Театр живописи» — сценический показ работ с игрой света, музыкой и текстами. В 1987 г. создал на Малой Грузинской группу «Мир живописи». Культурологические и религиоведческие работы публиковал в таких изданиях, как «Наука и религия», «Человек», «Грааль» и т. п. – 235, 286, 287, 288, 289, 291, 294, 295, 303, 305, 307, 311, 314, 315, 317, 320, 330, 338, 343, 345, 348, 357, 359, 369, 370, 372, 373, 378, 379, 380, 382, 383, 384, 385, 386, 387, 388, 389, 393, 396, 404, 407, 418, 429, 442, 443 Татьяна Михайловна Кандаурова (род. 1938) — художница. Жена художника Отари Кандаурова. В 1962 г. окончила художественно-графический факультет Московского государственного педагогического института им. В. И. Ленина. Работает в области монументально-декоративной и станковой живописи, графики. Также занимается сценографией. – 373, Михаил Михайлович Каплан (1943–1998) — поэт. Участник чтений на Маяковке. Создатель поэтической группы АМАВЪ. Один из авторов самиздатовского альманаха «Феникс». Первый муж Рубины Арутюнян. В начале 1960-х был близок Южинскому кружку, с 1965 г. — кругу СМОГистов, в том числе выпускал журнал «Сфинксы». Вплоть до перестройки подвергался преследованию со стороны КГБ и не мог официально трудоустроиться, поэтому зарабатывал на жизнь частной редактурой неофициальных переводов популярных, но «слишком буржуазных» зарубежных авторов. – 78, 79, 80, 108, 146, 171, 206, 209, 211, 227, 232, 237, 246, 248, 256, 257, 258, 267, 276, 277, 279, 280, 282, 287, 289, 290, 323, 338, 352, 360, 392, 410, 413, 434, 444, 447, 450 Лида Капрасова (род. 1941) — чешская художница по текстилю, кружевница, ювелир, живописец. – 301Михаил Павлович Капустин (род. 1938) — культуролог, публицист, доктор философских наук. Научный сотрудник ташкентского Института технической эстетики. Также преподавал философию в Ташкентском театрально-художественном институте. – 427, 429, 434Алемдар Сабитович Караманов (1934–2007) — композитор, основоположник музыкального направления «Религия в симфонизме», трактующего Евангелие на языке музыки. Окончил Московскую государственную консерваторию им. П. И. Чайковского (1953). В 1962–1964 гг. — один из ярких представителей музыкального авангарда («Музыка» (1962), «Пролог, Мысль и Эпилог» (1962) и др.). Автор детских пьес «Окно в музыку» (1963). Автор музыки к фильму Михаила Ромма «Обыкновенный фашизм» (1965). – 39, 95 Николай Николаевич Каретников (1930–1994) — композитор, один из основоположников отечественного послевоенного музыкального авангарда. Ранние сочинения (оратория «Юлиус Фучик»,1953; балеты «Ванина Ванини», 1962, и «Геологи», 1964) были поставлены в Большом театре. В течение 20 лет работал над масштабными произведениями — операми «Тиль Уленшпигель» (1965–1985) и «Мистерия апостола Павла» (1970–1987). Впрочем, произведения композитора считались антисоветскими и при его жизни исполнялись редко. Каретников был вынужден писать музыку для кинофильмов («Скверный анекдот», 1965; «Бег», 1970; «Прощай, шпана замоскворецкая...», 1987, и др.) и театральных постановок («Десять дней, которые потрясли мир», 1965). – 25, 290 Наталья Александровна Касаткина (1932–2012) — живописец, художник-постановщик театра и телевидения, реставратор икон. Окончила театральное отделение Московского государственного художественного училища памяти 1905 года. Работала в московском цирке, во многих театрах страны, на Центральном телевидении. В последние годы жизни занималась реставрацией фресок православных храмов. – 389, 414 Юлия Григорьевна Капитанова (Арапова; 1889–1976) — живописец, график, художник театра. Училась в Москве во ВХУТЕМАСе у Петра Кончаловского и Александра Осмёркина. Участница Мастерской аналитического искусства (МАИ) под руководством Павла Филонова. – 303, 311, 316 Татьяна Николаевна Кашина (род. 1949) — скульптор. – 449 Мартин Лютер Кинг — младший (1929–1968) — американский баптистский проповедник, общественный деятель и активист, лидер движения за гражданские права чернокожих в США. Призывал защищать гражданские права с помощью ненасилия и гражданского неповиновения и других тактик, вдохновленных как его личными христианскими убеждениями, так и ненасильственным активизмом Махатмы Ганди. 4 апреля 1968 г. Кинг был смертельно ранен. Официально признано, что убийца проповедника действовал из личных побуждений, однако существует довольно популярное мнение, что Кинг пал жертвой заговора. Убийство Мартина Лютера Кинга вызвало широкий общественный резонанс. Множество афроамериканцев вышло на улицы, призывая власти ответить за произошедшее, все чаще звучали призывы отказаться от ненасильственной защиты гражданских прав. На волне протестов заметно усилилась популярность леворадикальной организации «Черные пантеры», чей лозунг гласил: «У вас [белых полицейских] есть оружие, и у нас [афроамериканцев] есть оружие». – 333Лидия Кириллова (1938–2011) — художница, представительница неофициального искусства. Жена Николая Мануйлова (Кука). В 1960 г. окончила художественно-графический факультет Московского городского педагогического института им. В. П. Потемкина, работала художником-плакатистом в различных объединениях внешней торговли. Увлекалась изучением оккультизма, магии и астрологии, создавала художественно и иконографически переосмысленные изображения знаков зодиака — «изогороскопы». – 225, 278 Андрей Андреевич Кистяковский (1936– 1987) — переводчик, правозащитник. Был близок Лианозовской группе и кругу Аркадия Штейнберга. В 1971 г. окончил филологический факультет Московского государственного университета. Переводил стихи и прозу с английского языка. С 1978 г. руководил созданным Александром Солженицыным Фондом помощи политическим заключенным. – 383, 424, 433, 435(?), 436(?), 442, 442(?), 450 Владимир Абрамович Ковенацкий (1938–1986) — художник, поэт, прозаик, представитель неофициального искусства. Участник Южинского кружка. В 1949–1958 гг. учился в Московской средней художественной школе, в 1958–1962 гг. — на художественно-графическом факультете Московского полиграфического института. С 1958 г. был иллюстратором периодических изданий, оформлял книги для издательств «Художественная литература», «Молодая гвардия», «Советский писатель». Работал на студии «Диафильм», исполнял экслибрисы, оформлял конверты для грампластинок. – 64, 65, 86, 282Иржи Когоутек (род. 1931) — чешский искусствовед, куратор, специалист по искусству XX века. – 311 Александр Николаевич Козлов (псевд. Александр Николаев; 1938–2005) — физик-теоретик, кандидат физико-математических наук, поэт, художник. Работал в теоретическом отделе Курчатовского института, которым руководил известный академик Юрий Каган. Стихи Козлова были известны лишь в узком кругу его друзей-физиков и московской богемы. При жизни публиковался лишь единожды и под псевдонимом — в андеграундном журнале «Мягкий знак — имперский державный анархизм» (Париж, 1989 г.). В 2000-х вышел посмертный сборник Козлова «Выразительно глядела лошадь» (М. : Синергия, 2006). – 29, 62, 135, 136, 148, 157, 174, 175, 207, 209, 386, 400, 416, 423Борис Николаевич Козлов (1937–1999) — художник, поэт, представитель неофициального искусства, в школьные годы учился в студии живописи при Государственном музее изобразительных искусств им. А. С. Пушкина, в 1959 г. окончил историко-филологический факультет Московского государственного педагогического института им. В. И. Ленина. В 1962–1965 гг. занимался живописью у Павла Кузнецова. До 1964 г. работал редактором на телевидении. В 1960–1980-х много путешествовал по Средней Азии, городам Русского Севера. Автор самиздатовских поэтических книг. В последние годы жизни разрабатывал проект «Храм» по созданию новой системы архитектуры и росписей православных храмов (совместно с архитектором Александром Чистяковым). – 11, 12, 13, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41, 42, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 86, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 95, 98, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 114, 115, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 139, 140, 142, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 164, 165, 166, 168, 169, 172, 173, 174, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 189, 191, 203, 206, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 216, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 240, 241, 242, 243, 245, 248, 250, 251, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 264, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 273, 274, 275, 276, 278, 280, 282, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 293, 294, 303, 307, 309, 313, 317, 318, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 327, 331, 338, 341, 344, 345, 349, 350, 352, 353, 354, 357, 360, 363, 368, 369, 370, 372, 373, 379, 380, 383, 384, 385, 386, 388, 390, 394, 395, 396, 399, 400, 401, 410, 413, 414, 416, 417, 418, 419, 421, 422, 423, 424, 427, 428, 429, 434, 435, 436, 437, 438, 440, 441, 442, 447, 449, 450, 451, 452, 455, 456 Анатолий Владимирович Кокорин (1908–1987) — художник, график, книжный иллюстратор. Учился во ВХУТЕИНе у автора эпических полотен Сергея Герасимова, одного из основоположников советского политического плаката Дмитрия Моора, художника-авангардиста Льва Бруни. Наиболее известен иллюстрациями к различным сказкам (например, к «Золотому ключику» Алексея Толстого). В 1950–1980-е работал в станковой графике: создал серию акварельных пейзажей русских городов, в 1969 г. — серию акварелью и углем «По улицам сегодняшней Москвы». – 214 Александр Колдер (1898–1976) — американский скульптор-авангардист, автор фигур из проволоки и «мобилей» — кинетических скульптур, которые приводятся в движение электричеством или ветром. – 47 Вячеслав Фомич Колейчук (1941–2018) — художник, инженер, теоретик искусства, представитель неофициального искусства. В 1966 г. окончил Московский архитектурный институт (МАРХИ). В 1966–1967 гг. был участником группы «Движение», позднее основал объединение «Мир» (1967 г.). Работал в различных научно-исследовательских и образовательных учреждениях, в том числе во Всесоюзном НИИ технической эстетики (ВНИИТЭ), отвечал за оформление советских павильонов на Всемирных выставках 1967, 1975 и 1985 гг. Обладатель более 40 патентов, автор ряда статей, посвященных истории конструктивизма и архитектуры, техническому дизайну, теории и истории кинетизма. Принимал участие в работе над фильмом Георгия Данелии «Кин-дза- дза!» (1986 г.), сделав для него «космический» реквизит. – 311, 320, 321, 322, 324, 325, 327, 329, 335, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 348, 350, 352, 358, 359, 361, 367, 370, 372, 375, 382, 387, 388, 395, 399, 401, 402, 410, 411, 417, 418, 419, 420, 421, 422, 425, 430, 442, 443, 447, 453, 454Марина Владимировна Колейчук (урожд. Тишина; род. 1941) — архитектор. Окончила МАРХИ в 1966 г., училась на одном курсе с будущим мужем Вячеславом Колейчуком. В 1967–1972 годах была членом группы «Мир». Соавтор кинетического объекта «Атом» (1967 г.). Работала над проектом гостиницы «Россия» в составе группы, занималась разработкой декоративного оформления концертного зала гостиницы «Россия» (росписи) и декоративной плитки для фойе концертного зала «Россия» (1967 г.). С 1970 по 2003 г. занималась иллюстрированием книг и журналов, в частности «Юности», «Литературной газеты», «Недели», «Техника — молодежи», «Знание — сила» и др. В 1970-е годы работала ведущим архитектором в Госсельстрое, занималась ландшафтным проектированием парков в городах Московской области. С 1985 г. — создатель и ведущая авторской программы студии детского творчества «Архитектурная мозаика». Одна из организаторов общества художниц «Ирида» (1989). С 2006 г. — член Союза архитекторов. – 321, 325, 361 Мэйбл Коллинз (1851–1927) — британская писательница, теософ. Была знакома со многими известными оккультистами своей эпохи, в том числе с Алистером Кроули. – 183, 211, 260Татьяна Колодзей (род. 1947) — коллекционер, основательница фонда Kolodzei Art Foundation. Третья жена Леонида Талочкина. – 229, 231, 232, 233, 234, 236, 237, 240, 241, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 250, 251, 252, 253, 255, 259, 261, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 269, 270, 271, 272, 274, 276, 277, 279, 280, 282, 284, 286, 290, 291, 294, 304, 306, 307, 308, 312, 315, 316, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 328, 329, 338, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 346, 348, 349, 352, 353, 354, 357, 359, 358, 369, 371, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382, 383, 384, 386, 389, 391, 400, 405, 453 Виталий Анатольевич Комар (род. 1943) — художник, представитель неофициального искусства. В 1967 г. окончил Московское высшее художественно-промышленное училище им. С. Г. Строганова. В 1972 г. начал работать совместно со своим другом и однокурсником Александром Меламидом. В том же году соавторы подписали манифест соц-арта. В 1974 г. Комар и Меламид приняли участие в «Бульдозерной выставке». В 1977 г. эмигрировал. С 2003 г. работает один. – 292, 293 Ольга Константиновна Кондакова (род. 1946) — художник-иллюстратор детских книг. – 280, 315, 316, 317, 318, 328, 329 Галина Павловна Конечна (урожд. Карпинская; род. 1931) — искусствовед. В 1949–1954 гг. училась в Московском государственном университете на кафедре истории искусства филологического факультета. В 1954 г. вышла замуж за однокурсника — чешского искусствоведа Душана Конечного. Жила в Праге. После возвращения в Москву с 1963 г. работала редактором в издательстве «Советский художник». В 1990–2010-е была редактором в издательстве «Галарт». – 56, 110, 296, 297, 305, 306, 345, 346, 371, 378, 383, 414, 439, 442Душан Конечны (1928–1983) — чешский искусствовед, художественный критик, специалист по чешскому, русскому и советскому искусству XIX–XX веков. После окончания Второй мировой войны в Университете Оломоуца изучал славистику и эстетику. В 1949 г. был направлен на учебу в Московский государственный университет на кафедру истории искусства филологического факультета. Женился на однокурснице Галине Карпинской. В 1968 г. защитил диссертацию на тему «Вторая волна советского современного искусства» в Праге, на основе которой в том же году была издана книга «В поисках лица» (Hledaní tvaru, 1968). С 1954 г. работал в институте истории искусства Академии наук ЧССР. Публикации Душана Конечного в 1950–1960-е были посвящены творчеству русских передвижников, в частности Ивану Крамскому, живописцам Александру Лактионову, Александру Дейнеке, Мартиросу Сарьяну. С 1963 г. начал работать с молодыми московскими художниками, интересовавшимися новыми течениями в современном искусстве, публиковал статьи и организовывал выставки кинетистов. С 1977 г. — шеф-редактор журнала Výtvarná kultura. – 47, 109, 110, 296, 297, 298, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 306, 307, 310, 334, 345, 346, 359, 371, 383, 414, 439 Сергей Тимофеевич Конёнков (1874–1971) — скульптор. Работал в основном в стиле модерн (за что был наречен «русским Роденом») и социалистического реализма. Преподавал во ВХУТЕМАСе. В 1923 г. по предложению Анатолия Луначарского уехал в Латвию, затем — в США и вернулся в СССР только в 1945 г. – 45, 168 Рэй Коннифф (1916–2002) — американский музыкант, композитор, дирижер. Стал известен благодаря своим оркестровкам и вокальным аранжировкам, которые сочетали элементы поп-музыки, джаза и традиционного оркестрового звучания.-- 146Крис Коннор (наст. Мэри Джин Луценхайзер; 1927–2009) — джазовая певица. – 72Вячеслав Михайлович Конобеевский (1906–1977) — художник. В 1960-х работал на руководящей должности в Союзе художников РСФСР. – 216, 356, 456 Гелий Михайлович Коржев (1925–2012) — живописец, педагог. Представитель «сурового стиля». В конце 1960-х — первый секретарь Союза художников РСФСР. – 448 Павел Дмитриевич Корин (1892–1967) — художник, монументалист, реставратор. В конце 1920-х — 1930-е работал над эпохальным полотном «Реквием» («Русь уходящая»), однако не завершил его. Начальник реставрационной мастерской ГМИИ им. А.С. Пушкина; руководил восстановлением плафона и фойе Большого театра после Великой Отечественной войны. Автор декоративных ансамблей станций московского метро «Комсомольская» (мозаичные плафоны сводов) и «Новослободская» (цветные витражи). В 1966 г. подписал письмо 25 деятелей культуры и науки против реабилитации Сталина. – 41, 110 Георгий Дионисович Костаки (1913–1990) — коллекционер. Крупнейший собиратель русского авангарда первой и второй волны. Грек по происхождению, имел греческое подданство. Собрание началось с произведений «малых голландцев», предметов антиквариата и русской иконописи, но уже в 1946–1947 гг. Костаки купил первые картины авангардистов — Ольги Розановой, Василия Кандинского и Марка Шагала. С 1950-х собирал работы художников-нонконформистов, таких как Анатолий Зверев и Дмитрий Краснопевцев. Эмигрировал в 1977 г., передал часть своего собрания Государственной Третьяковской галерее. Другая часть коллекции принадлежит Музею современного искусства в Салониках. – 13, 56, 70, 108, 234, 248, 249, 252, 253, 254, 257, 273, 275, 281, 283, 284, 291, 311, 312, 328, 331, 339, 343, 344, 346, 348, 358, 361, 372, 381, 387, 395, 396, 397, 398, 399, 405, 410, 411, 421, 425 Алексей Николаевич Косыгин (1904–1980) — Председатель Верховного совета СССР, автор одиозной экономической реформы, предполагавшей частичную децентрализацию управления предприятиями, значительное смягчение ряда плановых показателей и личное стимулирование труда работников. – 192 Борис Кошелев (род. 1940) — художник, иконописец. – 225, 314, 316, 320 Стасис Альгирдо Красаускас (1929–1977) — художник-график, автор линогравюры «Юность» (1961), используемой в качестве эмблемы одноименного журнала. Окончил Государственный художественный институт Литовской ССР в Вильнюсе (1958), с 1961 г. преподавал в нем. Создавал станковые гравюры, автор иллюстраций к произведениям Владимира Маяковского, Роберта Рождественского, Юстинаса Марцинкявичюса, Эдуардаса Межелайтиса. – 21 Анатолий Эммануилович Краснов-Левитин (наст. Левитин; 1915–1991) — писатель-мемуарист, публицист, диссидент, участник обновленческого церковного движения. В 1934 г. из-за религиозных воззрений был арестован по делу «евлогиевцев» (оно же «церковное дело»). Освобожден под подписку о невыезде. В 1949-м арестован по обвинению в антисоветской агитации. Приговорен к 10 годам заключения, однако в 1956-м реабилитирован. Занимался историей обновленчества, а также вел миссионерскую деятельность среди оппозиционно настроенной молодежи. В 1969 г. был задержан по обвинению в нарушении законов об отделении церкви от государства и клевете на государственный строй, в 1970-м отпущен из-за недоказанности обвинения. В 1971 г. вновь был задержан и осужден на 3 года заключения. В 1974 г. эмигрировал в Европу. – 276 Дмитрий Михайлович Краснопевцев (1925–1995) — художник, представитель неофициального искусства. В 1942–1947 гг. учился в Московском государственном художественном училище памяти 1905 года, в 1955 г. окончил Московский государственный художественный институт им. В. И. Сурикова. В 1953–1972 гг. работал художником-графиком на студии «Рекламфильм», делал афиши для зарубежных фильмов. Занимался преимущественно «метафизическим натюрмортом» — с простой, зачастую разбитой посудой, сухими цветами, — исполненным в пепельных, глухих тонах. – 56, 108, 213, 281, 320, 341, 385, 396, 405 Анатолий Кривчиков (род. 1943) — художник, представитель неофициального советского искусства. В 1962 г. окончил Московскую среднюю художественную школу, где познакомился со Львом Нусбергом. Работал реставратором икон. – 20, 32, 35, 36, 37, 47, 54, 56, 62, 63, 64, 65, 280, 427 Валентина Евгеньевна Кропивницкая (1924–2008) — художница, представительница неофициального искусства. Дочь поэта и художника Евгения Леонидовича Кропивницкого и художницы Ольги Ананьевны Потаповой, жена художника Оскара Рабина. Входила в состав Лианозовской группы. В 1978 г. вместе с мужем эмигрировала во Францию. – 289, 339, 341, 343, 347, 391, 396, 404, 405, 421, 423, 424, 455Галина Давыдовна Кропивницкая (1929–2014) — искусствовед, первый директор Музея В. А. Тропинина и московских художников его времени. Жена Льва Кропивницкого. – 65, 324, 423, 424Евгений Леонидович Кропивницкий (1893–1979) — поэт, художник, композитор, представитель неофициального искусства. Муж художницы Ольги Потаповой, отец художников Валентины Кропивницкой и Льва Кропивницкого, дед художника Александра Рабина. В 1911 г. окончил Московское высшее художественно-промышленное училище им. С. Г. Строганова со званием «ученый-рисовальщик»; в 1918 г. — факультет истории Московского государственного народного университета им. А. Л. Шанявского. В начале 1920-х уехал в Сибирь. Жил в Вологде, Сосновке, Глазове, в 1920–1923 гг. руководил художественными мастерскими в Тюмени. С 1923 г. жил в Подмосковье. В 1923–1931 гг. руководил художественной студией Лесной школы им. В. В. Воровского. В 1939 г. принят в Союз художников СССР. С 1941 г. преподавал в студиях домов пионеров Москвы. Работал декоратором и гримером в театрах, преподавал в школах, техникумах. В 1950-е вокруг Кропивницкого сформировалось творческое сообщество, впоследствии получившее название «Лианозовская группа». В январе 1963 г. исключен из Союза художников СССР по обвинению в формализме и за организацию Лианозовской группы. Стихи Кропивницкого публиковались в сам- и тамиздате, официально в СССР не выходили. – 213, 234, 320, 341, 391Лев Евгеньевич Кропивницкий (1922–1994) — художник, поэт, искусствовед, представитель неофициального искусства. Входил в состав Лианозовской группы. Сын художников Евгения Кропивницкого и Ольги Потаповой, брат художницы Валентины Кропивницкой. В 1939–1941 и 1945–1946 гг. учился в Московском институте прикладного и декоративного искусства. В 1946 г. осужден на десять лет исправительно-трудовых лагерей по политическому делу. Освобожден в декабре 1954 г. В 1956 г. реабилитирован, вернулся в Москву. С 1967 г. работал в Комбинате декоративно-прикладного искусства вместе с Оскаром Рабиным и Николаем Вечтомовым, в 1976–1983 гг. — в офортных и литографических мастерских Московского союза художников. В конце 1950-х — 1970-е писал статьи по изобразительному искусству в журнал «Декоративное искусство». В 1973 г. был принят в Союз художников СССР, в 1983 г. — исключен. В 1992–1993 гг. — автор, художник и дизайнер альманаха «Мансарда». Автор поэтических циклов «Стенограммы снов» (1985–1986 гг.), «Странные ситуации» (1986–1988 гг.) и неизданного поэтического сборника «Капризы подсознания» (1987–1990 гг.). – 65, 67, 70, 107, 164, 213, 234, 281, 286, 288, 289, 320, 334, 341, 343, 386, 391, 393, 396, 397, 403, 404, 406, 416, 417, 418, 419, 420, 423, 424, 443, 444Светлана Круглова — коллега Леонида Талочкина и его возлюбленная. Впоследствии — возлюбленная Александра Харитонова. – 218, 225, 227, 235, 236, 237, 240, 241, 243, 245, 248, 250, 251, 253, 269, 274, 275, 285, 290, 307, 313, 314, 315, 318, 320, 323, 326, 328, 331, 338, 356 Алексей Елисеевич Крученых (1886–1968) — поэт–футурист, художник, издатель, коллекционер, теоретик литературы. Один из основных и наиболее радикальных деятелей русского футуризма. Автор концепции зауми — абстрактного, беспредметного языка, который должен был очистить слова от «житейской грязи». В 1930-е отошел от литературной деятельности. В 1950-е общался с неофициальными поэтами. – 273, 340Ян Кржиж (род. 1935) — искусствовед, историк искусства, критик, куратор. Автор первой монографии о художнике Павле Филонове (1963 г.). В 1953–1958 гг. изучал историю искусств в Карловом университете в Праге. Работал в отделе современного искусства в Национальной галерее в Праге, в том числе курировал выставки. Читал лекции по истории современного искусства в пражской Академии изящных искусств. – 298, 299, 301, 302, 303, 304, 318(?), 415 Никифор Крыницкий (1895–1968) — польский художник-примитивист. До конца 1920-х работы Крыницкого были неизвестны широкой общественности, а самого художника считали душевнобольным. В 1930 г. постимпрессионист Роман Турын представил картины Крыницкого в Париже. В 1950–1960-е прошли выставки во многих европейских городах, например в 1959-м — в парижской галерее Дины Верни, а в 1960-м — большая ретроспектива в Государственном музее изобразительного искусства в Варшаве. – 367Анатолий Тихонович Крынский (род. 1937) — художник, график, живописец, иллюстратор. Занимался художественным оформлением книг в издательстве «Молодая гвардия», сотрудничал с Агентством печати «Новости» (АПН), с журналом «Знание — сила» и с «Литературной газетой». Дружил с Эдуардом Лимоновым, Вагричем Бахчаняном. Как и многие другие художники в СССР, не имел возможности официально выставляться. В 1976 г. вместе с семьей эмигрировал в Италию, а затем — в США. – 312Янис Ксенакис (1922–2001) — французский композитор-авангардист и архитектор греческого происхождения. Один из наиболее известных представителей движения «Новой музыки». Вместе с Ле Корбюзье развивал идеи авангардной архитектуры (среди их совместных проектов — павильон фирмы Philips для Expo’58). Для его композиции характерны математичность и использование звучаний, созданных при помощи электроники. – 55Андрей Кудрявцев — друг детства Игоря Дудинского, внук писателя Петра Слетова (Кудрявцева). В 1970-е эмигрировал в США. – 141, 150, 167, 215(?), 401 Михаил Петрович Кудрявцев (1938–1993) — историк русской архитектуры и градостроительства, архитектор. В 1956–1962 гг. учился в Московском архитектурном институте на факультете градостроительства. Активный деятель Всесоюзного общества охраны памятников истории и культуры (ВООПИиК). Защищал памятники архитектуры от сноса, сохранял и реставрировал иконы, которые в дальнейшем передавал в православные храмы, помогал воскрешать приходы. В своих работах исследовал вопросы символики древнерусской архитектуры храмов, жилища, предметов быта в аспекте высокодуховной жизни Руси. В 1981 г. защитил кандидатскую диссертацию. – 70(?), 71(?), 89, 125, 130, 133, 146, 156, 165, 176, 178, 181, 182, 188, 206, 207, 253, 264, 293, 315, 317, 318, 346, 372, 379 Татьяна Николаевна Кудрявцева (урожд. Ковалева, 1939–2019) — архитектор, реставратор. Однокурсница, а затем жена Михаила Кудрявцева, также однокурсница Виктории Ростковской. – 89, 98, 104, 130, 207, 264, 317, 318 Павел Варфоломеевич Кузнецов (1878–1968) — график, монументалист, театральный художник, ученик Константина Коровина и Валентина Серова. Один из создателей «Голубой розы» — главного символистского движения в русском искусстве начала ХХ века. Организатор и председатель художественного объединения «Четыре искусства» (1924–1931). С 1918 г. — руководитель живописного отделения Училища живописи, ваяния и зодчества в Москве. В 1928 г. получил звание заслуженного деятеля искусств РСФСР. – 18, 57, 68, 110, 111, 118, 232, 253, 257, 430 Кук (наст. Николай Леонидович Мануйлов; род. 1934) — художник, скульптор, представитель неофициального искусства. В 1957 г. поступил в Московский инженерно-строительный институт, где проучился один год. В 1958 г. поступил на курсы в Московский индустриальный техникум. В 1959–1963 гг. работал в Московском отделении Художественного фонда СССР упаковщиком. – 43, 66, 68, 110, 225, 237, 278, 279, 396, 400Карел Куклик (1937–2019) — чешский фотограф, представитель чешского информализма. В его работах также заметно влияние абстракционизма и сюрреализма. – 415 Михаил Алексеевич Кулаков (1933–2015) — иллюстратор, театральный художник, представитель неофициального искусства. В 1959– 1963 гг. учился на постановочном факультете в Ленинградском государственном институте театра, музыки и кино им. Н. К. Черкасова. В 1960–1970-е работал художником-иллюстратором в «Лениздате» и в «Советском писателе»; оформлял спектакли в театрах Ленинграда и Москвы. В 1976 г., женившись на итальянке Марианне Молла, внучке итальянского дирижера Валериана Молла, эмигрировал в Италию. – 66, 83, 173, 257, 317, 326, 347, 349, 361, 389, 396, 410Роза Алексеевна Кулешова (1940–1978) — экстрасенс. Утверждала, что умеет читать текст и угадывать цвета с закрытыми глазами. И советские, и зарубежные СМИ неоднократно писали о «даре» Кулешовой, в первую очередь ее разоблачали как шарлатанку. – 124 Игорь Иванович Купряшин (1934–1977) — живописец, график, поэт. Занимался лирическим пейзажем. – 356 Франтишек Купка (1871–1957) — чешский художник, учитель Франтишека Музыки. Пионер чешского авангарда и орфизма. – 302, 307Владимир Петрович Купченко (1938–2004) — ученый, литературовед. Специалист по творчеству Максимилиана Волошина. Один из создателей дома-музея Волошина в Коктебеле, автор биографии поэта. Подвергался преследованиям со стороны КГБ. В дальнейшем, став героем резко критического материала в журнале «Крокодил», был уволен из музея. – 26, 131, 365, 431, 433 Михаил Васильевич Куприянов (1903–1991) — график, карикатурист, участник творческого коллектива «Кукрыниксы». Учился во ВХУТЕМАСе — ВХУТЕИНе (1921–1929) у художников-графиков Николая Купреянова и Петра Митурича. Автор костюмов и декораций для комедии Владимира Маяковского «Клоп» (1929, Театр Вс. Мейерхольда), иллюстраций к произведениям Николая Гоголя, Ильи Ильфа и Евгения Петрова, Мигеля Сервантеса. Также сотрудничал с газетой «Правда» и «Окнами ТАСС». Лауреат пяти Сталинских премий. – 343 Эдуард Степанович Курочкин (1938–2014) — художник, представитель неофициального искусства. В 1950-е учился на отделении скульптуры Художественно-промышленного училища им. М. И. Калинина. В дальнейшем перешел в Московский технологический институт, где по- знакомился и подружился с художником Владимиром Пятницким. По окончании учебы работал художником-оформителем. – 304, 308, 309, 384Евгений Игоревич Кушев (1947–1995) — поэт. Был задержан во время демонстрации против ареста Алексея Добровольского за лозунг «Долой диктатуру! Свободу Добровольскому!» (подробнее о деле Добровольского см. прим. к записи от 1 февраля 1967 г.). Был осужден за клевету на общественный строй, получил год исправительно-трудовых работ условно, освобожден из зала суда. – 276, 277 Сёрен Кьеркегор (1813–1855) — датский религиозный философ. Основоположник экзистенциализма и религиозного экзистенциализма в частности. В своих трудах преимущественно исследовал личные отношения человека с Богом. – 78 Окончание: Л - Я…

Kirillova Aleksandra | 28 марта 2024

Local Histories of Art. Novosibirsk

This text is based on a transcript of Konstantin Skotnikov’s paper for the conference Local Histories of Art, which took place at Garage in 2017 as part of the 1st Garage Triennial of Russian Contemporary Art.I’ll tell you straight, I am really impressed by the worldview of the group Blue Noses and, in particular, of Alexander Shaburov. I collaborated with Blue Noses for quite a long time, from 1999 to 2007. And I will tell you how we see the formation contemporary art in Novosibirsk. Before I left, I was asked by artist friends, “Who will you represent in Moscow?” Provincial people are always somewhat embarrassed in front of “celestial Muscovites.” I replied that everyone would get what they deserved, and I would represent the picture as I saw it. I hope that picture will become fixed.Contemporary art in Novosibirsk came out of the depths of the architectural faculty of Novosibirsk Engineering and Construction Institute in 1982 [1]. You can read about the pre-history in the brochure Unknown Architecture of Novosibirsk 1982–1994, which was published by the enthusiasts Alexander Lozhkin and Vyacheslav Mizin in 1997 in Yekaterinburg.While studying twentieth-century architecture in the architectural faculty, it was difficult for us not to notice art. In the 1980s it was impossible to build anything freely and one could only fantasize on paper, making drawings and models. This was something young Novosibirsk architects began doing (not without the prompting of Moscow architect Yuri Avvakumov). Above all, I should note Sergey Gulyaikin’s group, which also included Andrey Chernov and Sergei Grebennikov, the group Novosibirsk Architectural Section or N.A.S. [2], and the design enterprise Avrora [3], which was led by Vyacheslav Mizin and Andrei Kuznetsov. They were all involved in paper architecture, fantastic conceptual projects, and graphic art.By 1994 the paper architecture movement had begun to come to an end. Three artists emerged from it: Vyacheslav Mizin, Dmitry Bulnygin, and Maxim Zonov, all of whom were in some way influenced by the Polish magazines Projekt and Sztuka. They were also inspired by the neoexpressionists Anselm Kiefer and Georg Baselitz.Spread from NEO magazine, №4, 1996. Centre for Culture CC19 ArchiveAfter the demise of paper architecture, close contacts developed with friends from Yekaterinburg. Tamara Galeyeva’s report confirmed my intuitions. The first to travel to Yekaterinburg was Dmitry Bulnygin in 1994. He went to visit Oleg Yelovoy, with whom he lived, worked, and made an exhibition. Then Mizin went to Yekaterinburg. They all got to know each other in a sacred artistic space—Yelovoy’s home. That was where “Novosibirk video” started, with the help of Yekaterinburg friends.Various artistic groups existed in parallel with the graduates of the architectural faculty. The literature and poetry group PAN-Klub, which was linked to the newspaper Novaya Sibir (New Siberia), appeared around 1990. They were very witty, interesting, and jolly people. PAN-Klub members organized the first performances. The group Cosmonauts was one of the first in Novosibirsk to work with video art. It included Maxim Zonov, Aleksei Leshshcenko, and Andrei Kurchenko (the first two also had an architectural background).During perestroika, in the late 1980s and early 1990s, a gallery movement began. Numerous galleries appeared: SibInterArt, Belaya galereya (White Gallery), Zelenaya piramida (Green Pyramid), Chernaya vdova (Black Widow), and, I should note, the completely underground group Semnadtsat nevidimok (Seventeen Invisibles), which was the gallery of the artist and poet Oleg Volov and also had an artistic-poetic character.Among all of these initiatives and undertakings we can see the influence not only of paper architecture but also of Polish posters, the Polish journals Projekt and Sztuka, German neoexpressionism, and even the Italian transavantgarde and dadaism.In 1999, the project Beyond Time Shelter was launched. Before the millennium there was discussion of the fact that in the year 2000 computers would stop working, planes would fall out of the sky, and there would be a catastrophe. The artists of Beyond Time Shelter decided to hide out in a bomb shelter. Which we did. It was an experiment in surviving in extreme conditions. We were an international team of 12 people: two were from Ljubljana, one from Poznan, one from Moscow, one from St. Petersburg, and seven from Novosibirsk. With no alcohol, no nicotine, no women, no equipment, no psychotropic substances, and no clocks. We were forced to spend three-and-a-half days “artistically” on plank beds dressed in padded jackets and felt boots.We had to entertain ourselves somehow. There were cameras and video cameras in the shelter [4]. Maxim Zonov filmed some rather amusing sketches and jokes. Some people made funny art objects. Everything was on a boyish level. Young people reverted to childhood and decided to have fun. That’s how the video Blue Noses Film 14 Performances in a Bunker was shot. And that’s where the group Blue Noses comes from. In my opinion, the strategy of “artistic idiotism” was thought up there: artists who present themselves as fools, which, of course, they are not. All of this happened under the aegis of Novosibirsk’s Yuri Kondratyuk Foundation. There was also support from international foundations.At that time the Kondratyuk Foundation launched a major project known as the New House of Culture. We wanted to change how houses of culture worked; they were places for knitting circles and various other decorative art activities. So we created our own house of culture, which organized monthly “big art Thursdays,” weekly “little art Thursdays”, and exhibitions like Fly!, Toys, Emergency Aid, Paradise in Novosibirsk, and Trash. This successful strategy was a great help in developing and promoting Blue Noses.The New House of Culture. Poster for the lectures by Sasha Obukhova, 2001. Centre for Culture CC19 ArchiveThe ideology of Blue Noses and of many contemporary art figures in Novosibirsk is based on an original kind of mockery, the desire to take a joke too far and express one’s definitive opinion. The exhibition Crazy Double, which was curated by Andrei Erofeev [5] and took place in Moscow and Yekaterinburg, was a huge influence. It was based on the idea that the artist is a “healthy schizophrenic,” a split personality who is able to manage their schizophrenia. In their daily life the artist is an ordinary person, but when they create an artwork, they go beyond the boundaries of the existential, conventions, conditions, decency, and everything domestic.We saw Blue Noses’ Video on the Knee as a kind of educational program: we gathered a group of students who wanted to make a funny video. We were tutors. The guys tried to make films and then we edited them together. Those masterclasses took place everywhere.Then in 2004 Monstration became a powerful movement and a powerful brand, a free, poetic, mass Mayday parade with arbitrary, often absurd slogans. The leader of Monstration, Artyom Loskutov, is here today as a participant of the Triennial. Another of the artists behind Monstration is Maxim Neroda.Photo documentation of Monstration, 2004. Centre for Culture CC19 ArchiveOne might recall our poster, “Down with the Exploitation of Siberian Wildness in Art,” which was a godsend. At the right moment we understood that to exploit Siberian wildness was bad, simply inadequate. It was the view of some kind of really wild western curators, an outside view of Siberians. For some reason, respectable curators want to see Siberians as people in ushanka caps, in a state of wild intoxication.In 2005, the Austrian artist Lukas Pusch visited Novosibirsk and we became friends. He organized a parade with paintings in the main street. Later, in 2008, we bought a motorcycle garage and placed it in the yard of my house, calling it White Cube Gallery. Lukas was charmed by the various strange constructions, from metal fences around residential buildings to garages. He had never seen anything like it in Europe and it seemed exotic. White Cube Gallery opened on August 22, 2008. One of the participants was a very interesting artist called Konstantin Eremenko. In his works he dreams up the history of Siberia as a place where life originated and where Jesus Christ was crucified.This little garage functioned as a gallery for a year. On April 26, 2009, Artyom Loskutov organized the last exhibition there, which was about Monstration. And after that the repressions started.Photo documentation of the exhibition «Cold‑1» in White Cube Gallery, 2012. Garage Archive Collection, Open Systems project CollectionThen we loaded the garage on a truck and set off for Mongolia. We got as far as the border, turned round, and traveled through the whole of Altai. The trip ended at Art Cologne. I arrived at the Koelnmesse and saw that our truck was parked there, like in Krasnoyarsk and Kosh-Agach.The Siberian Center for Contemporary Art existed from 2010 to 2014. Today, little remains of contemporary art. A branch of the National Center for Contemporary Arts opened in the student town in Tomsk, and Vyacheslav Mizin became the director.To conclude, I would like to show you the catalogue of the exhibition United States of Siberia. It took place in several cities, including Moscow and St. Petersburg. It included the most interesting contemporary artists from Novosibirk, the Omsk artist Damir Muratov, and the Krasnoyarsk artist Vasily Slonov. 1. Now Novosibirsk State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering.2. Organized in 1985. The original group comprised Viktor Smyshlyaev, Andrei Kuznetsov, and Vyacheslav Mizin.3. Existed from 1987 to 1991. The original group comprised Andrei Kuznetsov, Vyacheslav Mizin, Valery Klamm, and Aleksei Stepanov.4. They were brought by Maxim Zonov.5. The group exhibition Crazy Double / Le Fou dédoublé. L’idiotie comme stratégie contemporaine took place in Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Samara, Yekaterinburg, and Oiron (France) in 1999 and 2000. The curators were Andrei Erofeev, Dimitri Konstantinidis, and Jean-Yves Jouannais.…

Skotnikov Konstantin | 1 марта 2023

The Second Conference of the Russian Art Archive Network

On August 28, the Second Conference of the Russian Art Archive Network, The Archive as an Instituent Practice, will take place in Nizhny Novgorod. It will bring together partners and participants of the RAAN project and independent researchers and museum and contemporary art professionals from Yekaterinburg, Krasnoyarsk, Moscow, Perm, Saratov, and other Russian cities. The program partner of the event is Tikhaya Studio.Can an archive be a supra-institutional initiative? And if not, what could alternative models of the preservation of the contemporary art process outside existing official structures look like? The Second Conference of the Russian Art Archive Network envisages the archive as an instituent practice. Developing the concept introduced by Gerald Raunig, we will attempt to see archival work as a positive example of “dropping out of the game.” The aim of the conference is to explore the instituent practices of the archive, focusing on its ability—unrestrained by censorship— to turn ephemeral efforts into strong collectivities; to look at how, through collecting discrete memories and artifacts, we become a community and how communities speak to each other through the archive.Institutes and institutions are often understood in legal terms or as established power systems of values, particular orders of things. The conference invites participants to approach institutionality within the archive as the process of developing a common language that is relevant to its contemporaries. We will discuss the archive’s ability to preserve atomized effort as a unity, the “loving earthing-up of the scene,” and the way its participants care for one another.Contemporary archives are by their nature contradictory. They aim to be open and egalitarian yet preserve specific artifacts of culture. They aim to offer a broader context and construct a social environment, but unwillingly canonize specific names that represent a scene. Remaining critical with regard to the abilities and legitimacy of any collection and taking into account different methods and experiences, we want to start a conversation on the preservation of the art scene through the medium of the archive and the means of preserving the contemporary as such. Where do we begin?The conference will consider:—How discrete individual practices can become a unified phenomenon within the archive.—The tactics and strategies of the loving earthing-up of the scene—care as the archive’s organizing principle.—Artistic use of the archive and documentation.—The archive as a non-speculative public sphere and an alternative to institutional structures.—How the archive can help us return to marginal and supressed histories to open up alternative perspectives.The event will take place on August 28, 2022, from 12:00 to 16:00 (GMT+3) at Tikhaya Studio and over Zoom with advance registration.…

17 августа 2022

Independent TV Shows on Art. Nina Zaretskaya Archive (TV Gallery Art Media Center)

Freeing from strict governmental control, the removal of the monopoly on the use of particular frequencies, and commercialization were among the key factors in the development of television in the 1990s. Numerous private TV companies emerged that were funded through advertising.[1] The absence of a clear legal framework meant that unlicensed programs and films[2] emerged on a number of channels. The most popular shows that changed the Russian audience’s idea of what television could be included MuzOboz[3](1991–2000, 1st Channel, 2x2, ORT, TV-6), Kukly[4](1994–2002, NTV), and Chas pik[5] (1994–1998, 1st Channel, ORT, RTR, TV-6, Channel Five, MTK). Independent TV shows on contemporary culture that emerged at the time included some very experimental ones, such as Nina Zaretskaya’s Shok-shou (1990–1991) and Bessonitsa (1993–1995), Vladimir Epifantsev’s Dryoma (1997–1998, TV-6) and his Dekonstructor section of the TV show Disk-kanal (1996–2001, TV-6), Tatyana Didenko’s Tishina No. 9 (1991–1993, RTR), and Andrey Borisov’s Ekzotika (1991–1996, RTR).Bessonitsa, 1994. Nina Zaretskaya Archive (TV Gallery Art Media Center)Independent TV shows on contemporary art (like many video art works made in the 1990s) had a particular montage aesthetic that featured low-fi effects and simple computer graphics (reflecting the development of technology at the time). In many cases, however, the shows appeared shocking simply due to the provocative nature of the contemporary art works they featured. Perhaps, the new spirit of freedom was best reflected on Vladimir Epifantsev’s show Dryoma. Along with showing and discussing music videos, Dryoma included surrealist live-action episodes and conversations on the most unexpected topics accompanied by visuals with erotic and BDSM elements. “As I was not a professional,” Vladimir Epifantsev recalled later, “my imitation of western craziness turned out to be a very aestheticized kind of craziness that mocked traditional television. We also had very little money, so I often had to shoot things myself, without a cameraman, let alone hairdressers and costume designers. Sometimes, the presenters wore nothing but underpants and dirty t-shirts. So, there was this punk element, but we also had aesthetic ambitions, wrote complicated scripts, quoted philosophers and poets. The audience probably didn’t get it. They must have thought we were just some dudes who got high and somehow made it onto television by accident.”[6]The Nina Zaretskaya archive (TV Gallery Media Art Center) in Garage Media Archive contains media versions and broadcast copies of several Russian TV shows of the 1990s and 2000s. Television coverage of contemporary art and art projects by people involved in making TV shows form two core parts of the TV Gallery video archive. Programs and reports about contemporary art can be found on the shows Portrety khudozhnikov, TVGallery, Shok-shou, Bessonitsa, Ot kinoavangarda k videoartu, and Tishina No. 9 that are available in the archive. Notable TV projects by contemporary artists include Pirate Television by Yuris Lesnik, Timur Novikov ,and Vladislav Mamyshev-Monroe and video works by Gia Rigvava (Official Statement, You Can Rely on Me), in which the artists used the formats of a TV quiz show, reporting, interviews, and the televised address. Another group of artists who worked with the language of televesion were the Studio of Egocentric Peculiarities, formed around Vadim Koshkin. The Studio’s project The System of Our Own Television was shown live on the TV show A.[7]Pirate Television (1989-1992). Nina Zaretskaya Archive (TV Gallery Art Media Center)In 2002, the channel TV-6 ceased to exist, and in 2003 the team that founded NTV left the channel. Around this time, the experimental element on television diminished and it gradually became more controlled. The Internet was a new media space that offered a different level of freedom (the first festival of Internet-based art projects, Da-Da-Net, took place as early as 1998, and its documentation can be found in the Art Projects Foundation archive in Garage Archive Collection). The project Independent TV Shows on Art. Nina Zaretskaya Archive (TV Gallery Art Media Center) was developed for The World Gone By computer class at Garage. 1. N.A. Golyadkin, Kratkii ocherk stanovleniia i razvitiia otechestvennogo i zarubezhnogo televideniia (Moscow: Izdatelstvo Instituta povyshenia kvalifikatsii rabotnikov televideniia i radioveshchaniia, 2001) , 55.2. I. Zinin and A. Gorbachev, Pesni v pustotu. Poteriannoe pokolenie russkogo roka 90-kh (Moscow: AST, 2014), 151.3. MuzOboz was a TV show by Ivan Demidov that covered the Russian and wstern music scenes and was shown on several channels under different names from 1991 to 2000. 4. Kukly was a satirical political puppet show by Vasily Grigoryev that was aired on NTV from 1994 to 2002. 5. Chas pik was a TV interview show based on America’s Larry King Live (1985–2010). The program was aired live from 1994 to 1998 and hosted by Vladislav Listyev.6. Zinin and Gorbachev, op. cit., 153.7. A. Isaev, “Videoart i al’ternativnoe televeshchanie” in Antologiia rossiskogo videoarta (Moscow: MediaArtLab, 2002), 55. …

Gakhova Irina | 15 августа 2022

Articles on unofficial Soviet art

This selection of articles on unofficial Soviet art is based on several thousand digitized texts from the 1960 through the 2010s that are kept in Garage Archive Collection and distributed among several archives.Published in the domestic and foreign press, these texts are primarily about Soviet and Russian artists, including émigré artists.The articles in this selection cover the 1960s and 1970s and provide an opportunity not only to learn about particular events or personalities but also to reinstate the context in which Soviet unofficial art existed.***Soviet artists interested the foreign press not as creators of new aesthetic statements but rather as the voices of those who disagreed with the USSR’s political system. In turn, Soviet periodicals saw the nonconformist artists’ activity as a threat and tried to neutralize their aesthetic explorations by, for example, labeling their work unprofessional (from the point of view of socialist realism). A typical propaganda move was to indicate that the “talentless” artist paints “daubery,” blindly imitating Western models in order to attract international attention. Of course, publications in the Soviet press turn out to be less informative in terms of facts, since they focus primarily on “revelations” and didactic instructions.Here, for example, is what the Moskovsky Komsomolets newspaper wrote about Oskar Rabin in 1960 in the famous article “The Priests of Garbage Heap No.8”: “Once he had some poor drawing skills. But the desire for fame turned out to be much greater than his capabilities. He didn’t want to be known as a mediocrity, however! And there was a way out. How much talent does it take to smear with a brush however you please?”***The periodicals are of interest not only as a source of direct information about events but also as material for the study of their language. Whereas international articles are characterized by great stylistic and rhetorical diversity, Soviet texts are fairly similar to each other. Sometimes the writing manner of different authors in different publications coincides so much that it seems as if articles are written by the same person.***Visualizing the links between personalities, institutions, events, and their types in a database based on a corpus of articles about emigrated artists from the Garage Archive. Made with the help of resource for humanities researchers nodegoat.net (2019)A large array of such newspaper clippings can be read not only through the eyes of the researcher but also using machine and distant reading methods. The term “distant reading” was introduced by historian, sociologist, and literary theorist Franco Moretti (a collection of his articles was published with the same title in 2013). Rather than studying the aspects of a specific text, distant reading means the process of identifying—often using quantitative methods and computer technology—certain patterns in massive amounts of similar texts.Literary critics and linguists use quantitative methods and machine reading in their work. However, it is also applicable to historical, sociological, and other research in the humanities. In particular, digital reading methods include text (data) mining, which can be carried out with the involvement of artificial intelligence.Using machine methods, it is possible to analyze a large body of texts that cannot be read by even a group of researchers, e.g. to analyze next to which words a particular keyword—a researched concept, phenomenon, proper name or geographical designation—is mentioned, which allows us to identify the context of references and track down how it changed over time. A good example here is the digitized corpus of texts of the London Criminal Court of the Old Bailey, on the basis of which a number of similar studies were conducted.Along with science, text (data) mining is also used for commercial and security purposes. Various numerical methods for analyzing large text corpora are implemented to ascertain the preferences of certain user and consumer groups in order to increase commercial benefits, for example, as well as to identify terrorists or other security threats.Events mentioned in clippings1962Exhibition of works by Moscow artists coinciding with the 30th anniversary of the Moscow Union of Artists at Manege Central Exhibition Hall. This exhibition is known for the infamous incident when the General Secretary of the CPSU, Nikita Khrushchev, spoke rudely about the work of the artists on view, leading to negative consequences for them.1964The 32nd Venice Biennale, where American art was widely presented, including the works of Robert Rauschenberg, Jasper Johns, Frank Stella, and others.1974The so-called Bulldozer Exhibition, organized by unofficial artists on wasteland at the intersection of Ostrovityanova and Profsoyuznaya streets in Moscow. Under the excuse of a Sunday voluntary work day organized to improve the territory where the exhibit was held, the exhibits were destroyed by the authorities using bulldozers, hence the title of the event.1974The second autumn viewing of paintings “in the open air” in Moscow’s Izmailovo forest park; the exhibition was held two weeks after the Bulldozer Exhibition. The project Articles on unofficial Soviet art was developed by Garage Archive for The World Gone By computer class at Garage.…

Tarasova Nastya | 4 августа 2022

Cyber‑Femin‑Club in St. Petersburg

This publication about Cyber-Femin-Club, a phenomenon of 1990s St. Petersburg culture is based on quotes by the founders and key ideologists of the project, the media philosopher Alla Mitrofanova and the art historian and curator Irina Aktuganova.The quotes are accompanied by visual materials from the Irina Aktuganova and Sergey Busov archive, which became part of Garage Archive Collection in 2018.The selection of quotes, visual materials, and comments was made by Maria Udovydchenko, conservator of the Irina Aktuganova archive at Garage Archive Collection in St. Petersburg.I. Quote from archival document: Cyber-Femin-Club, Quotes, 2010. Garage Archive Collection (Irina Aktuganova and Sergey Busov archive)“In 1994, the face of St. Petersburg’s art scene changed radically with the advent of Cyber-Femin-Club at Gallery 21 at Pushkinskaya 10.* Cyber-Femin-Club began its activity with a landmark event for Petersburg art—the mooring of the German cyberpunk ship Stubnitz…** The festival of electronic and media arts organized on the ship by Alla Mitrofanova became a demonstration of new forces on the Petersburg art scene, where a techno r(av)evolution was raging. Cyberfeminists engaged the community in the creation of the first Russian art CD-ROMs, the online magazine Virtual Anatomy, while also organizing numerous seminars, conferences, educational programs, and a free Internet café for women and artists.Andrey Khlobystin, “Women's Unions of St. Petersburg” in The Female Face of St. Petersburg Art (St. Petersburg: Museum of Nonconformist Art, 2000)Alla Mitrofanova and Irina Aktuganova, Shoot for Elle magazine, 1998. Photo: Olga Moiseeva. Garage Archive Collection (Irina Aktuganova and Sergey Busov archive)*Different times are given for the launch of Cyber-Femin-Club. Some documents mention that the club appeared in 1995. This date is indicated in the document “List of Projects and Exhibitions of Cyber-Femin-Club, implemented from 1996 to 2005.”**The Stubnitz ship of the arts, which arrived in St. Petersburg in July 1994, created a real stir. The international team of organizers, artists, and musicians presented the audience with the most cutting-edge forms of media art and contemporary electronic music. The festival lasted ten days and featured exhibitions, conferences, and performances mixed with vibrant parties. While the Stubnitz was in the city, it was visited by around 3,000 people and, most importantly, this project marked the beginning of friendship and creative cooperation between Irina Aktuganova and Alla Mitrofana, the founders of Cyber-Femin-Club.II. Quote from archival document: Irina Aktuganova, Draft of the article “Cyberfeminists and Cyberfeminism and Cyber-Femin-Club,” 1999. Garage Archive Collection 9Irina Aktuganova and Sergey Busov archive)“Russian Silver Age philosophers knew that women happily combine two features, a thirst for novelty and an instinct for self-preservation. The first helps a woman to explore new social spaces in a pioneering way, and the second, to avoid self-destruction.Back in the early 1990s in Petersburg, it was girls who began to play with the Internet and new media in general as a socio-cultural space. In the second half of the 1990s they named themselves cyberfeminists.The implementation of Gallery 21’s theoretical project Post-Informational Utopia and the publication of the Novy Obyvatel (New Inhabitant) newspaper (the titles of which speak for themselves) took place in the time interval between virtual Internet projects and cyberfeminism.Screenshot of the layout of the main page of the CYBERFEMINIZM website, created by members of Cyber-Femin-Club, 1990s. Garage Archive Collection (Irina Aktuganova and Sergey Busov archive)Thanks to the intellectual efforts made during the implementation of these projects, the following list of synonyms appeared: post-informational, non-conceptual, non-verbal, non-intellectual, non-binary, non-audiovisual, sensory-bodily, slow experience, debt, pain, existential, ontological, non-symbolic, feminine, cyberfeminism, unarticulated, unambitious.In drawing on cyberfeminism, we are drawing on something that for our culture is nonsense and emptiness. It is non-discursive and indefinable. For those of us who have survived the death of language (words mean nothing), this is one of the pseudonyms of reality itself, which we, thanks to previous experience, have peeled out from under cultural layers and interpretations, as it were. On the other hand, thanks to the term “cyberfeminism,” the same conservatives see us as frisky pseudo-avant-gardists in the Western manner. And since the post-informational cyberfeminist is lazily engaged in self-promotion and, according to the rules of the game, should not engage in self-conceptualization and pumping ambitions, then there is simply no one to shed light on this whole confusing proposition. In our context, a cyberfeminist is a mature yet radical woman to such an extent that no one can recognize it: she has lost interest in playing art and is raising children, walking, trying out various healing methods, and shying away with disgust from the words “Internet” and “TV.” A genuine Russian cyberfeminist is one who understood something about cyber, about feminism, about gender, and about liberalization, and became so bored that she just wanted to live.”III. Quote from archival document: Irina Aktuganova, “Woman in the Underground,” 1998. Garage Archive Collection (Irina Aktuganova and Sergey Busov archive)“The Russian socio-political processes of the last decade have pushed women to the periphery of political and social life. On the one hand, this is an unfortunate fact. On the other, I also see positive aspects in it. Having become marginal, a woman has acquired a lot of advantages, such as increased adaptability, the desire for self-awareness, breadth of vision, tolerance, and a higher level of activity. Since almost all spheres that are not related to big business and big politics have become marginal, a wide field of activity has opened up for women, where they can build their own female subculture in a completely uncensored and creative way…Eighteen months ago, being completely exhausted by the inertia of “contemporary art” and looking for a concentration of live, young energy, I discovered for myself the culture of women’s organizations…*Computer literacy classes at Cyber-Femin-Club, 1998–1999. Garage Archive Collection (Irina Aktuganova and Sergey Busov archive)These organizations help women to get ready for childbirth, to give birth, to provide their children with education and medical treatment, to receive legal and psychological assistance, to dress for less, to feed a large family, to find temporary shelter in case of problems with an apartment or husband, to acquire computer literacy, to use the Internet,** to practice needlework or other creative activities, to open a personal exhibition, to make a career, to learn languages, to travel abroad, to send a kid to study in America, to recover from drug addiction, to save their son from the army, to run for parliament or the presidency. And this is not even close to a complete list.”*One of the interesting and relatively unexplored aspects of Cyber-Femin Club's work is assistance to various women's organizations, including the League of St. Petersburg Women Voters and Soldiers' Mothers of St. Petersburg. The League of Women Voters advised women on legal issues, assisted in applying for grants, and helped them navigate the nuances of the election campaign. The human rights organization Soldiers' Mothers of St. Petersburg supports conscripts and servicemen in need by providing legal advice. In the 1990s, Cyber-Femin-Club members assisted both organizations in the development of home pages, as evidenced by archival documents containing visual and textual materials from these websites.**Regular computer literacy classes for women were held at Cyber-Femin-Club, located in the space of Gallery 21 at Pushkinskaya 10. In the mid-1990s, when home Internet was a rarity, Cyber-Femin-Club provided access to the Web and to electronic mailboxes and advised on creating personal sites. The archive includes photographs taken during those classes.Visitors to a class on using email at Cyber-Femin-Club, 1998–1999. Garage Archive Collection (Irina Aktuganova and Sergey Busov archive)These classes subsequently grew into a whole course, created by women for women. In 2004, cyberfeminists, with the support of the Soros Foundation, launched the Do-It-Yourself Course of Practical Independence for Women, where they taught students how to do minor household and electrical appliances repairs, work with computers, and learn about home refurbishment. The course was so popular that in 2006 a second stream was launched, and the educational program was supplemented with classes in car repair and maintenance. Unfortunately, classes did not continue, but the course resulted in the publication of a manual featuring Irina Aktuganova’s drawings.Over the years of its existence, the creators of Cyber-Femin-Club took part in several major international festivals and conferences on communication of women's communities on the Internet and the new digital reality, including Cyberfeminist International 2 Festival (Austria, 1997) and the Cyberfeminizm NY–SPb teleconference (1997), while also running a number of educational initiatives on telecommunications and computer literacy for women, including seminars and practical classes. Media activists from Australia, Austria, Canada, Slovenia, France, and Croatia visited St. Petersburg at the invitation of the Club. From the late 1990s, thematic exhibitions, actions, and performances were regularly held at Cyber-Femin-Club, which was located in the space of Gallery 21, including the exhibition Boundaries of Gender, organized jointly with the Moscow Center for Contemporary Women's Art, and a series of exhibitions of personal artifacts from the archives of artists Olga Tobreluts, Bella Matveeva, and curator Ekaterina Andreeva. In 1998 and 1999, the art actions Bitch of the Year (1998) and Bitch of the Century (1999), organized in collaboration with the art group Money took place here, as did many other events that formed a significant page in the history of St. Petersburg art of the 1990s and 2000s.Teleconference with Alla Mitrofanova, Irina Aktuganova, and Dmitry Pilikin, 1998. Garage Archive Collection (Irina Aktuganova and Sergey Busov archive)…

Udovydchenko Maria | 1 августа 2022

You wanna party? You got it!

Art in the City: The History and Contemporary Practices of St. Petersburg Performance According to the participants, the history of Russian graffiti is divided into three periods, or waves. The first wave took place in the late 1980s and early 1990s, when the first graffiti artists appeared in the USSR. The second wave, marked by the formation of graffiti and its spread, covers most of the 1990s and was connected to the fact that new information sources about graffiti and its popularization appeared thanks to interest in street culture. The beginning of the third wave in 1998–1999 was marked by a boom in graffiti, with various festivals across the country, an exponential increase in the number of artists, and the appearance of graffiti magazines and websites.In the first half of the 1990s, when, after a break caused by political and economic chaos the second wave of Russian graffiti began, on the streets of St. Petersburg there were only a few pictures and tags made by such artists as Max Navigator, Barmaley (Alexey Bogdanov), and Vadim “Krys” Meikshan. The unusual font compositions attracted attention. At that time only a few people had information about graffiti. Before the Iron Curtain fell, it seeped through only in rare magazines, music videos, and documentaries about hip-hop culture and breakdancing. In post-Soviet Russia, hip-hop became popular closer to the middle of the 1990s, when the Hip-Hop Culture Center[1], opened in Moscow, and magazines and audio cassettes of Western artists appeared on sale. On the central squares of St. Petersburg one could often see B-boys breakdancing, and hip-hop fans gathered at Gorkovskaya metro station. Second-wave graffiti writers also hung out there: Denis, Taras, and Vadim from the first St. Petersburg graffiti group, SPP Crew.Postcard by SPP Crew with work made in 1996 in the courtyard at 61 Liteiny Prospekt, 2019. Garage Archive Collection (Garage Museum of Contemporary Art archive)The team, whose name stands for St. Petersburg Patriots, was founded in 1995. Influences include the 1984 book Subway Art—an international bestseller written by photographers Martha Cooper and Henry Chalfant about New York graffiti—and a special issue of the American magazine Rap Pages. Inspired by Western writers, SPP began actively exploring the urban space and the first graffiti locations appeared in St. Petersburg: a wall on Kremenchugskaya Street and “the line” along the railway tracks of the Moscow railway station, plus the Hall of Fame in the city center. The Hall of Fame is a location where graffiti artists can write without the risk of being caught by the police or vigilant citizens, thanks to which local and visiting writers come there to work. The first Hall of Fame in St. Petersburg was the yard at 61 Liteiny Avenue, where SPP Crew have been regularly created new works since 1996.Spread from SprayIt magazine, published by SPP Crew in 2002. Garage Archive Collection (Garage Museum of Contemporary Art archive)In 1997, SPP opened the Tribe Hip-Hop Boutique in the Renegade store, located at 50 Fontanka Street. This was the first graffiti shop in St. Petersburg, where you could buy professional spray paint[2], tagging markers and thematic magazines. In the same year, artists held a graffiti jam at Renegade, a report about which was broadcast on DJ and artist Vikenty Dav’s TV program Demo. More and more people were interested in the new subculture and SPP became frequent guests on radio and TV, participating in the video program Reeds and interviews on PORT FM and Record Youth radio stations. Graffiti captured the city, becoming a youth culture marker. SPP decorated the entrance to the Griboedov Club and painted a temporary wall near the Saigon Café and shop windows of clothing stores for ravers and fans of street culture. Graffiti became more popular thanks to rap musicians. The band Bad Balance band, of which Oleg Basket was a member, made clips and organized hip-hop festivals with the graffiti jams. The video You wanna party? by Da Boogie Crew featured on Russian MTV and was an instant hit. Hip-hop culture and graffiti could be found at large-scale events in the city: the Festival Against Drugs on Manezhnaya Square (1998), the Flash 98 music event organized by Radio Record, and the festival Spin in Our Way (1999) held on Palace Square.Such activity bore fruit. By the late 1990s, in addition to SPP and a number of first-wave artists, four graffiti teams were writing regularly in the city— FGS, SAE, and DS—plus Berlin artist Katya Zwei, writers Vova Zaaf (a.k.a. Skleroz), FUZE, Nitro, Occultra, Splash, Stas Bugs, and others. Summer 1999, a united team of writers from Moscow and St. Petersburg, got into metro tunnels for the first time, opening the era of metro-bombing.During the 1990s, St. Petersburg street cleaning services did not bother much with graffiti, so some drawings existed for several years, becoming points of attraction for future generations of artists. The city center and the surrounding area were in disrepair, so bright drawings and English-language inscriptions seemed like the spirit of the time, of the new Western culture that was appearing in post-Soviet everyday life. The words emerging on city walls—Fight the power, Discophile, Break, East, Anger—seemed to be the voice of a new generation that grew up during a serious crisis and the subsequent building of new identities.Postcard by SPP Crew with work made in 1996 in the courtyard at 61 Liteiny Prospekt, 2019. Garage Archive Collection (Garage Museum of Contemporary Art archive)[1]. THE HIP-HOP CULTURE CENTER OPENED IN 1994. ST. PETERSBURG FIRST-WAVE GRAFFITI ARTIST OLEG BASKET WAS ONE OF THE ORGANIZERS.[2]. EUROPEAN SPRAY PAINT BRANDS SUCH AS MONTANA AND MOTIP APPEARED IN THE CITY IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 1990S. BEFORE THAT GRAFFITI WRITERS MAINLY USED CAR ENAMEL. The project Art in the City: The History and Contemporary Practices of St. Petersburg Performance was developed by Anastasia Kotyleva and Maria Udovychenko for the podcast of the same name presented on the Museum’s booth at the 9th Cosmoscow International Contemporary Art Fair.…

Udovydchenko Maria | 24 января 2022

Malevich’s Garden

Art in the City: The History and Contemporary Practices of St. Petersburg Performance Today, in a building constructed on Universitetskaya Embankment in the eighteenth century especially for the Imperial Academy of Arts, there is a higher education institution training artists, architects, and art critics. For many years the Ilya Repin St. Petersburg Academy of Arts, as the university is called today, has been a mainstay of traditional art education, and contemporary art practices are still regarded with suspicion. Even so, this academic institution occasionally been an experimental platform for those trying to rethink artistic canons.One such intervention was the action Malevich’s Garden, organized by the art group Tut-i-Tam in May 1992. The location was the round courtyard of the academy, which occupies the central part of the building. Today, this space looks severe and almost lifeless: it is paved with gray tiles, in the center there is a monument to one of the founders of academic art education in the Russian Empire, Count Ivan Ivanovich Shuvalov, designed by Zurab Tsereteli. In the 1990s, the courtyard was made of earth, overgrown with bushes and grass. The authors of the action decided that this huge green area in the heart of the academy would be ideal for sowing the “seeds of the avant-garde.” And so, Malevich’s Garden appeared, a square bed of carrots. One of the participants, artist Ivan Govorkov, described the event as follows: “To dig into the round courtyard of the orthodox Academy of Arts the Black Square of suprematism, plant seeds... and wait for the form that sprouted in the plane to be born and eaten in real life.”[1].Catalogue of Tut-i-Tam group’s projects, 1997. Garage LibraryThe local history of art was actively reconsidered during perestroika and in the early 1990s, with the Russian avant-garde being widely acknowledged. The appearance of Malevich’s Garden in an institution that had not yet accepted these changes showed that this process was irreversible, just like the growth of carrots. Plus, the authors of the intervention were all connected to the Academy, which is where they met. Accordingly, Malevich’s Garden was not simply an ironic gesture of invading the territory of traditional art but also a way of reflecting on their own artistic biography.The organizers of the Tut-I-Tam, art critic Nadezhda Burkeeva and artist Alexei Kostroma, graduated in the 1980s, and in the early 1990s decided to work in field of contemporary art. One aspect of their work was actions in public spaces, during which they played on the “picture postcard” emblems of Leningrad/St. Petersburg. For example, as Tut-I-Tam they launched small copies of the Alexander Column and the Bronze Horseman, made from balloons, into the sky. From 1994, when Kostroma began to develop the concept Plumage of Names and Symbols, the artists organized actions in which the cannon of the Peter and Paul Fortress, a replica of the 18th-century schooner St. Peter, and other city sights were covered with white feathers. The work at the Academy of Arts was also part of their strategy to rethink those places that are important for the “St. Petersburg legend.”There were two permanent members of Tut-I-Tam, but many other artists cooperated with them. The co-authors of Malevich’s Garden, artists Elena Gubanova and Ivan Govorkov, also graduated had an academic art education and took up the practice of contemporary art in the early 1990s. For all participants the action, in which tradition and the avant-garde literally became the ground for a new work, was also a metaphor for their own transformation into contemporary artists.By fall the harvest had ripened. Even though Malevich's Garden grew in view of the entire Academy, it did not attract much attention. The event was noticed only when the dug-up vegetables were presented at an exhibition at the Russian Ethnographic Museum, which was the final stage of the action. Before the opening, the participants symbolically crossed the Palace Bridge carrying two huge papier-mâché carrots on their shoulders. The procession was a reminder of the provocative walk of 1914 by the avant-garde artists, which became part of the history of Russian performance. The heroes of that event, Kazimir Malevich and Aleksei Morgunov, dressed up in jackets with wooden spoons in the lapels and went out on Kuznetsky Most Street in the center of Moscow[2]. Their photos were published in the newspapers and were yet another reason for public discussion of the scandalous futurists.Photos of the action Malevich’s Garden, published in the catalogue Tut-i-Tam group’s projects, 1997. Garage LibraryPerhaps the St. Petersburg artists knew about the re-enactment of this walk organized by Avdei Ter-Oganyan in Moscow in summer 1992. An eyewitness to this event, art critic Andrey Kovalev, noted that it “did not cause any public reaction, from which we can conclude that the Malevich case not only lives, but also won.”[3]. The St. Petersburg artists would most likely agree with the opinion of the Moscow author. Although the photo with the participants of the action, marching with carrots, appeared in the press, it did not cause surprise.In the booklet printed for the final stage of the project, Nadezhda Bukreeva and Alexey Kostroma described the concept of Malevich's Garden: “Any phenomenon becomes its opposite over time. [. . .] The rebellious artist quietly and imperceptibly turned into an honored academician. [. . .] The introversion of the Black Square, its inaccessibility to the uninitiated, [. . .] after consuming its harvest turns into a completely accessible and ordinary image.”[4].Visitors to the exhibition at the Ethnographic Museum could join in with eating the carrots. In the grand marble hall Alexei Kostroma and Vladimir Mikhailutsa built a pavilion of white canvas, at the entrance of which the papier-mâché carrots brought from Vasilievsky Island were installed. At the end of this structure was a table with the vegetables dug up from the courtyard of the Academy. An actor in a Malevich mask was sitting at the table. A camera was directed inside the pavilion and the images broadcast on a screen in the exhibition space, so that the route of each participant who went to get the fruits of Malevich's Garden could be traced. By the end of the event, the harvest was symbolically and physiologically assimilated by the visitors.Photos of the action Malevich’s Garden, published in the catalogue Tut-i-Tam group’s projects, 1997. Garage LibraryDecades later, the Academy of Arts has still not completely accepted contemporary art. Here, the ability to draw an ankle correctly is still valued more highly than project activity, but the history of the Russian avant-garde is now included in the education program. The action Malevich’s Garden has also become a classic. In 2008, a reduced replica of the installation was produced for the exhibition The Adventures of the Black Square and later became part of the collection of the Russian Museum.[1]. TUT-I-TAM: 1991–1996 (ST.PETERSBURG: LENEKSPO, 1997) P. 43[2]. A. D. SARABIANOV, “DEREVIANNAIA LOZHKA,” ENTSIKLOPEDIIA RUSSKOGO AVANGARDA, URL: HTTP://RUSAVANGARD.RU/ONLINE/HISTORY/DEREVYANNAYA-LOZHKA.[3]. A. KOVALEV, “FUTURISTY VYKHODIAT NA KUZNETSKII” [TEXT FOR THE PERFORMANCE], GARAGE ARCHIVE COLLECTION (ART PROJECTS FOUNDATION ARCHIVE), APF-TREHPRUDNY-D637.The article “Ogorod Malevicha” in the newspaper Nevskoe Vremya, November 3, 1994. Garage Archive Collection (Lyubov Gurevich archive)[4]. OGOROD MALEVICHA [BOOKLET], 1992. The project Art in the City: The History and Contemporary Practices of St. Petersburg Performance was developed by Anastasia Kotyleva and Maria Udovychenko for the podcast of the same name presented on the Museum’s booth at the 9th Cosmoscow International Contemporary Art Fair.…

Kotyleva Anastasija | 17 января 2022

Aesthetic Extremism

Art in the City: The History and Contemporary Practices of St. Petersburg Performance In December 1989, the New Academy of Fine Arts appeared in St. Petersburg. Its founder, the artist Timur Novikov, proclaimed neo-academism as a new principle of life-building, offering the cult of beauty as a salvation from the coming crisis in the contemporary art world. Asserting the power of art as an ideal world order, Novikov formed a whole new society embodying this, the heroes of which were the neo-academic artists Georgy Guryanov, Konstantin Goncharov, and Denis Egelsky.In his book about Russian art of the perestroika period, The Irony Tower, the American writer Andrew Solomon noted the striking contrast between the appearance of Moscow and Leningrad artists. When he first arrived in Leningrad, he was amazed at how stylish the artists were, comparing Timur Novikov’s circle with the world’s leading fashionistas. The spirit of dandyism triumphed in this community in the late 1980s, when the “New Artists turned from ‘wildness’ toward a new romanticism, secularism, and popular culture.”[1]. Solomon wrote about Leningrad as a very beautiful city, where “beauty itself is an amazing gift.”[2]. Timur Novikov turned this beauty to his advantage, taking the classical architecture of the city of St. Petersburg (the original name was returned in the early 1990s) as a starting point in “reviving the former luxury and serving the cult of the beautiful.”[3] Mastering this new space, the neo-academicians had the opportunity to live among historical architecture, getting into buildings appropriated by the Soviet government, squatting apartments with stucco molding and fireplaces that were due for renovation, and turning palaces and parks into sets for life and creative projects.The behavior of artists also changed. They began to study the works of old masters, visit the Mariinsky Theater, and dress up in beautiful outfits, creating a sharp contrast with unsightly reality and breaking down the boundary between art and everyday life.Visitors to the exhibition at the Museum of the New Academy of Fine Arts in costumes by the artists Oleg Maslov and Viktor Kuznetsov, 1995. Photo: Andrei Khlobystin. Garage Archive Collection (Andrei Khlobystin archive)The main dandy of St. Petersburg in the early 1990s was Georgy Guryanov. Fascinated by the image of the “strict young man” from the film of the same name by Abram Room and the aesthetics of Soviet athletes who embodied youth and vitality, Guryanov endlessly reproduced them not only in his painting but also in everyday life. Behind his clothes and demeanor, which always provoked admiration, there was a whole strategy of self-presentation, expressed by the words “my work of art is myself.”[4] This was echoed by Timur Novikov, who, in one of the first neo-academic manifestos, stated that transformations “need to start with yourself, here and now.”[5]. He and the art critic Andrei Khlobystin played at dandyism, walking the streets of St. Petersburg in tuxedos and top hats and with lorgnettes, and canes. In the mythology of early neo-academism the dandy is but also a provocateur. This ironic dressing up transformed classical culture, which, according to the neo-academists’ predecessors was “boring," into a cheerful masquerade, continuing the tradition of urban eccentrics and originals. They found their unusual outfits in the numerous second-hand stores that flooded the city in the early 1990s. There was even one in Borey Gallery. Plus, the artists already had the money for expensive designer items, and trips abroad opened up access to original shops and vintage clothing boutiques. Andrei Khlobystin’s son still has a shirt bought in a special store "for the dead in Times Square in New York.”[6].The feeling of a masquerade was also created by the luxurious outfits of Konstantin Goncharov, who became the chief fashion designer of the New Academy in the first half of the 1990s. Goncharov's creative career began in the late 1980s, when he collaborated with Zhanna Aguzarova and the group Kino, creating costumes for their performances. In 1987, Goncharov met Timur Novikov and later became his closest associate. They influenced each other. Thanks to his friendship with Goncharov, Novikov became increasingly interested in classical art, in particular ballet. And Goncharov and Alexey Sokolov, with the support of Timur, opened the Strict Young Man Fashion Gallery, which was a central location for bohemians for a number of years. Art critic Ekaterina Andreeva called Goncharov a "radical aesthete," comparing his creations to works of art, the components of which were spectacular fabrics and an incredible cut.Konstantin Goncharov in his studio on the Griboyedov Canal, 1993. Photo: Edyge Niyazov. Garage Archive Collection (Andrei Khlobystin archive)It was not easy to find original fabrics in the 1990s. Alexey Sokolov recalls hunting for them everywhere. They looked in stores where experimental samples, Indian shawls or Uzbek silks could suddenly appear on sale, or in thrift stores where grandmothers handed over vintage things. But Goncharov's talent meant he could also work with banal Soviet fabrics. An example is the so-called gymnasium dresses made of simple brown cloth. They were transformed by original inserts with photos of ballet dancers from the collection of Timur Novikov. Goncharov often complemented his outfits with hidden details—"secrets"—such as an unusual lining or a pocket that only the owner of the garment knew about. He achieved recognition and international fame after creating costumes for the project The Golden Ass, for which he was awarded the title “Best avant-garde artist-95" at the First Moscow International Festival of Avant-Garde Collections ALBO-Fashion. Outfits from Strict Young Man become a sign of involvement in the world of contemporary art. Among its clients were St. Petersburg artists and bohemian fashionistas from different countries, including curator Kathrin Becker, aristocrat Francesca von Habsburg, Princess Katya Galitzine, American gallery owner Jane Lombard, and others.Living everyday life as part of an artistic action led to the creation of "avatars" by artists, on whose behalf they created and communicated with the world. A striking example of such a strategy is the artist Vladislav Mamyshev-Monroe, whose first public appearance as the legendary blonde took place in 1990 at a party in the Communications Palace of Culture. Then the St. Petersburg Marilyn began to appear more and more often in the city: on Nevsky Prospekt of an evening, in the club Tantspol, at the opening of exhibitions, and in broadcasts by Pirate Television.Such reincarnations and freedom in daily life led to the artists of the New Academy having followers: party-goers organized costume parties, original outfits were worn by students of the New Academy and their friends, the group Factory of Found Clothing opened the Traveling Things Store. Andrei Khlobystin believes that Timur Novikov and his allies created a new subculture of fashionistas and aesthetes, and Ekaterina Andreeva calls St. Petersburg in the first half of the 1990s a city of "extreme aestheticism," which "returns to its metaphysical goal—to broadcast the dream of the beautiful, to draw the horizon of the ideal in the Hyperborean northern latitudes."[7]. But as soon as this became a trend, the main actors left the stage and by the mid-1990s Novikov had turned a new page in neo-academism, reincarnating from a dandy into an old man with an ax-cane, the former revelry replaced by a “new seriousness," to which most of the neo-academists would gradually turn.Oleg Maslov, Olga Tobreluts, Timur Novikov, Bella Matveeva, Victor Kuznetsov, and Andrei Khlobystin at the Neoakademism party, 1999. Photo: Andrei Medvedev. Garage Archive Collection (Andrei Khlobystin archive)[1]. A. KHLOBYSTIN, “SOBLAZNENIE I RAZOCHAROVANIE” IN SHIZOREVOLIUTSIIA. OCHERKI PETERBURGSKOI VIZUAL’NOI KULTURY VTOROI POLOVINY XX VEKA (ST. PETERSBURG: BOREY ART, 2017), P. 65.[2]. A. SOLOMON, THE IRONY TOWER. SOVETSKIE KHUDOZHNIKI VO VREMENA GLASNOSTI (MOSCOW: AD MARGINEM PRESS, 2013), P. 107.[3]. E. ANDREEVA, “KRUGLYI GOD,” MOSCOW ART MAGAZINE, 1, 1993, HTTP://MOSCOWARTMAGAZINE.COM/ISSUE/45/ARTICLE/872.[4]. “GEORGY GURYANOV: ‘MOE PROIZVEDENIE ISKUSSTVA — YA SAM’,” SOBAKA.RU, 2010, HTTPS://WWW.SOBAKA.RU/OLDMAGAZINE/GLAVNOE/17562.[5]. A. KHLOBYSTIN, “PESN’ O NEOAKADEMIZME,” IN SHIZOREVOLIUTSIIA. OCHERKI PETERBURGSKOI VIZUAL’NOI KULTURY VTOROI POLOVINY XX VEKA (ST. PETERSBURG: BOREY ART, 2017), P. 84.[6]. FROM PERSONAL CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN THE AUTHOR AND ANDREI KHLOBYSTIN.[7]. E. ANDREEVA, “LENINGRADSKII NEOAKADEMIZM I PETERBURGSKII ELLENIZM,” NOVAYA AKADEMIIA. SANKT-PETERBURG (MOSCOW: EKATERINA CULTURAL FOUNDATION, 2011), P. 52. The project Art in the City: The History and Contemporary Practices of St. Petersburg Performance was developed by Anastasia Kotyleva and Maria Udovychenko for the podcast of the same name presented on the Museum’s booth at the 9th Cosmoscow International Contemporary Art Fair.…

Udovydchenko Maria | 17 января 2022

Kharms Characters

Art in the City: The History and Contemporary Practices of St. Petersburg Performance In June 1995, messages about strange incidents that happened on Zhukovsky Street and thereabouts appeared in St. Petersburg newspapers: the traffic was blocked by policemen, shouts of "Fire!" were heard, smoke appeared from one house, people began jumping out of their windows, some ran back and jumped out again, and then costumed mummers and curious citizens gathered in a carnival procession, which, after walking a few blocks, ended up in the garden in the courtyard of the Fountain House.This chain of events disturbing the peace in one of the central districts of the city was part of a major festival dedicated to the master of literary paradoxes, Daniil Kharms. The organizers of the first Kharms Festival were artist Mikhail Karasik, art critic Gleb Yershov, and philologist Valery Sazhin. The main site was the Anna Akhmatova Literary and Memorial Museum in the Fountain House, which was one centers of St. Petersburg’s artistic life in the 1990s.Flyer of the first Kharms Festival, 1995. Garage Archive Collection (Navicula Artis Gallery archive)The writer Daniil Kharms became popular among a wide readership at the end of perestroika as one of the heroes of the Leningrad literary avant-garde and an OBERIU (Union of Real Art) participant. In the 1920 and 1930s, when he wrote most of his works, mainly his texts for children’s books and magazines were published officially. His handwritten archive was preserved by the writer’s relatives and in the late Soviet period some of his poems and prose works appeared in samizdat. It was only in the 1990s that Kharms became more widely known.The festival organizers were passionate about the writer. Philologist Valery Sazhin worked with Kharms’ manuscripts at the Public Library, where they are kept thanks to Yakov Druskin, who preserved most of the writer’s heritage. Later Sazhin prepared the complete works of Kharms for publication and is now one of Russia’s main Kharms specialists. At the end of perestroika, Mikhail Karasik began to be interested in the genre of the artist’s book and its history, including publications of the Russian avant-garde. He made a number of lithographed books based on Kharms’ texts and named his self-organized publishing house Kharmsizdat. The young art critic Gleb Yershov was studying Pavel Filonov’s “analytical art” and was also interested in Kharms, as he was friendly with many of Filonov’s students.The festival was conceived as a project combining different interpretations of the Kharms phenomenon and Kharms literature. Each of the organizers prepared their own program of events. Valery Sazhin organized a scientific conference, which was attended by the distinguished Kharms scholar Vladimir Erl, Lydia Druskina—Yakov Druskin’s sister, who handed over Kharms’ manuscripts to the library in the early 1980s and knew many family stories about him—and Russian and foreign literary critics and historians. Another academic event was the presentation of the book by the Swiss Slavic studies specialist Jean-Philippe Jaccard, Daniil Kharms and the End of the Russian Avant-Garde, a monograph that would be important to many researchers.The second part of the festival was an exhibition of books based on the works of Kharms by various artists, curated by Mikhail Karasik. In addition to the author’s paper publications, the exhibition included a book in the shape of boots, a book-suitcase, a book-brick, and a book-room. The conference materials and the exhibition catalogue were subsequently published with the same cover.The first Kharms Festival, 1995. Photo: Alexander Lyashko. Garage Archive Collection (Navicula Artis Gallery archive)Nevertheless, the mood of the Kharms Festival was created by the performative program, which turned it into an eccentric, crowded event that overtook not only the museum but also the city. During the four days of the festival, experimental theater performances, film screenings, and musical events were held in the garden of the Fountain House. The largest event, organized by Gleb Yershov, took place on the opening day. Kharms’ house was located far from the Anna Akhmatova Museum, at Mayakovsky Street, 11 (formerly Nadezhdenskaya Street), and it was there that he was arrested in 1941. The building was destroyed and a new one built in its place, which features unofficial graffiti with a portrait of the writer and an official memorial plaque. In 1995, there were not yet any signs of the memory of Kharms in this area of St. Petersburg.At first, there was an idea to install a temporary memorial plaque and hold a festive procession of Kharms characters from the house to the Anna Akhmatova Museum and Apartment. Gleb Yershov recalls that events developed rapidly. To begin with, he tried to find a theater director who was not afraid to work on the street. On the advice of friends he approached Andrey Moguchy (now head of the Bolshoi Drama Theater, and then the organizer of the small, independent Formal Theater), who agreed to take part in the festival together with his troupe. In addition to the scenes in the urban space, Moguchy offered to arrange a spectacular incident that would attract casual viewers, such as a fire.A large-scale event, for which it was necessary to block traffic, required permission from the local police. It was received, and at the appointed time several cars with law enforcement officers appeared, blocking the streets. Then the actions occurred one after another. Solemnly, to the poetry of Kharms, a temporary memorial plaque was revealed, made of rusty iron by the sculptor Alexander Pozin. From the courtyard of the house, the first characters began to appear: musicians and Death, played by dancer Nina Gasteva. They shouted “Fire!” into a loudhailer they had borrowed from the police. Black smoke rose from a house at a nearby intersection. This building, which was due for major repairs, was empty, but during the festival it was populated by the artists Dmitry Pilikin and Kirill Shuvalov, who turned it into a total installation, placing in the windows everyday things left by former residents, such as clothes, furniture, and sanitary ware. The fire was staged thanks to smoke bombs acquired from the Lenfilm studio. The firefighters did not come. They had been warned that this was a staged event, and instead of them Roman Trakhtenberg, who was then director of the Moguchy Theater, drove around with a barrel of water on a cart pulled by a horse.A man in an egg costume at the first Kharms Festival, 1995. Costume designer: Alexey Kostroma. Photo: Alexander Lyashko. Garage Archive Collection (Navicula Artis Gallery archive)When the spectators and bystanders, attracted by the noise and smoke, approached the house, they saw people fearlessly jumping out of the windows, apparently in memory of Kharms’ falling old women. This piece was performed by the actors of the Formal Theater. Many years later, Moguchy recalled the Kharms Festival as the first immersive performance in his practice, although by 1995 he already had experience of street performances and had made several productions involving audience interaction. Anyone, from local homeless people to taxi drivers, could become a spectator and a participant in the show.From the house, the motley crew moved toward the museum. The Formal Theater actors were joined by athletes who built a pyramid. There were invited students from one of the schools, a person in a feathered egg costume dressed by artist Alexey Kostroma, and a dog man being walked on a leash, performed by artist Kirill Miller. As artist Olga Egorova (Tsaplya) wrote in a newspaper notice about the event, “and it was strange. . . something happened to the world: it seemed that every dog on the planet had turned into Kharms’ dachshund, every mustache in the world had turned into the drunken mustache of a janitor, the police into mounted police, and the firemen into his firemen. "Booklet of the first Kharms Festival, 1995. Garage Archive Collection (Navicula Artis Gallery archive)The Kharms Festival took place another four times, and each iteration included a performative program that allowed visitors to see academic debates or the process of museum archiving as events that can be turned into something unpredictable in a Kharmsian way. Today, the memory of such events is interesting not only because of the history of the study of the avant-garde but also as an example of a completely different type of regulation of the public space. In the 1990s, it was much easier than it is today to turn the city into a platform for absurd artistic gestures that violate routine order. It did not require a large budget, and a young curator with little experience of bureaucratic procedures could get all the permits. The project Art in the City: The History and Contemporary Practices of St. Petersburg Performance was developed by Anastasia Kotyleva and Maria Udovychenko for the podcast of the same name presented on the Museum’s booth at the 9th Cosmoscow International Contemporary Art Fair.…

Kotyleva Anastasija | 17 января 2022

Exhibitions on the bridge

Art in the City: The History and Contemporary Practices of St. Petersburg Performance “On one wing of the drawbridge, paintings by Leningrad artists were exhibited for several hours under the searchlights. From a distance, they looked like postage stamps on black asphalt. An elegant bohemian was ceremoniously strolling along the embankment, bowing with special friendliness, slightly excited by the night air of the outgoing summer. This was the most beautiful exhibition of contemporary artists that I have ever seen. Maybe because the artists, or rather, their paintings, played a very secondary role in it.”[1].The event that Avdotya Smirnova describes is not a fiction. She is referring to the second exhibition on Palace Bridge, organized by the artist Ivan Movsesyan. From 1990 to 1992 such contemporary art exhibitions in the “classical landscape” of Leningrad/St. Petersburg were held each summer.Movsesyan, like many young people at the time, was interested in underground art. After he met Yuris Lesnik and Georgy Guryuanov he became part of the squat at 145 Fontanka Embankment. (E-E) Evgeny Kozlov had his studio in the same building. He was one of the founders of the New Artists, who played an important role in the exhibitions on the bridge. In 1990, Kozlov began work on the project 2 × 3 Meters Collection. He managed to find paint and large-format canvases and invited artist friends to his studio, suggesting they create works. Oleg Kotelnikov, Ivan Sotnikov, and Vladislav Mamyshev-Monroe were the first artists in the collection.[2] Among the New Artists it was customary to work fast, and pictures could appear during one or two sessions. The first exhibition on Palace Bridge included many of these works. The rapidly growing collection of large works may have inspired Movsesyan to create a spectacular exhibition, or, on the contrary, he found in them the materials suitable for his concept. Either way, the concept appeared: the works of underground artists were supposed to take off in the urban landscape, right in front of the Hermitage.View of the second exhibition on Palace Bridge, 1991. Garage Archive Collection (Vladislav Mamyshev-Monroe archive)By July 22, 1990, the artists had reached agreement with the city administration. Enlisting the support of mayor Anatoly Sobchak, they received permission from Mostotrest [the bridge authority], the police, and other organizations responsible for the urban space[3]. On the appointed day, thanks to the efforts of the participants and their friends, the exhibition was mounted, with the works fixed to the bridge using cables. The group acted quickly: only the time interval between the traffic stopping and the bridge opening was available for installation, and at 1 am the exhibition opened. Art critic Hannelore Fobo recalled: “In the 1990s it was very interesting in Russia because in the circles in which I was lucky enough to mix there was a very free attitude to everything. […] Exhibitions on the bridges. Can you imagine what kind of structure that would involve now, at least financially? Then someone just managed to sort it out with someone else. […] The heady feeling of ‘I want to and I can’ was a beautiful illusion of life.”[4].This event showed that there were new opportunities for artists. Avdotya Smirnova, who caustically noted that the paintings at these exhibitions “played a secondary role,” was right: the works, linked together and raised by the bridge, could hardly be clearly seen. The main event of these actions was the city’s compliance check. Timur Novikov, Georgy Guryanov, (Е-Е) Evgeny Kozlov, and other participants could show their works in other countries during perestroika, but in Leningrad the main sites for their art were recreation centers, expocenters, and squats. The political, economic, and cultural changes that defined the 1990s “opened up” for underground artists not only the urban space but also palaces and museums. Movsesyan’s exhibition project also acquired institutional status. In 1992, with the support of the St. Petersburg society A–Z, he registered the Palace Bridge Museum. However, only one exhibition was held using this name: the last in this series, which was dedicated to Leonardo da Vinci.Ivan Movsesyan, “The Museum is Palace Bridge,” an article published in Decorative Art magazine, 7–8, 1992. Garage Archive Collection (Garage Museum of Contemporary Art archive)From the point of view of research into the art community, the exhibitions on the bridge were an important chapter. In the late 1980s, Timur Novikov, who was one of the leaders of the New Artists, began working on a neo-academic program that insisted on the return of the concept of beauty to art. Soon, a group of artists formed around him, ready to join in this game. Ivan Movsesyan was among them. In the text of 1992, he wrote that all of the participants of the second exhibition on Palace Bridge were ready to work with a city that sets “aesthetic criteria leading to the ‘classical’.”[5] In fact, there were more “wild," neo-expressionist works in the spirit of the New Artists in the exhibition than there were works claiming to be “beautiful.” The spirit of the New Academy at the second exhibition was conveyed only by Vladislav Mamyshev-Monroe, who attended as a Palace Bridge cherub. He made a pseudo-antique tunic from a satin tablecloth and wings from dried palm branches found on a garbage dump, and wore a plastic funeral wreath on is head.[6] The video with his antics taking place against the background of the porticos of St. Petersburg became the basis of the film Exotic Classic by Yuris Lesnik. Later, Novikov and the artists in his circle turned with great reverence toward the art of the past and finally dissociated themselves from those who continued working in the tradition of the New Artists of the 1980s. However, the exhibitions on Palace Bridge captured the state of artistic life in St. Petersburg at a time when these different aesthetic programs could coexist in a single action.[1]. A. SMIRNOVA “SKROMNOE OCHAROVANIE LENINGRADA,” DEKORATIVNOE ISKUSSTVO, 7-8, 1992, P. 50.Ivan Sotnikov working on Christmas Smile work in the studio of (E-E) Evgeny Kozlov at 145 Fontanka Embankment, 1990. Photo: Evgeny Kozlov. Garage Archive Collection (Ivan Sotnikov archive)[2]. [HANNELORE FOBO], THE KOZLOV COLLECTION “2×3M” ON PALACE BRIDGE, ST. PETERSBURG, HTTP://WWW.E-E.EU/EXHIBITION-PALACE-BRIDGE/INDEX1.HTML.[3]. MATVEEVA, “MESTA SILY NEOFITSIAL’NOGO ISKUSSTVA LENINGRADA–PETERBURGA. CHAST’ 8. VYSTAVKI NA DVORTSOVOM MOSTU, 1990–1992,” ARTGUIDE, HTTPS://ARTGUIDE.COM/POSTS/1018.[4]. “INTERV’IU EKATERINY SARVIROVSKOI S KHANNELORE FOBO,” READYMAG, HTTPS://READYMAG.COM/SOFTENJOYMENT/1820055/112.[5]. IVAN MOVSESYAN, “MUZEI—DVORTSOVYU MOST. NOVAYA VYSTAVOCHNAIA PLOSHCHAD’ V KLASSICHESKOM LANDSHAFTE,” DEKORATIVNOE ISKUSSTVO, 7-8, 1992, P. 59.[6]. VLADISLAV MAMYSHEV-MONROE, ‘IZ PIS’MA ANDREIU KOVALEVU,” WAM 28/29 ROSSIISKII AKTSIONIZM 1990–2000 (MOSCOW: WAM, 2007), P. 55.The project Art in the City: The History and Contemporary Practices of St. Petersburg Performance was developed by Anastasia Kotyleva and Maria Udovychenko for the podcast of the same name presented on the Museum’s booth at the 9th Cosmoscow International Contemporary Art Fair.…

Kotyleva Anastasija | 17 января 2022

The Movement of a Tea Table Toward Sunset

Art in the City: The History and Contemporary Practices of St. Petersburg Performance One of the most important locations on the art map of 1990s St. Petersburg was Borey Gallery, which was in a semi-basement on Liteyny Prospekt, near Nevsky Prospekt. This independent space, managed by Tatyana Ponomarenko, organized exhibitions, operated as a publishing house, had a bookstore and café, and was a venue for a range of events, from friendly meetings to conferences. The writers Arkady Dragomoschenko, Alexander Skidan, Dmitry Golynko-Wolfson, and Boris Kudryakov, the philosophers Alexander Sekatsky and Valery Savchuk, the artist and researcher of Leningrad unofficial photography Valery Valran, and many others were frequent guests at Borey.It was in this intense atmosphere that the artists who created the New Blockheads met. The group existed from 1996 to 2002. In a text about the group’s first summer, the artists described what brought them together: “Nobody knew what was happening in the Borey catacombs, where we were working on creating contrived stupidity. Are we really blockheads? Are we bluffing about being hopeless? No, it seems we really were in that stage of deep sterility, when any thought of work, of a bright accomplishment, turned us into an icy corpse. No accomplishments! Firstly, does anyone need our accomplishments? Secondly, we have already accomplished everything, as it was done before us. Thirdly, our incurable mediocrity does not allow us to accomplish something new, something perfect.”[1].Documentation of The Movement of a Tea Table Toward Sunset. Seven Days of the Journey, 1996. Photo: Alexander Lyashko. Photographs from the catalogue Tovarishchestvo Novye Tupye (1996–2002). Garage LibraryIn spite of the apathy the artists attributed to themselves, the New Blockheads were fairly active. During the short period of the existence of the group, the core of which was Vadim Flyagin, Sergey Spirikhin, Vladimir Kozin, Igor Panin, Alexandr Lyashko, and Inga Nagel, it participated in exhibitions and festivals at various St. Petersburg venues and organized several dozen performances and events. The “stupidity” of the artists made it possible to see art in the most ordinary things and to act swiftly. This does not mean that participants were frivolous. As Sergey Spirikhin noticed, searching for stupidity is “serious work, cold sweat, great talent, and non-girlish masculinity.”[2].The artists used various methods to become “blockheads.” For example, they let themselves forget about simple everyday rules. During the performance Slavic Bazaar, Igor Panin poured borscht on the white starched tablecloth, as if he didn’t know that soup is usually served in dishes. In Red and Black, Vladimir Kozin smeared his face not with foam but with black shoe polish before shaving.Another manifestation of “stupidity” is the inability to stop: to stop repeating your mistakes. One performance that demonstrated this inability was Vanka-Vstanka by Vadim Flyagin, in which the naked artist tried to “lie down and relax on five chairs that parted under him, and as a result he fell,” getting covered in abrasions and bruises[3]. The author continued his attempts within 1.5 hours, exhausting himself and the audience.Documentation of The Movement of a Tea Table Toward Sunset. Seven Days of the Journey, 1996. Photo: Alexander Lyashko. Photographs from the catalogue Tovarishchestvo Novye Tupye (1996–2002). Garage Library“Stupidity” can also mean a person confessing to unoriginality, copying. Group members happily made deliberately “profane” replicas of works or events created by other artists who were more successful or already included in the history of art. Timur Novikov, who was perhaps the most famous St. Petersburg artist of the 1990s, was the object of their close attention.In 1998, the New Academy of Fine Arts, founded by Novikov, organized the action Burning Vanities to mark the 500th anniversary of the execution of Girolamo Savonarola, the Florentine preacher and fighter against excesses. This event marked the group’s turn to the “new seriousness.” Some of their old works, deemed too “frivolous” by the artists, were burnt, along with pornographic magazines and drugs. New Blockhead Sergey Spirikhin wanted to attend and make an omelet on the bonfire of other people's work, but he did not have time[4].As a result, he decided to stay closer to Borey Gallery. In the courtyards opposite the gallery he set fire to broken stretchers, cooked a simple dish, and ate it right there.Present at Spirikhin’s action were photographer Alexander Lyashko, who documented it in several shots, and a couple of bystanders. Of course, New Academy academy artists didn’t hear anything about Omelet. Many of the events organized by the New Blockheads were invented by members of the group for themselves. As Vladimir Kozin recalls, “there was an idea of activity without result. The state into which we entered thanks to this activity was important.”[5]. One work by the group, which has become a legend in St. Petersburg art circles, is The Movement of a Tea Table Toward Sunset. Seven Days of the Journey, which was dedicated to the art of spending time.The background is as follows: in August 1996, Larisa Skobkina invited the New Blockheads to take part in the second Festival of Experimental Arts and Performances, held in the Manege Central Exhibition Hall. The artists decided that the journey to the performance venue could be turned into an event. Alexander Lyashko, the author of the idea of this performance, described what happened: “I was working as a janitor at that time and took a set of white elephants and a round Riga table on one leg from the apartment where my grandmother died. I gave away the elephants, and the table stood for a long time in my room on Manezhny Lane. I thought, this is great, I can hike from Manezhny Lane to the Manege along with a table and folding chairs, stop along the way, sit down at the table and talk about art. So that’s what we did. Spirikhin recorded all our conversations on a typewriter."[6].Sergey Spirikhin questionnaire, published in Maksimka, 2, 1998. Garage Archive Collection (Irina Aktuganova and Sergey Busov archive)The trip took the whole day. Some recall that the talks were accompanied by tea, others that stronger beverages were involved. The stops occurred at various points in the city center: on the Fontanka Embankment and Panteleimonovsky Bridge, leading to the Summer Garden, at the Church of the Savior on Spilled Blood, on Palace Square at the Alexander Column. The last point on the route was the porch of the Manege, where the New Blockheads performed for six more days, not only for themselves but also for the general public.In most of the groups works everyday life becomes art with the help of a little shift in the order of things. For example, the city turns out to be as suitable for table conversations as the kitchen or the Borey café. As Igor Panin noted: “the point of the artist is to use the environment and include it in your idea. [. . .] It's like when dealing cards: you have a certain hand and you play with the suits you have. The same goes for the city. We started in 1996… and just managed to do something in places where it’s now impossible.”[7]. As interpreted by the New Blockheads, stupidity is ultimately the ability to see opportunities for freedom that give time and space to the artist.[1]. A. LYASHKO, I. PANIN, V., FLYAGIN, AND S. SPIRIKHIN, “DILETANTIZM LETA,” MAKSIMKA, 2, 1998, P. 23..[2]. SERGEY SPIRIN, “ANKETA,” MAKSIMKA, 2, 1998, P. 8.[3]. M. RAISKIN, “OSOBENNOSTI NATSIONALNOI SPONTANNOSTI,” MAKSIMKA, 4, 1999, HTTP://OLD.GUELMAN.RU/MAKSIMKA/N4/ANAT.HTM[4]. SPIRIKHIN, “VOZMOZHNO, BEKKET” (NOVIYE TUPIYE V IZLOZHENII S. SPIRIKHINA),” OPUSHKA, FEBRUARY 16, 2009, HTTP://OPUSHKA.SPB.RU/TEXT/SPIRIHIN_BEKKET.SHTML[5]. U MENIA NE BYLO NICHEGO, NO MNE POCHUDILOS’, CHTO ULITSY — MOI,” RAZNOGLASIIA, OCTOBER 26, 2016, HTTPS://WWW.COLTA.RU/ARTICLES/RAZNOGLASIYA/12844-U-MENYA-NE-BYLO-NICHEGO-NO-MNE-POCHUDILOS-CHTO-ULITSY-MOI#4.[6]. ALEXANDER LYASHKO: “PERFORMANS BYL ESTESTVENNYM SOSTOYANIEM HUDOZHNIKA”. COLTA.RU. JUNE 15, 2016. URL: HTTPS://WWW.COLTA.RU/ARTICLES/ART/11449-ALEKSANDR-LYASHKO-PERFORMANS-BYL-ESTESTVENNYM-SOSTOYANIEM-HUDOZHNIKA.[7]. “U MENIA NE BYLO NICHEGO, NO MNE POCHUDILOS’, CHTO ULITSY — MOI."The project Art in the City: The History and Contemporary Practices of St. Petersburg Performance was developed by Anastasia Kotyleva and Maria Udovychenko for the podcast of the same name presented on the Museum’s booth at the 9th Cosmoscow International Contemporary Art Fair.…

Kotyleva Anastasija | 14 января 2022

Art in the City: The History and Contemporary Practices of St. Petersburg Performance The group SVOI was formed in 1987 by students from the Leningrad Vera Mukhina Higher School of Art and Design: Pavel Veschev, Dmitry Dudnik, Manya Kotlyn, Victor Kuznetsov (a.k.a. Hypper-Pupper), Alexander Menus, Maksa (Lyubov Maksyutina), Sveta Nosova, Herman Petrovykh, Alexander Podobed, and Mikhail Tkachev [1]. After graduating, the artists decided to stay together to create group exhibitions and performances. SVOI was active until 1992. Later Alexander Podobed, who took on the role of archivist of the group, described its strategy for being together: “Rather than a single concept and a general style, which often bring groups together, SVOI was a living organism in which every participant played a very special role, different to the others [. . .]. It was the understanding of the uniqueness of each individual that formed the basis for the name of the group, which believed that everyone around was OURS (“SVOI”) rather than strangers.”[2] Each artist in the group, whether working on drawings or collages, objects or paintings, searched for their own range of topics and plastic language. Despite the “dissimilarity” of the works, they had something in common. The young artists were clearly interested in the artistic movements of the early twentieth century—from fauvism to surrealism—and used their knowledge to create works. However, the main unifying practice was happenings, most of which were based on improvisation and open interaction with the audience. Today it’s surprising that recent graduates of “Mukha,” which trained designers and applied artists, decided to work seriously with this art form in 1989, when information about international contemporary art was in short supply. For instance, when John Cage, one of founders happenings, visited Leningrad a year earlier, SVOI did not meet him. The genealogy of their art was more complex.Photo documentation of SVOI performances (1989–1990), published in the exhibition catalogue SVOI. Garage LibraryAccording to group members’ memories, one of the most important stages that influenced their artistic practice was the Experimental Educational Course at the Mukhina Higher School, which in 1986 became the Department of System and Software Design. SVOI artists were among its first students. Evgeny Lazarev was the head of the Experimental Department. Working in the field of design theory at the Leningrad branch of theAll-Union Scientific Research Institute of Industrial Design, he came to the conclusion that for the development of the discipline it was necessary to have a systematic, project-based approach.Students of his Department were not supposed to become “designers of industrial products” but designers who created “prototypes (projects) of new object systems with new functional and aesthetic properties.”[3]. It was not just the Department’s goals that were experimental but also the approach to education itself. For example, as for their diplomas, 1987 graduates were asked to imagine what new types of professions related to their specialty might appear in future. For the models proposed (designer-predictor, designer-communicator, artefact designer, environmental designer, and others), students then had to find an appropriate visual form.[4]. Most of the students, including SVOI, decided to create installations or objects, suspiciously similar to the costumes from the The Triadic Ballet of the Bauhaus or the design of the Russian futurist opera Victory over the Sun, as well as Alexander Calder’s sculptures, El Lissitzky’s design, and other examples of modernist experiments.The second “school” for SVOI was the Derevo theater, organized by Anton Adasinsky. In the 1980s he studied under Vyacheslav Polunin, cooperated with the group Pop Mekhanika, created a show playing with the aesthetics of the Soviet parade, got involved in practices of Japanese buto for the rock band AVIA, and put together his own team that shared this interest. One of the forms with which Derevo worked was absurdist street performance. During one performance, Adasinsky slowly and expressively opened up and folded his body, moving along the white line separating the traffic on Nevsky Prospekt. In front of him he held stuffed bird on a leash, which he moved and tried to “catch up with.” During another performance, random passers-by were invited to sit on a chair and hide for a while under a mask of raw plaster to rediscover their feelings when the slightly hardened cast was removed.[5].Photo documentation of SVOI performances (1989–1990), published in the exhibition catalogue SVOI. Garage LibraryAdasinsky suggested that SVOI decorate the space through which viewer entered the small hall in the Leningradsky Palace of Youth, where Derevo performed. Some of the objects created by the artists were used in theater performances.SVOI decided to create happenings based on the practices of Derevo, going out into the streets, working with improvised actions, abandoning narrative plots, creating a collage of episodes invented by different members of the group, and physical interaction with the audience. As well as the artists who were members of the group, Dmitry Tyulpanov and Alexey Merkushev from Derevo and double bass player Vladimir Volkov also took part in their events. However, the main event in SVOI happenings was not the performers’ actions but the slow transformation of the space.Most of the “absurdist” events took place in the shabby courtyards of the building at Pushkinskaya, 10, which was taken over by artists and musicians in the late 1980s. The happening Plane took place here, described in detail in Alexander Podobed’s archive: “Moving behind the invisible man, through screens of tracing paper, we find ourselves in the first courtyard, transformed from a garbage dump into a snow-white relief. At the foot of the paper mountain, a man with a double bass (Vladimir Volkov) extracts ragged sounds. [. . .] Slowly, the action flows into the second courtyard. In the center of a huge white field is a plaster figure of a man without a face (Alexey Merkushev). Rope-threads stretch in all directions from it, as if entangling the yard in a web. Two people in black-and-white suits, moving from the center to the edge, quickly fill the entire field with drawings. At the same time, people in blue and pink bathing caps are working around the entire perimeter of the white square: some decorate the courtyard with ornaments, others unfold scrolls with hieroglyphic lines going up, others pour water on plaster figures in the corner, which suddenly turn blue before their eyes. [. . .] On the white square of the courtyard, chaotically moving from different points, people in hats begin to fiercely build an incomprehensible structure. The fuselage, wings, engine appear out of the trash, a trolley with suitcases appears. Loading is underway. The man without a face crawls out of the far corner laughing hysterically, dragging a group of plaster comrades behind him. He destroys the white field, the construction, life. At the end the drawing falls, stupidly completing it. Like in a reverse movie, all the details of the construction disappear in a chain in the depth of the frame. [. . .] A man in a black-and-white suit puts a small model of an airplane on a white field. It’s July, it's snowing.”[6].Studying the SVOI documentation, one discovers that the principles of organization of their performative events largely coincide with Susan Sontag’s description of American happenings of the late 1950s and 1960s.[7]. They worked not on stage but in cluttered spaces; they focused on materials, bringing these performances “closer not painting than theater”; there was no theme, plot, or culmination but rather an illogical chain of events resembling a dream; the duration of the event was unpredictable for the audience and the sense of time was lost. All of these characteristics are typical of the Leningrad group's happenings. Of course, SVOI created performative events a lot later than their American colleagues and already knew something about their practices, but many of the discoveries of the 1960s were repeated accidentally. Sontag wrote that a happening should aggressively “shake” the viewer, bringing them out of their “emotional anesthesia,” but SVOI’s performative events were a response to an era of rapid change. In order cope with the absurdity and disorder of reality, the artists preferred to organize “alogical dreams.” Irina Aktuganov’s article “‘Get out’ into Wonderful Places”, published in the newspaper Smena, 1990 Garage Archive Collection (Lyubov Gurevich archive)[1]. G. Yershov, “Gruppa SVOI,” SVOI [exhibition catalogue] (St. Petersburg: Manege, 2011), p. 3–4.[2]. A. Podobed, “Fenomen gruppy “SVOI,” Alexander Podobed archive.[3]. A. Dubrovskaya, “Kafedra ‘Programmnyi dizain.’ Vozniknovenie, istoriia, diplomnye proekty,” https://www.designspb.ru/news/articles/department_o_software_design.[4]. Ibid.[5]. “Klounada pozvoliaet perebernut’ mir. Interv’iu Borisa Barabanova s Antonom Adasinskim,” Kommersant, February 8, 2017, https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/3213024.[6]. A. Podobed, “Psikhodelicheskie performansy gruppy ‘SVOI.’ Samolet (1989),” Alexander Podobed archive.[7]. Susan Sontag,“Kheppeningi: iskusstvo bezogliadnykh sopostavlenii,” Protiv interpretatsii i drugie esse (Moscow: Ad Marginem Press, 2014), p. 277. The project Art in the City: The History and Contemporary Practices of St. Petersburg Performance was developed by Anastasia Kotyleva and Maria Udovychenko for the podcast of the same name presented on the Museum’s booth at the 9th Cosmoscow International Contemporary Art Fair.…

Kotyleva Anastasija | 27 декабря 2021

The Stubnitz ship of the arts in St. Petersburg

Art in the City: The History and Contemporary Practices of St. Petersburg PerformanceThe ship Stubnitz, with European media artists on board, moored on the Neva River in summer 1994. The organizers of the Stubnitz —Art—Space—Ship project planned an intense two-week program, including an educational forum, an international workshop about new technology art, a joint exhibition by the European and Russian artists, and a series of performances, concerts, and parties. Despite of the fact that not everything went to plan, “the ship of the arts” became one of the most significant international projects to take place in St. Petersburg in early 1990s. It all began in 1992, when the Stubnitz, an old trawler registered in the German city of Rostock, was transformed into a mobile platform by a group of artists from Austria, Germany, and Sweden. The group aimed to “create, exhibit, and study experimental art projects based on new electronic technologies.”[1] The deck and four holds of the ship were refitted to be able to run events as well offer space for exhibitions, discussions, and parties for up to 700 people. In 1993, St. Petersburg artist Victor Snesar met activists from the project and the idea of an independent cultural exchange between Germany and Russia arose. Agreements were concluded, and by May of the following year the Stubnitz left Rostock for a tour of the Baltic Sea cities. The project was curated by Austrian artist, new media researcher, and Stubnitz project co-founder Armin Medosch. The ship stopped at Hamburg, Copenhagen, Stockholm, and Helsinki, but the most extensive program had been planned for St. Petersburg.Postcard of the Stubnitz trawler in Rostock harbor, 1993. Photo: Antonia Neubacher. Garage Archive Collection (Andrey Khlobystin archive)Curator and art critic Alla Mitrofanova, who worked on media art, prepared to meet the ship in St. Petersburg. Gallery 21, which had opened at Pushkinskaya, 10 a few months before the Stubnitz arrived, became a site for the project on land. The new institution fitted perfectly. Its creators, art critic Irina Aktuganova and physicist Sergey Busov, conceived Gallery 21 as the first center in the city to work with new media. The next step—the selection of artists from the Russian side—was organized through an open call. German colleagues did not participate in the selection of participants, getting involved at the last stage to include the Russian part in their existing program. The organizers wanted to moor the ship in the historical center of St. Petersburg, but the approval procedure was delayed. The authorities were in no hurry to assist the artists, offering locations that were inconvenient or asking too high a price for mooring. With the help of official letters and long negotiations, the producer from the German side, Evelyn Bodenmeier, managed to get the necessary permission. The ship arrived in the city with a delay of ten days and moored on July 26 in front of the Mining Institute on Lieutenant Schmidt Embankment.Konstantin Mitenev, Irina Aktuganova, and Sergey Busov before the opening of the video installation Konstantin Mitenev’s video installation at Gallery 21, St. Petersburg, 1994. Photo: Valery Mayboroda. Garage Archive Collection (Irina Aktuganova and Sergey Busov archive)For the whole of the following week life, the Stubnitz was a hive of activity. During the day the exhibition of new media art was open and there were performances and project presentations created by European and Russian artists. The project format allowed for experiments, which led to unusual and even provocative events. Eskimo Party promised new ways of perceiving contemporary culture and took place with “fire water,” frozen cod, and “Eskimo” ice-cream, plus a fashion show by Factory of Found Clothing in which artists and poets were the models. The Candy Cocks art event, which went by the slogan “Close your eyes — open your mouth,” offered visitors the opportunity to try penis-shaped lollipops. The complete virtualization of visitors to the ship was achieved in the philosophical performance exploring “bringing up mirages,” which involved the exchange of unrealized projects ideas over a period of four hours. One the daytime program was finished, the ship turned into a nightclub offering various kinds of contemporary music. On the deck and in the holds of the Stubnitz, experimental sound performances ran in parallel with sets by techno DJs from St. Petersburg’s Tunnel and Moscow’s LSDance, as well performances by rock musicians. All this madness was recorded in the “psychoterrorist” bulletin Rechnaya inspektsiya, created by artists from Klub Rechnikov, whose publications Alla Mitrofanova called “information diversions.” The education program took place at Gallery 21 and consisted of three forums with international participants exploring various aspects of new technologies in art. Artists, curators, historians, cultural studies specialists, media philosophers, and poets discussed the possibilities of new technologies, criticized their impact on the modern world, and made plans and forecasts for the future of digital art. There were practical lessons too: a series of workshops where European participants shared their experiences with Russian colleagues and taught them to work with digital technologies. Masterclasses were held aboard the ship, where several studios had been equipped specifically for this purpose.The Stubnitz was in the city for less than a week, yet thousands of people visited it, despite the fact that entry was not free (some desperate people tried to take the ship by storm, jumping from the parapets or climbing the anchor chains). A parallel program was organized in the city, including parties at Tam-Tam and Tunnel and exhibitions and events at Navicula Artis and Borey galleries. A joint exhibition by Andrey Khlobystin and Eva Aephus took place at Navicula Artis, which was then located in the Nikolaev Palace, while Borey Gallery was a stronghold of opponents of new media and organized a week-long counter-program, which was not implemented.Early in the morning of August 1, immediately after the farewell party, the ship left St. Petersburg. Its presence in the city had a significant impact on artistic life. Several events in the field of new media art took place soon afterwards: at Borey Gallery the symposium New Technologies. Pro and Contra took place; poet, Arkady Dragomoschenko created a media project for placement in the urban space; Klub Rechnikov participants continued to cooperate with the musicians and artists of the Stubnitz. Thanks to the Stubnitz, the project Cyber-Femin-Club by Alla Mitrofanova and Irina Aktuganova appeared, contributing to the development of Russian media art and feminist discourse.[1]. Stubnitz — Art — Space — Ship program booklet (Garage Center for Contemporary Culture archive). The project Art in the City: The History and Contemporary Practices of St. Petersburg Performance was developed by Anastasia Kotyleva and Maria Udovychenko for the podcast of the same name presented on the Museum’s booth at the 9th Cosmoscow International Contemporary Art Fair.Rechnaya inspektsiya bulletin with a short program of activities of the Stubnitz project, 1994. Edited by Klub Rechnikov. Garage Archive Collection (Andrey Khlobystin archive)…

Udovydchenko Maria | 9 декабря 2021

In Memory of Poor Lisa

Art in the City: The History and Contemporary Practices of St. Petersburg Performance At midnight on June 20, 1996, the silence of a clear summer night was broken by a splash. Two girls in white clothes, clutching a black dress in their hands, had jumped from a bridge into the Winter Canal. This strange, fascinating action was witnessed by a small number of passers-by and a few spectators invited to the performance by the group Factory of Found Clothing.Factory of Found Clothing (FFC) is a joint project by two St. Petersburg artists, Natalia Pershina-Yakimanskaya (Glyuklya) and Olga Egorova (Tsaplya). The creative duo was formed in 1995. The name came from the participants’ focus on clothing, which they considered a tool for exploring issues of physicality and personal and social relationships between people. From the moment it was formed, one of the group’s main mediums was performance. According to the artists, this was connected to the general mood in the artistic environment of the second half of the1990s, when the border between art and life was as blurry as possible and “art was created by presence,”[1] turning everyday life into an endless performance. Invitation to the action In memory of Poor Liza by Factory of Found Clothing, 1996. Garage Archive Collection (Factory of Found Clothing archive)The action, dedicated to everyone “who knows the torments of love,” was called In Memory of Poor Liza. Today it is one of the most famous early works by FFC, with which the artists often begin to tell the story of the group. The title of the action refers to the story of the same name by the Russian writer Nikolai Karamzin. In the 1990s, the artists explored the symbolism of unhappy love, this romantic feeling full of passion and madness, as a part of the myth of the female world. However, the FFC participants, in expressing sympathy for poor Liza, offer their own scenario for living through a love drama. In an interview with curator Victor Misiano, Glyuklya discussed FFC’s intention to refute existing cliches about the weakness of female nature[2]. Playing along with society, the artists put on white dresses and jumped into the canal, depicting victims. Unlike poor Liza, they then got out of the water and after this “all of the most interesting things began happening”.Factory of Found Clothing, In Memory of Poor Liza, 1996. Documentation of the action. Photo: Sergey Panteleev. Garage Archive Collection (Factory of Found Clothing archive)The jump made during the action refers to the theme of the Feat, one of the key concepts in the mythology of FFC and in the world of the High School Student, a lyrical character created by Glyuklya and Tsaplya in the mid-1990s. The image of the High School Student contains “the historical character that existed in St. Petersburg in the pre-revolutionary period”[3] and she embodies the most strange, capricious, and contradictory part of the soul, where fatal passions are replaced by tenderness and timidity, because she loves to embroider with beads, and “the blue steel of the barrel of a revolver.”[4] The artists are sure that the High School Student lives within every person and the recognition of this part of oneself can become a source of freedom and joy necessary for creation in the name of “A Beautiful Dream that overcomes Death.” In the action on the Winter Canal, the victory of Love is confirmed by the miraculous rescue of the girls, who got out of the water unharmed. And the black dress, symbolizing death, floated away into the unknown.FFC began to work with clothes, or, as the artists put it, “the dress” from the moment the group was founded. Glyuklya graduated as a textile artist from the Mukhina School (now the Stieglitz St. Petersburg State Academy of Art and Design), and Tsaplya created the Traveling Things Store, remaking second-hand clothes by supplementing them with strange details and giving them their own voice, which sounded through phrases embroidered or written on the fabric. This was consonant with the general poverty of the1990s, when most residents of St. Petersburg dressed from second-hand stores and were forced to romanticize the unconventionality of such outfits and the “aura of the previous owners.” FFC clothes tell us about their owners, creating them based on a certain image. The recognition of the power of clothing in the creation of an image echoes the “culture of dressing up”[5] and dandyism, used in St. Petersburg in the 1990’s thanks to the artists of the New Academy of Fine Arts circle. However, unlike classical dandyism, where clothes create a facade of personality, “the dresses” of the FFC become an alter ego of a person, exposing his or her secrets and weaknesses.At the beginning of the 2000s, the sublime High School Student, depicted in FFC performances as a simple white dress, was replaced by “the whites,” fictional creatures depicted by Gluklya and Tsaplya dressed in depersonalizing chemical protection suits. The ideas of exalted feelings, the feat, and the beautiful dream were replaced by the concept of social performance that could have a healing effect on society. FFC projects took the form of a direct interaction with the viewer, based on participation and the desire to share the experiences. This position is presented in the manifesto entitled “The Artist’s Place is on the Side of the Weak,” which was published in the first issue of the Chto delat? newspaper in 2003. The manifesto contains the following lines: “Art is not an abstract game but an adventure; not cold rationality but a living feeling. An artist is not a mentor but a friend, not a genius but an accomplice.”[6] However, in appearing on the streets of different cities and violating the usual order of things with their presence, “the whites” retain a part of the High School Student by revealing the lack of childlike spontaneity in the modern world.In 2010, a reenactment of the performance In Memory of Poor Liza took place in Amsterdam, with Glyuklya and art historian Pieter Wagemakers taking part. [1]. Factory of Found Clothes, FNO. Utopicheskie soiuzi (Мoscow: Moscow Museum of Modern Art, 2013), p. 29.[2]. Ibid.[3]. “Gimnasistki v poiskakh podviga,” Ptyuch, 2, 1998, p. 70.[4]. Ibid.[5]. A. Artyuk, “Glyuklia i Tsaplia: ‘Preodolevat’ strakh — eto my liubim!’,” Iskusstvo kino, https://old.kinoart.ru/archive/2008/08/n8-article21[6]. “Manifest Fabriki Naidennykh Odezhd,” Chto delat?, 1, 2013, p. 13. The project Art in the City: The History and Contemporary Practices of St. Petersburg Performance was developed by Anastasia Kotyleva and Maria Udovychenko for the podcast of the same name presented on the Museum’s booth at the 9th Cosmoscow International Contemporary Art Fair.Factory of Found Clothing, Manifesto “The Artist's Place is on the Side of the Weak,” Chto delat? newspaper, no. 1, 2003. Garage Archive Collection (Factory of Found Clothing archive) …

Udovydchenko Maria | 1 декабря 2021

Art in the City: The History and Contemporary Practices of St. Petersburg Performance Thanks to artists, St. Petersburg’s rave culture of the 1990s was closely connected to what was going on in contemporary art and played an integral role. Club parties “that appeared during the period of ideological, social, and legal chaos” [1], were an ideal experimental platform for the development of a new visual culture, including performance, environmental design, large-scale installations, and media art. But most importantly, raves were a space of total freedom, where dance, music, and expanded consciousness became elements of a new ritual that united the younger generation. No wonder Timur Novikov compared raves with primitive shamanic rituals[2], defining attending parties as a mystical, transformative experience. In his book Shizorevoliutsiia, which explores St. Petersburg culture of the postwar period, artist and art critic Andrei Khlobystin called the first post-Soviet decade “the heroic era of Russian rave” and identified three stages of development: the squat period of the early 1990s, the “clubbing and large-scale parties in an urban environment” period of the middle half of the decade, and the period of open-airs near the Gulf of Finland, which ended the decade and linked the 1990s to the new decade.Timur Novikov at the nightclub Jackie 60, New York. 1990. Photo: Andrei Khlobystin. Garage Archive Collection (Andrei Khlobystin archive)However, the history of the Russian rave movement—the “ravelution”—started somewhat earlier with the direct participation of Timur Novikov and other New Artists. The starting point was when Novikov met the German musician Maximilian Lenz (DJ WestBam) in Riga in 1987, when he, Sergey Kuryokhin, and the band Kino were taking part in a music festival. They quickly became friends and began cooperating creatively, as at that time WestBam’s hobby was remakes and remixes, which seemed to fit the theory of recomposition developed by Novikov and his friends. Novikov spent the next two years on the road, traveling around the United States and Europe, where he also immersed himself in club culture, becoming increasingly convinced that such parties were exactly what was lacking in his homeland.Returning to Leningrad, Novikov got down to business. The first party, organized by Novikov and Georgy Guryanov, took place in January 1990[3] in the House of Culture of Communication Workers on the Moika Embankment. At that time, there was no suitable equipment and no professional DJs in the city, so DJ Janis (Janis Krauklis) came from Riga in a car completely packed with the necessary equipment and records. The party’s program of events included the drag show The Voice of an Alternative Singer, one of the stars of which was Vladislav Mamyshev-Monroe. This was the first time he had appeared in public in the image of the blonde femme fatale (it’s worth noting that the format of dancing plus drag shows is still standard in Russian gay clubs). The hall was decorated with large-format works by Novikov, Guryanov, and Denis Egelsky, made in a neoclassical manner, and Novikov would later call this party “the first art action” held by the New Academy of Fine Arts, which was founded in 1989.Georgy Guryanov in his studio in the squat at 145 Fontanka, St. Petersburg, early 1990s. On the wall are Guryanov's works Karel (1991) and Self-Portrait (1991). Unknown photographer. Garage Archive Collection (Andrei Khlobystin archive) Around the same time, the legendary underground club Dance Floor opened in Leningrad[4], organized by brothers Andrey and Alexey Haas and Mikhail Vorontsov. The club was located in a large apartment on the third floor of the squat at 145 Fontanka, and was adjacent to the studios of Georgy Guryanov, Evgeny Kozlov, Juris Lesnik, Ivan Movsesyan, and other artists. There were regular parties at Dance Floor and they were carefully organized: the space was decorated with works by Alexey Haas, Guryanov, and Sergey Bugaev-Afrika, and for one of the parties (Guryanov-Party) they even produced white T-shirts with a silk-screen print of a naked male torso. One of these T-shirt is part of Garage Archive Collection in St. Petersburg. Dance Floor existed until summer 1992 and made dance parties incredibly popular among fashionable young people. Techno and house from closed squats flowed smoothly into the first "commercial" spaces. In 1991, parties began to take place at the Planetarium club, located in the Leningrad Planetarium, and in 1993 the Tunnel club opened, which for many years would be a raver mecca.After Dance Floor closed, the team, realizing the demand for a new form of leisure and its commercial potential, organized a number of large-scale legal events, the most important of which were the Gagarin Party and Mobile raves, held in Moscow in 1991 and 1992. Unusual venues were chosen for both parties: the Cosmos Pavilion at VDNKh and the Cycling Track at Krylatskoe, respectively, which, of course, contributed to increased interest from the public.Marina Migai (Aseeva), Vladimir Zakharov, and Elena Terentieva at the Tunnel club on the set of the film Hitler's Last Party, 1993. Garage Archive Collection (Lena Popova archive)St. Petersburg was not far behind. In 1992, raves began to expand into public spaces. Andrei Khlobystin noted an interesting feature of St. Petersburg nightlife in the 1990s, which involved a desire to rethink Soviet heritage by entering its "sacred" spaces. Due to the financial crisis, numerous museums and cultural heritage sites survived by renting out premises for various events. Accordingly, large-scale parties were held in the Artillery Museum, the pavilions of Lennauchfilm, the Circus on Fontanka, the Young Spectator’s Theater, and even in a swimming pool[5], where a series of Aquadelika parties took place. Another St. Petersburg phenomenon of the first half of the 1990s was parties in palaces, the best-known of which were in the Beloselsky-Belozersky Palace and the mansion of Matilda Kseshinskaya.By the mid-1990s, the popularity of parties was so great that raves became commercial projects created not only out of love for electronic music and for a narrow circle of partygoers but also as a way to earn good money. The production company Kontrfors appeared in St. Petersburg and launched the large-scale festivals Eastern Blow and Ravemontage, which attracted thousands of people. In parallel, the mood of the main stars of St. Petersburg clubland, the artists of the New Academy, changed sharply. In place of a bohemian way of life with an endless round of parties there was now “the new seriousness,” which proposed a focus on traditional values. As a result, the artists left the club scene. Mass parties in the center of the city or in important locations were replaced by private DIY events in the countryside or on the outskirts of the city.The Illegal Picnic was the first “new format” party, held in July 1996 in the ruins of a nineteenth-century military fort adjacent to the dam connecting St. Petersburg and Kronstadt. The flyer promised “new entertainment,” “100% underground,” and free admission. The rave was organized by artists from the group Klub Rechnikov, using the brand of the independent news agency MESSMEDIA and with the support of the Berlin sound system INTERFLUG GALAKTIKA.The “Rechniki” were famous St. Petersburg squatters, students of the New Academy and active participants of the city’s art life. They organized this party for members only, launching a trend for open-air events. The atmosphere was created by the industrial landscape, the placing of the DJ console on the cabins of army trucks welded together, and video projections integrated into the natural landscape. The headliner was the London DJ Gravity Girl, who was resident on the ship Stubnitz. The Russian side was represented by Massash, Demidov, BOOMER, Elephant, Lena Popova, and Angela. Despite strict secrecy, around 500 people attended the Illegal Picnic and the magazine Ptyuch dedicated a page to it, describing the event as one of the best parties of the year[6].An invitation to the Rest4Rest party in the suburbs of St. Petersburg, May 30, 1998. Garage Archive Collection (Lena Popova archive)Up to the end of the 1990s the “Rechniki” held other parties in the countryside, including the Rest4Rest forest rave for friends (1998). The invitation was marked “secret,” and instead of providing a location only the time and initial meeting point were mentioned. They also celebrated Old New Year and the birthday of Valve club at the water station in Lebyazhye. The latter two events had a strong line-up and an art program organized by the “Rechniki” with the design company Svetosila[7], Alexander Shein, and other media artists.The trend for closed parties was continued by the artists of the association Tsentr Tizholava Izkustva. While some partygoers preferred to go to the suburbs, “brutalists” Igor Mezheritsky and Artemy Solomatin enjoyed the industrial aesthetics of remote areas of St. Petersburg. With free entrance, heavy sound, and the gloomy atmosphere of the industrial zone, TTI events were given appropriate names: frightening “techno-punk-hardcore” evenings or depressing “hard picnics.” The Asphalt techno-hardcore party was held at the Reinforced Concrete Products Factory, located on the border of a residential area and an industrial zone. The flyer for the event Cruel Picnics in the Industrial Zone invited people to visit a secret location for free, with the meeting point at 39 Shkapina Street, behind the Baltic railway station. Techno DJ and “picnic” participant Lena Popova recalls a certain “party on the rails” organized by Solomatin, but there are no archival documents about this event.Flyer for the Asphalt techno-punk-hardcore party at the Reinforced Concrete Products Factory, St. Petersburg, October 9–10, 1999. Garage Archive Collection (Lena Popova archive) Another famous open-air event was AIR-FIRE[8] which took place in May 1997 at the Znamenka estate, located between Strelna and Peterhof and was part of the promotional campaign for the Port club (which was designed by the “Rechniki”). Unlike the Illegal Picnic, this party was the result of the consolidation of all the club people in St. Petersburg, and brought together several thousand ravers. The dancers were placed inside and outside the ruined stables, which had been occupied by the organizers under the pretext of making a film. The party included an exhibition of objects and media art by Klub Rechnikov, Andrei Khlobystin, Juris Lesnik, Alexander Shein, and other artists. The rave at Znamenka was attended by the bohemian crowd; even art critic Ivan Dmitrievich Chechot was seen in the crowd. The organizers were not afraid of drawing the attention of the police, despite the large number of guests, as the date of the party coincided with a visit to St. Petersburg by government officials and all law enforcement was pulled into the city center. Nevertheless, the smooth course of the event was disrupted. Toward morning, a police car drove right into the courtyard of the ruined building, calling on the organizers of the event to come to the station “for clarification.” None of the dancers reacted, probably because a car with flashing lights slowly crawling through the crowd, with the siren merging with the music, was perceived as a performance.The Znamenka party revealed the potential of suburban locations and, largely thanks to this experience, in 2000 the first of four open-air parties took place at the Kronstadt forts, with which Andrei Khlobystin closed the chronology of the “heroic era of Russian rave.”AIR-FIRE party in the ruined stables of the Znamenka estate, Leningrad Region, May 31, 1997. Photo: Lena Popova. Garage Archive Collection (Lena Popova archive)[1]. A. KHLOBYSTIN, SHIZOREVOLIUTSIIA (ST.PETERSBURG: BOREY ART, 2017), P. 291.[2]. “TIMUR NOVIKOV: ‘KAK YA PRIDUMAL REIV’,” ОМ, 3, 1996, P. 69.[3]. VARIOUS DATES ARE GIVEN FOR THIS PARTY. IN HIS AUTOBIOGRAPHY, TIMUR NOVIKOV SUGGESTS 1989, WHILE ANDREI KHLOBYSTIN AND A NUMBER OF OTHER SOURCES DATE IT TO 1990.[4]. IN ADDITION TO DANCE FLOOR, IN THE EARLY 1990S THERE WAS ANOTHER CLUB IN A SQUAT IN ST. PETERSBURG, WHERE PARTIES WERE REGULARLY HELD. IT WAS CALLED OBVODY AND WAS LOCATED IN A BUILDING AT 217 OBVODNY CANAL THAT HAD BEEN TAKEN OVER BY ARTISTS.[5]. THE LIIZHTA POOL.[6]. “PETERBURG: NOVYI VZYRV KLUBNOGO EKSTAZA,” PTYUCH, 10, 1996, P. 20.[7]. A CREATIVE ASSOCIATION FOUNDED BY THE ARTISTS ARTISTS SERGEY SOSNIN, SERGEY GUSEV, AND ROMAN YADYKIN IN 1997.[8]. IN SOME TEXTS AND MEMOIRS THIS PARTY IS CALLED AIR FAIR. WE HAVE USED THE NAME AIR-FIRE, WHICH CORRESPONDS TO THE INVITATION.The project Art in the City: The History and Contemporary Practices of St. Petersburg Performance was developed by Anastasia Kotyleva and Maria Udovychenko for the podcast of the same name presented on the Museum’s booth at the 9th Cosmoscow International Contemporary Art Fair.…

Udovydchenko Maria | 29 ноября 2021

Art Education in the Transition Period. The First Post‑Soviet Institutions

In this article we will consider how the emergence of contemporary art institutions in the post-Soviet space entailed the necessity to produce new knowledge and educational models. We must limit ourselves to Moscow and St. Petersburg and the period of the 1990s because empirical research was localized in these cities in this period, but in future we hope to expand the geography and time of our research.Part 1 In her thesis Leningrad/St. Petersburg Art of the 1980s–1990s. Transition Period[1] the art critic and curator Olesya Turkina suggested considering the period not as a gap between Soviet and post-Soviet reality involving a simple exchange of one idea of art for another or old institutions by new ones but as a transition in logic, representing the processual in the “here and now”. The transition, according to Turkina, is connected to a sense of “time transgressive” space, in which the continuity of the line connecting the past, present, and future is broken, or “multi-dimensional” time, when simultaneous overlapping of semiotic and “real” spaces occurs.[2] During the transition, former binary oppositions (official/unofficial, Soviet/Western, realistic/formal, etc.) blurred in favor of the simultaneous coexistence of numerous individual styles and trends. As Turkina writes, “in Leningrad during this period the transition was not from modernism to postmodernism but from art ‘relevant’ to the given place and time [. . .] to the time after time, i.e., to ‘postmodernity’, in which the relevance of innovation is not the main focus and is not predominant, and it is not the focus on the future that is important but the performativity of the event.”[3] In 1999, when Turkina wrote her thesis, the Moscow curator Viktor Misiano conceptualized a key concept for the 1990s—the tusovka[4] as a post-historical phenomenon, indifferent to prehistory and having the performative status of constant reproduction through a series of face-to-face meetings at various (near) artistic events.[5] Such performative events, parties, and meetings as the main form of art production in the post-Soviet space of the 1990s were not unique but they were contemporary (maybe for the first time since the era of the Russian avant-garde) with the global turn in contemporary art of the late twentieth century toward community-based activity and relational aesthetics.[6] The Austrian art theorist Peter Weibel wrote that at this time art recognized the social context as a form: “Artists began to be decisively included in other discourses (ecology, ethnology, architecture, and politics), and the limits of art institutions were significantly expanded.”[7] This trend, which appeared in the Russian context in the late 1980s and early 1990s, was of a spontaneous, situational, life-creating nature because it was caused by the devaluation and disorientation of ideological and axiological foundations, the collapse of Soviet official institutions, and the irrelevance of previous educational and educational models. The boundaries of art practice radically opened out to the public space—on the streets, in squats, at the first artist-run galleries. The contemporary forms of artistic expression were actions, performances, exhibitions, events, dances, walks, and theater laboratories with an emphasis on live dialogue, game improvisation, bodily affectation, spontaneity, outrage, provocation, transgression, and subversion. In the art of the transition period, artistic initiation, the acquisition of new connections and the transfer of knowledge, pedagogy, and apprenticeship were of a syncretic nature and occurred in diverse, “swarm-like” (Gilles Deleuze), “unproductive” (Jean-Luc Nancy), “indescribable” (Maurice Blanchot) communities, ambivalently pulsating with enthusiastic energies of togetherness and infected with undesirable affects.Masterclass by Mary Lucier and Vadim Fishkin as part of the education course New Artistic Strategies organized by the Soros Center for Contemporary Art and the Institute of Contemporary Art, 1999. Garage Archive CollectionWith the beginning of perestroika, the borders between the USSR and first world countries gradually opened up for ideas, people, things, and monetary transactions, promising yesterday’s unofficial artists freedom from political censorship and the administrative and bureaucratic apparatus. In 1989, after the first auction of contemporary art in the Soviet period (the so-called Russian Sotheby's), the free market and capitalism became the defining conditions for the development of a new post-Soviet art system. During the short period of the late 1980s and early 1990s in Moscow and Leningrad/St. Petersburg, a whole series of (para)educational initiatives arose from yesterday’s apartment seminars, clubs, and squats, Many of these self-organized institutions, coupled with spontaneity and creativity, had many years of experience interacting with the Soviet bureaucratic machine and had their own bureaucratic aesthetics (in the development of Moscow conceptualism[8]) and subversive bureaucratic enthusiasm (according to Olesya Turkina, in St. Petersburg “bureaucratization has become a kind of form of artistic activity”[9]). Left to their own devices, the artists of the late 1980s and early 1990s “dreamed up” bureaucracy by playing it: some according to new Western patterns, some according to the inertia of Soviet bureaucracy. So, when the first Western grant-giving institutions came to Russia along with global capital and the free market and the universities opened (Soros Foundation and John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation came to Moscow in 1992, Goethe Institute and Carnegie Moscow Center came in 1993, in 1994 the European University was founded in St. Petersburg, in 1995 the Moscow School for the Social and Economic Sciences (“Shaninka”) opened, and the Ford Foundation opened in 1996), Moscow artists, curators, art critics, and intellectuals were ready to get involved in the establishment of new platforms and educational initiatives. Universities and contemporary art centers opened, curatorial schools, media labs, and workshops were held. However, sometimes there were only one or several enthusiasts behind these conventional names; literally on their knees, in rather precarious conditions, they started the engine of the initial post-Soviet institutionalization, which also involved many paradoxes. In contradistinction to Western institutions, which appeared in the 1970s as subjects of resistance to commercialization, Russian institutions opposed themselves not to the capitalist method of “artistic reproduction, but rather [to [. . .] pre-existing institutions of power such as art academies, artists’ unions or museums.”[10]The first example of such a paradoxical institution was the Center for Contemporary Art on Yakimanka, which emerged immediately after the August 1991 coup. CAC opened “in a complex of three low-rise buildings at the corner of Yakimanskaya Embankment and Dimitrova street (now Malaya Yakimanka). The idea to transfer these empty residential buildings to the management of the new institution belonged to the last Soviet city and regional authorities.”[11] The first artistic director and head of CAC was Leonid Bazhanov,[12] and Viktor Misiano was head from 1992. Like many at the time, Misiano was fascinated by the idea of community-based activities. CAC on Yakimanka became a commonwealth of the first Moscow galleries trying to form an art market and of numerous educational initiatives. Over the six years that CAC operated, its activities included a curatorial school,[13] the Visual Anthropology Workshop, Evgeny Asse’s laboratory at the Irina Korobina Architectural Gallery, the Free Academy of Boris Yukhananov, Nina Zaraetskaya’s Art Media Center TV Gallery, Irina Meglinskaya’s photography gallery Shkola, and studios of the most important artists of that time—Vladimir Kupriyanov, Dmitry Gutov, Yuri Leiderman, Gia Rigvava, and others. In 1994–1995 at CAC on Yakimanka a new media art laboratory with an extensive educational program opened with the support of the Soros Contemporary Art Center[14] (founded in 1992) and the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation.[15]In 1992 art critic and curator Joseph Backstein, along with a group of artists and cultural workers close to the Moscow conceptualist circle, opened the Institute of Contemporary Art in the former studio of Ilya Kabakov at 6 Sretensky Boulevard. If in the early 1990s, according to one of the first ICA graduates, artist Viktor Alimpiev, the atmosphere at the institute was similar to a conceptualist circle,[16] by the 2000s ICA openly proclaimed its goal as being to introduce students to the context of the contemporary art process, including the theory and philosophy of art, and to instill the skills of project-based thinking, art management, and PR technologies.[17] In 1999, with the support of the Soros Contemporary Art Center (run by Irina Alpatova), ICA accepted its first cohort of students (including Viktor Alimpiev, Maxim Ilyukhin, and Elena Kovylina) for the educational course “New Artistic Strategies.”[18] In fact, ICA became the first Russian educational institution in the field of contemporary art, with its own exhibition, research, and publishing activities and a curriculum of theoretical and practical courses based on the Western model. In 1992, the Free Workshops School of Contemporary Art was founded,[19], which in 2000 became part of Moscow Museum of Modern Art. The Free Workshops did not produce as many big names as the ICA, but it continues to satisfy the demand of young people for art education evening classes.The School of Contemporary Art created by the artist Avdei Ter-Oganyan in January 1997 as an art project stands out from this set of Moscow institutions. Today, this project might be called an artistic reaction to the almost complete absence of contemporary art education in Russia and also a parody of the Western institutional art models and critical discourse that now form part of the field of Russian contemporary art. The students of the school were Ter-Oganyan’s son David and his friends,[20] who had not even thought about making art before. Together they learned to make absurd and shocking performances, draw a black square, integrate into the art environment, overthrow the authorities of the art scene, literally lick the ass of the right people, and build a barricade from materials at hand.[21] Former student Maxim Karakulov recalls that it was primarily a collective project, “the participants of which agreed on the permanent reproduction of a particular activity, and only after that was it a ‘school’ in the direct sense of the word. And this is fundamental. The participants themselves acted as the material, and the tools were conversations, seminars, performances, everyday experiments, actions, theoretical and artistic texts, etc. There was no division between teachers and students. No one was endowed with a sense of superiority, nor was there anyone who was constantly placed in a situation of inferiority and lack. Everyone was an accomplice to a collectively produced event.”[22]Ter-Oganyan parodied the very form of a school, exposing the contradictions of teaching contemporary art, where the creative impulse for the new, radicalism, and transgression is combined with the mechanisms of artistic institutionalization: influence, imitation, knowledge of the basics of individual success and career self-promotion. According to the art critic Julia Wolfson, “acting as a teacher, Ter-Oganyan remained primarily an artist of appropriation, building the entire educational process on direct repetitions of the creative methods of popular Western artists. So, the lesson on the work of Jasper Johns was built around the practice of drawing the American flag; in the lesson on Armand, students learned to flatten metal objects; in the lesson on Christo they practiced wrapping objects; on Malevich they learned to draw a black square; and in the lesson on performance they broke an alarm clock, hid in a chest, lay on two chairs or showed their naked ass.”[23]Paradoxically, these appropriations, the reproductions of famous works, and the educational performances for spatial contextualization and collective bodily action[24] became contemporary art and went down in history. Barricade on Bolshaya Nikitskaya Street, which became the largest action in the history of post-Soviet art, grew out of the study assignment “How to Build a Barricade,” which marked the 30th anniversary of May 68 in France. Ter-Oganyan and his students made the props, banners, leaflets, and all the material parts. Anatoly Osmolovsky’s Non-Governmental Control Commission organized the action, and individual activists from various political movements and numerous art activist groups took part, including DvURAK, zAiBi, OsvoCH, Kilgore Trout Pioneers,and a group of students from the Grenoble School of Fine Arts that happened to be in Moscow. On May 23, 1998, in the center of Moscow, demonstrators built a barricade of empty cardboard boxes, construction debris, paintings by contemporary artists, road barriers, and tape and held it for almost two hours, shouting situationist slogans appropriated from the French. The last educational task of Ter-Oganyan’s school was the notorious action Young Atheist, organized on December 4, 1998 at the Art Manege art fair in Moscow. Ter-Oganyan came up with a price list with three options for the “desecration” of icons: by School students, by the customer on the spot or at home according to instructions.[25] The icons were cheap reproductions bought at the Sofrino factory shop, which specialized in the production of church ware. Participation in Young Atheist became the first and last unfulfilled task of the School, as none of the students wished to take part and the reproductions had to be chopped with an ax by the teacher himself. The action ended in a scandal; a criminal case was opened against Ter-Oganyan on charges of inciting religious hatred and the artist was forced to leave Russia for 20 years.Part 2In St. Petersburg in the 1990s the situation with art education was different. Despite the exhibition and creative activity, until the mid-1990s the city remained, as Olesya Turkina put it, a “cultural suburb” of both the West and Moscow.[26] The first educational communities— the Free University, Yuri Sobolev’s school, Timur Novikov’s New Academy of Fine Arts—were far from Western institutional forms of art education, turning instead, whether seriously or parodically, to models from the past (Soviet, avant-garde or even pre-modern). They bore traces of the universalism inherent in the Soviet educational project, as if trying to revitalize the prestige of science still lingering in the public consciousness.[27] But these first institutions tried to combine the ethos of common life, education, self-development, and therapeutic practices,[28] what Michel Foucault called “self-care” or the art of existence of neo-Pythagorean communities and Epicurean circles.[29]The Free University,[30] founded in 1988 in Leningrad in the space of the Central Lecture Hall of the Znanie Society (42 Liteyny Prospekt),[31] consisted of creative workshops of painting (head Timur Novikov), theater (head Eric Goroshevsky), music (head Sergey Kuryokhin), film and video (heads Igor Aleynikov and Boris Yukhananov), literary criticism (head Olga Khrustaleva), and poetry (first head Dmitry Volchek, from 1989 Boris Ostanin). Poet and critic Aleksandr Skidan, who was then a student of the poetry workshop, recalled that the Free University “worked for free and based on principles of self-organization and was the culmination of the long history of Leningrad nonconformism, with its home seminars, samizdat magazines, apartment exhibitions, underground concerts and clubs, and relatively extensive social network.”[32] For another former student of the poetry section, poet and art theorist Dmitry Golynko, the Free University was important because of “the experience of a community, what Jean-Luc Nancy called a non-working community that produced idleness. The Free University produced knowledge as idleness, a communal form of leisure as an exchange of knowledge and experience. Importantly, it was not structured as a tusovka. But it was a painful experience, now it seems to be an experience of total precariousness, as something lost, unreproducible today.”[33] Within such an idle community, the idle body also produced a subject not yet infected with the neoliberal itch of productivity, existing as if in a gap between power and knowledge, a subject of counter-knowledge of the enlightenment utopia. Therefore, it is not surprising that as a fully functioning structure with a permanent platform for classes, the Free University existed for only two years until, in the wake of economic reforms, the Central Lecture Hall of the Znanie Society began to demand rent for the premises.Leonid Bazhanov and Nina Zaretskaya at the opening of the Center for Contemporary Art, Moscow, 1991. Garage Archive CollectionAfter that, the activity of individual departments and workshops either faded away or acquired institutional forms autonomous from the core of the Free University. The poetry workshop returned to the pre-perestroika format of the home seminar, from which it originally emerged. The last meetings after the fire in the St. Petersburg House of Writers were held in the Tolstoy House, in the room of one of the seminar participants. Having provided the impetus for a number of intellectuals to create individual biographies, the workshop remained poorly historicized, partly embodying its esoteric line in Dmitry Volchek’s Mitin Journal. The literary criticism workshop moved to the Lenfilm film studio, where the magazine Session appeared. Director and teacher Boris Yukhananov united the departments of theater, cinema, and video with the Moscow Free Academy in 1989. From them emerged the Workshop of Individual Directing and the group Teatr Teatr, where Yukhananov and many people from the new culture practiced an integral method of educating universal artists and personalities, syncretically combining painting and drawing, music and performance, cinema and video.[34]In late 1989, the Painting Department of the Free University was transformed by Timur Novikov into the New Academy of Fine Arts, beginning to "function as a new education [. . .] with a new aesthetic concept.”[35] The New Academy was based in several rooms in a squat at Pushkinskaya, 10. It went over the head of the Soviet academy, which, according to Novikov, had degraded into a salon, to a past unspoilt by modernism and conceptualism. Novikov compared the New Academy to the Bologna Academy, founded by the Carracci brothers in Bologna at the end of the 16th century, implying the same performative gesture of rejection of the dominant aesthetic trends (conceptualism and neo-expressionism), in the same way that the Carraccis rejected Mannerism, and also laying the foundation within the academy of a special nepotism and closeness of students and teachers. The artist and New Academy member Andrei Khlobystin, in his book about 1990s St. Petersburg, Schizorevolution, writes: “Novikov revived the long-withered institution of apprenticeship in Leningrad. He called it the transmission of "parampara," which in Sanskrit means something like ‘from one to another’.”[36] This closeness, coupled with the Hellenistic cult of the body, meant literally getting used to the dandy, acting out everyday rituals—from wearing tailcoats, top hats, corsets, canes, lorgnettes, and velvet dresses or coats from Konstantin Goncharov’s[37] company Strogii Yunosha to attending ballets, reading lyrics by candlelight, and listening to classical music. A special kind of post-Soviet conservative queer subject was produced as a result of these dandy practices, a mixture of Oscar Wilde and Charles Baudelaire. Although the New Academicians did not see themselves in terms of queer theory, practicing “transvestism” somewhat spontaneously and even, as Khlobystin writes, driven by fashion. Philologist and art historian Maria Engström suggests considering neo-academism through queer optics, meaning not a special experience of identity and homosexual sensitivity but the artistic language to which neo-academism was addressed: “The New Academy of Fine Arts, founded by Novikov in 1989 in the city of Pyotr, Ilyich, Tchaikovsky (Oleg Kotelnikov), became the first queer community that addressed camp and neoclassicism as the language of Western conservatism and postmodern figurative art. [. . .] The complexity of the perception of neo-academism lies in its fundamental ambivalence, in the almost sadomasochistic tandem of tradition and transgression.”[38]The Foucauldian conceptualization of ancient self-care techniques separated the latter from both sexualized and biopolitical understanding, insisting on self-care as a vital project of the interference of ethics and aesthetics. In this sense, the New Academy combined aesthetic, self-creating, and educational projects, where education is inseparable from the general ethos. Khlobystin writes: “The teachers of the New Academy, together with the students, created artworks, served each other as models, and made inventory and decorations from improvised materials. They led a joint life, shared meals, and supported each other financially: training at the New Academy was free, and no one received a salary. A plan to introduce corporal punishment for bad students did not find support, and the only one who was punished was [Vladislav] Mamyshev-Monroe, known for both his talents and debauchery.”[39] This episode of case of corporal punishment was staged and is allegorically documented in the film Poor Marks Again 2. Red Square or the Golden Section (1999), in which a professor of painting played by Timur Novikov whips the student Volodya, played by Mamyshev-Monroe, for drawing a “red square" in the classroom, thereby redirecting Vladimir toward the path to the ideals of beauty.In summing up St. Petersburg art of the 1990s, Dmitry Golynko notes: “the aesthetic project of neo-academism seems to me to be a total conceptualization of the classical canon of beauty transferred to the register of contemporary art and left-wing, almost punk ideology. Strange as it may sound, neo-academism is not an ideological opponent of conceptualism but a radicalized offshoot. Firstly, it is a rather scathing satire on the bourgeois institutions of academic knowledge. It seems to declare: where you have hyper-bureaucratization with a continuous writing of synopses, we have a free bohemian brotherhood. Secondly, it is a utopian and therefore especially tempting attempt to defend an independent community free from both the old party-Soviet and the new bourgeois-liberal conjunctures. When looking at the cultural history of the 1990s, it is clear that this heroic attempt was largely successful.”[40] However, looking back, we would rather note the historical doom and uniqueness of such syncretic institutions in their previous forms. Art education in the 2000s sought to differentiate the functions of education and training and was aimed at professionalizing the contemporary artist into a project manager filling out grant applications and meeting deadlines, and into a content provider regularly updating their CV and portfolio.Part 3Students of the New Academy of Fine Arts in Pop Mekhanika’s sadomasochistic drama I’m Looking into the Blue Lakes, St. Petersburg, 1994. Garage Archive CollectionIn 2003 the first issue of Moscow Art Magazine was published and it was entirely dedicated to art education. The issue opened with a round table called “Who to teach? What to teach? And whether to teach at all...,”[41] involving Vladimir Kupriyanov, Evgeny Barabanov, Viktor Misiano, and Evgeny Asse (we note the gender balance characteristic of the time). Asking the questions, “Do modern art schools meet the challenges of the time? Do modern methods of teaching art cope with the blurring of the boundaries of artistic practice, with the convulsive change of its technologies and forms?,” teachers and artists agreed to various degrees that the era of dilettantism was over. The figure of the amateur, the “talented autodidact” required “when it is necessary to revolutionize the situation” (Misiano) or when “the situation itself encouraged the invasion of amateurs” (Barabanov) had played a renewing role after the destruction of the conservative system of Soviet art. Today, the system pushes amateurs to the periphery, it’s time for systematic art education.[42]This watershed between the amateur artist and the in-demand artist with an education occurred in the same year that Russia joined the Bologna process. The introduction of the Bologna reform into the Russian educational system was aimed at accelerating Russia’s integration into the pan-European scientific and educational space, but immediately involved many problems due to the need to radically break down the previous—still Soviet—system in a short time, and transfer (sometimes mechanistically) American and European models without taking into account national specifics in the absence of technology for practical implementation.[43]In Russia, educational reform coincided with the general growth of the economy (mainly due to high prices for exporting hydrocarbons), which led to an active expansion of the service sector and the cultural industry. In the 2000s, the first “swallows” of the emerging creative industry and knowledge economy appeared in Moscow, and a little later in St. Petersburg and a number of large cities. In 2004, the ARTStrelka cultural center opened on the territory of the former Red October confectionery factory; in 2005, the Fabrika Center for Creative Industries opened at the October Technical Paper Factory at Baumanskaya; in 2007, the first creative cluster appeared at a former wine factory, now the Winzavod Center for Contemporary Art, which not only united many galleries in one space but also offered its own educational program, studios, and workshops.[44] Artists integrated into the expanded field of art production, in which professional education began to play an increasingly important role. Accordingly, the transition from anarchic, situational art pedagogy and ephemeral institutions of the 1990s to the systematization and professionalization of art education was quite predictable.In 1999 in St. Petersburg, the PRO ARTE Foundation was founded with the support of the Soors Foundation. From 1997 to 2002 it functioned as a lecture hall[45] and in 2000 the School for Young Artists (SYA)[46] opened, which was the first educational institution for contemporary art in the north capital. The SYA educational program offered two years of training (without a state diploma) and became a hub institution, a model of professional adaptation within the system of contemporary art for artists with a classical/modernist background and graduates and students of art universities.[47] Despite the fact that SYA did not grow into an autonomous institution and remained an addition to other PRO ARTE projects, it became an important story for the city, producing more than 120 artists over almost 20 years of its, albeit irregular, existence. These artists would later became prominent actors within Russian contemporary art. In 1999/2000 the educational program Arts and Humanities was launched at St. Petersburg State University. It would later became a separate faculty with the informal name Smolny Institute of Liberal Arts and Sciences. The institute was the first Russia to introduce the experimental model Artes Liberales, which proposed an individual approach to the formation of the curriculum, consisting of compulsory disciplines and interdisciplinary courses. Later, the Smolny Institute launched a master’s program for curators, critics, and artists. However, in the 1990s and 2000s in St. Petersburg there were no stable links between educational institutions of contemporary art and the creative industries. As Margarita Kuleva noted, St. Petersburg’s “contemporary art infrastructure was still in the process of formation, the agents of its development were mainly non-profit organizations and grassroots initiatives, and most of the financial resources and means of legitimization were at the disposal of institutions that developed in the pre-perestroika period.”[48] This, according to Kuleva, “significantly distinguished the St. Petersburg context from Moscow, where contemporary art was developing largely thanks to large investments from the private sector (Garage, Strelka Institute, ArtPlay, etc.).”[49]A typical example is the Rodchenko Art School, which opened in 2006 as part of the municipal Multimedia Complex of Contemporary Arts (formerly Moscow House of Photography, now Multimedia Art Museum, Moscow), which was perhaps the first school in Russia created in the style of the Western art academy.[50] In the article “School Art,” art critic Alexandra Novozhenova wrote that a school of this format appeared in order to "produce new content for exhibition institutions, whose spatial capabilities at some point began to exceed the available turnover of artistic content.”[51] The artist’s function must be transformed from that of a manufacturer of individual artifacts for galleries into a multimedia content provider producing large-scale videos, installations, and custom design projects for the growing Moscow art infrastructure and the creative industry of the new Moscow urbanism. The model of the subject, which is produced at school as a young artist, becomes, according to Novozhenova, a side effect of project logic and the delivery of new content. The growing demand for education in the field of creative industries can also be explained by the appearance in 2003 in Moscow of the British Higher School of Design, which used the business model of the British School of Creative Arts (in the areas of Art and Design) and the Faculty of Business of Hertfordshire Business School (in the areas of Marketing and Advertising); as well as the appearance in 2009 on the site of the cultural center ARTStrelka of the non-profit Strelka Institute of Media, Architecture, and Design, founded by entrepreneur and philanthropist Alexander Mamut.The educational models of the artist-bureaucrat and the artist-content provider that emerged in the 2000s were focused not so much on the closed morphology of the forms of the artwork as on an expanded international artistic field, and they required, along with the immanently artistic, increasing amounts of discursive and managerial skills. This will fully manifest itself in the form of epistemic interventions of contemporary art in all kinds of scientific discourses and educational practices. Knowledge is becoming more and more aestheticized and “executable,”[52] and education acquires the function of the "educational sublime.”[53] But art itself, borrowing its tools from knowledge, is transformed into "art as the production of knowledge" and "artistic research."[54] Artists become organizers of long-term research projects, take on administrative and discursive functions, receive academic degrees, conduct training courses in university departments or schools of supplementary education specially opened for this purpose[55].In the recent article “When Knowledge Becomes Form”[56] (published in the magazine Theater in the section “Performing Knowledge” edited by Marina Israilova,[57] which explores how knowledge is performed in contemporary art, theater, dance, various pedagogical techniques, institutions, and various forms of social life), I wrote about the new demand for alternative forms of production of artistic knowledge and (self)entities looking for a way out of the traps of academic and institutional logic. Today, such seemingly bygone forms of knowledge production as apartment seminars, scientific and educational and poetry circles, secret laboratories, feminist reading groups, and training courses in semi-public studios and squats are gaining new popularity. These diverse beginnings have a similar focus to the generation of the 1990s on dialogue and communication, bodily and affective knowledge, community building, self-education, reassembly of their own subjectivity, and the inseparability of the ethical, aesthetic, and political. But there are a number of fundamental differences. Turning to radical pedagogy and the production of counter-knowledge, new independent art educational initiatives abandon the model of the artist as a medium, an unrecognized genius or demiurge, seeing themselves as precarious workers immersed in the analysis of specific institutional and political and economic conditions of the existing art system. In St. Petersburg, with its long history of uncensored resistance mentioned above, there are many such initiatives: Street University, the Chto Delat School of Involved Art and Rosa’s House of Culture, Paideiya School, the inclusive project Latitude and Longitude, the parody institute n i i c h e g o n e d e l a t, Studia 4.41 (now called Eto zdes’), Philosophic Café, Estestvennaya tsirkulyatsia, Noise Research Institute, queer/fem Laboratory of Writing and Sound Sound Relief, Maaimanloppu Science Theater, etc. They are not limited to criticizing neoliberal art and educational institutions, but as an affirmative program they offer various alternatives—from the radically politically engaged to the parodic, from inclusive to speculative—combining pedagogy with art activist practices and social work and expanding access to knowledge and education among unprivileged groups of people.Metamedia Art education program, PRO ARTE Institute, St. Petersburg, 2005. Garage Archive CollectionIn connection with this new turn to the micropolitics of knowledge in art, I would like to mention another form of interaction between art and education that arose in the 1990s in St. Petersburg and is in demand today: the first St. Petersburg feminist organization “Cyber Femin Club.[58] Founded by Irina Aktuganova and Alla Mitrofanova in 1994 at Gallery 21 at Pushkinskaya 10, Cyber Femin Club largely outstripped the development of post-Soviet art and society. One of the first Russian examples of collaborative and participatory practices, the club was an artistic, art activist, educational, and social space, in which, in addition to exhibitions and conferences with a feminist agenda, practical DIY courses for women[59] and parties for subculture communities were held. People from different social groups met there—marginal communities, families of businessmen, people from neuropsychiatric clinics, children with autism spectrum disorder—and “staged theatrical productions or did craft activities under the guidance of a curator.”[60] The fact that Cyber Femin Club is included in the archives of large institutions calls not just for academic study but for active unarchiving. It is not surprising that a new generation of feminist activists, researchers, and artists are closely studying the experience of the first cyberfeminists for its emancipatory potential and transformative attitude toward art, technology, knowledge, and everyday life. Alexandra Shestakova noted in the article “Transform Knowledge” that the historicization of practices destabilizing the monopoly of normalized knowledge, creating "previously unimaginable generalities, rationality, and futurity" should begin with Cyber Femin Club, since it "created intermediate networks extending far beyond the existing boundaries of art.”[61] Cyberfeminist methodological and pedagogical attitudes towardsopenness to any—including non-artistic— experience, a bet on the network logic of the community, and the use of new media and technologies for liberation from gender, bodily, political, and epistemological subordination are being reactualized today in projects such as the Cyberfeminism telegram channel,[62] under the auspices of which, in 2020, the symposium Post-Cyberfeminism was held at Rosa’s House of Culture (St. Petersburg), as was an exhibition of post-cyberfeminist art which referred directly to Cyber Femin Club. [1] Olesya Turkina, Iskusstvo Leningrada/Sankt-Peterburga 1980–1990-kh godov, candidate’s diss., (St. Petersburg: State Russian Museum,1999). [2] Ibid.,6.[3] Ibid., 7–8.[4] Viktor Misiano, “Kulturnye protivorechiia tusovki,” Moscow Art Magazine, http://moscowartmagazine.com/issue/76/article/1658[5] At the same time there were tangible differences between the St. Petersburg situation and that in Moscow: a lack of a market for contemporary art and Western art programs, strong modernist traditions, and an attitude of selflessness and decadence. Instead of the figure of a party-goer as a body reproducing a ritual of meetings in anticipation of a potential conversion of symbolic capital, the St. Petersburg communities of the 1990s produced a dandy body or a cynical body, where life itself became a work, and the subject simultaneously self-created and self-destructed on the transgressive front of free love, raves, drugs, and cross-dressing.[6] In Nicolas Bourriaud’s relational aesthetics the place of the art object is occupied by the relations between people themselves and the surrounding social context: “So, meetings, dates, demonstrations, various types of cooperation between people, games, holidays, places of cohabitation—in short, a set of methods of meeting and constituting relations today are aesthetic objects, amenable to self-valuable development.” Nicolas Bourriaud, Relational Aesthetics. Post-Production, (Мoscow: Ad Marginem Press, 2016), 12.[7] Peter Weibel, “Contextual Art: Toward the Social Construction of Art,” Theory and Practice, http://special.theoryandpractice.ru/peter-weibel[8] Bureaucratic languages and bureaucracy as a form of production and documentation of art were handled differently by Yuri Albert, Ilya Kabakov, Dmitry Prigov, the group Collective Actions and Andrei Monsatyrsky, Vitaly Komar and Alexander Melamid, and others. See Moskovskii kontseptualizm. Nachalo (Nizhny Novgorod: Volga Branch of the National Center for Contemporary Arts, 2014).[9] “The principles of the ‘heavenly hierarchy’ were most clearly manifested in the 1990s in the New Academy of Fine Arts founded by Timur Novikov with the appointment of professors of the New Academy (Andrei Medvedev, Denis Egelsky, Georgy Guryanov, Egor Ostrov, Stanislav Makarov, Oleg Maslov, Viktor Kuznetsov, Olga Tobreluts, Joulia Strauss, and others), the Scientific Secretary of the New Academy (Andrei Khlobystin), the Director of the New Academy Museum (Viktor Kuznetsov), and the annual awarding of honorary diplomas. Deprived of the burden of real (= political, economic) power, St. Petersburg seemed to lose bureaucratic mechanisms in cultural life. Symbolic values did not compensate the city for the loss of its capital status in the twentieth century. However, in the era of decentralization and total aestheticization, these values are in demand in gaining the identity that a person is losing.” Olesya Turkina, “Neofitsial’naia li stolitsa Sankt-Peterburg?,” Gif.ru, http://www.gif.ru/texts/txt-turkina-neo-li[10] Viktor Mazin and Olesya Turkina, “Lov pereletnykh oznachaiuschikh v institute sovremennogo iskusstva,” Moscow Art Magazine, http://moscowartmagazine.com/issue/76/article/1656[11] See the information about the Contemporary Art Center on the website of the Russian Art Archive Network: https://russianartarchive.net/ru/catalogue/organization/OHYV[12] Several years after leaving CAC at Yakimanka, Leonid Bazhanov initiated the creation of the National Center for Contemporary Arts, which launched in August 1994 and by the end of the 1990s had become a network organization with branches in St. Petersburg (1995), Kaliningrad (1997), Nizhny Novgorod (1997), and Yekaterinburg (1999). Among the main activities of the NCCA were education and research in the field of contemporary art (lectures, seminars, masterclasses).[13] In 1993 Viktor Misiano, in parallel with the Workshop of Visual Anthropology, ran a curatorial school, devised, according to him, “to finally codify and legitimize the curator as a profession. This was bold and provocative, since the term still jarred with many due to its associations with KGB curators” (from Roman Osminkin’s conversation with Victor Misiano, November 2020). But from the perspective of 2017, this first experience of curatorial education is seen by Misiano as an exception: “The funds and enthusiasm of the organization were enough for only two iterations. And as the authors of the course noted, graduates at that time ‘had, in fact, nowhere to work.’ After which there was a long pause.” Victor Misiano, “Institutsiia kuratorstva v Rossii. Zametki na poliakh edva li slozhivsheisia professii,” Moscow Art Magazine, http://moscowartmagazine.com/issue/55/article/1116[14] The Soros Center for Contemporary Art in Moscow was founded in fall 1992. It was part of the Soros network of contemporary art centers operating in Central and Eastern Europe. Educational projects were an important part of its activities. The Moscow Center was headed by art historians Irina Alpatova and Vladimir Levashov. See the information about the Soros Center for Contemporary Art on the website of the Russian Art Archive Network: https://russianartarchive.net/ru/catalogue/organization/OHHQ[15] Among the teachers who conducted practical classes, lectures, and seminars were “well-known Western authorities in the field of the art of new technologies—Ange Leccia, Louis Becke (France), Lev Manovich (USA), Kluszczynski Ryszard (Poland), Kathy Rae Huffman (Canada), Maia Giacobbe Borelli (Italy), as well as our compatriots—the artists Sergei Shutov and Nicola Ovchinnikov, Nina Zaretskaya (TV Gallery), Tatyana Didenko (Tishina #9), and others. Among the topics proposed for discussion were ‘Cinema and electronic technologies,’ ‘Video,’ ‘Computer technology and multimedia,’ ‘Virtual reality,’ ‘Sound,’ ‘Light,’ ‘Space,’ ‘The problem of production, interpretation ,and distribution’.” Mikhail Bode, “Otkrytie laboratorii novykh media. Novye tehnologii iskusstva gotoviatsia k svoemu rastsvetu,” Kommersant, https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/71269[16] Timeline: “IPSI. Kratkaia istoriia problem sovremennogo iskusstva,” Look at Me, http://www.lookatme.ru/mag/live/industry-research/193399-ipsi-timeline.[17] A substantial report on the activities of Art Projects Foundation. November 2000–August 2001. Garage Archive Collection[18] See, for example, the list of participants of the exhibition of the first cohort of ICA students, The Last Generation: https://russianartarchive.net/ru/catalogue/event/ENKZ[19] See the information about the Free Workshops School on the website of Moscow Museum of Modern Art: http://www.mmoma.ru/school/about[20] Participants: Ilya Budraitskis, Pyotr Bystrov, Aleksandra Galkina, Anton Karakulov, Maksim Karakulov, Mikhail Mistetsky, David Ter-Oganyan, Valery Chtak, and others.[21] “But we started calling ourselves that (artists) only after shooting the video Get Out of Art! (February 1998), during which we learned to integrate into the art environment. As you know, for this you need to be able to overthrow established authorities, thereby clearing your way and declaring yourself. […] In the process of “insulting prominent representatives” of the Moscow art environment, the conceptual snobbery of Yuri Albert, the abstract romanticism of Yuri Zlotnikov, and the quasi-animosity of Oleg Kulik were paradoxically revealed. And for this, numerous lectures and historical reviews were not needed. The problems of contemporary artistic creativity were more fundamental and arose from direct conflicts during communication. The old strategy of the avant-garde opposition to the established artistic system gave an unexpected result. They paid attention to us, and we really began to integrate into the Moscow art environment.” Maksim Karakulov, “Shkola sovremennogo iskusstva protiv vsekh. Popytka reprezentatsii,” Moscow Art Magazine, http://moscowartmagazine.com/issue/80/article/1748[22] Ibid.[23] Julia Wolfson, “Avdei Ter-Oganyan: dvoinoe zaimstvovanie,” https://j-volfson.livejournal.com/34764.html[24] Radek Group, which emerged from the depths of Ter-Oganyan's school, continued the form of collective bodily action and the exploration of the boundaries of collectivity and bodily solidarity. In one of their actions, Hunger Strike Without Making Demands, which ran over four days in June 2003, the artists explored the feeling of hunger as such, which could only be comprehended by being hungry. The artists did not just bring an existential question about the limits of their existence into the field of art but gained bodily knowledge about hunger in isolation from the stable political pragmatics attached to the hunger strike as a form of protest. See “Interview with Radek Group” on the website of the Russian Art Archive Network (https://russianartarchive.net/ru/catalogue/document/V1571) and A. Penzin, “Psikhoanaliz form protesta,” Moscow Art Magazine, http://xz.gif.ru/numbers/53/formy-protesta[25] Vesna Cvetkovic, “Proba topora ili agoniia ‘avtoritetov’,” Zavtra, https://zavtra.ru/blogs/1999-04-2081[26] “In Leningrad/St. Petersburg, despite the fact that, at first glance, the so-called art market has not yet developed (there was no network of galleries or extensive information base), there are active museums (mainly the State Russian Museum, the initiative of which for the development of contemporary art has been taken up by the State Hermitage Museum in recent years, and by the State Museum of the History of St. Petersburg, the Russian Ethnographic Museum, and the Manege Central Exhibition Hall, where exhibitions of contemporary art are regularly organized), non-profit galleries and centers (for example, the Cultural Center Pushkinskaya 10), curators, and artists. However, until the mid-1990s Leningrad/St. Petersburg remained a ‘cultural suburb’ for both external (Western) and internal (Moscow) critics. One of the reasons lies not only in the faster ‘colonization’ of the Moscow art market but also in the essential difference between Moscow and St. Petersburg contemporary art, which was aptly defined by Viktor Tupitsyn as "the aesthetics of transparency (Moscow visual paradigm) in contrast to the aesthetics of the blind spot (in the case of St. Petersburg).” Olesya Turkina, Iskusstvo Leningrada/Sankt-Peterburga 1980–1990-kh godov, 17.[27] Here it is also worth noting the largely selfless educational activities of such figures as Ivan Chechot, Ekaterina Andreeva, Alla Mitrofanova, Arkady Dragomoshchenko, Viktor Mazin, Olesya Turkina, Vasily Kondratiev, and others in organizing and conducting the first lectures and courses (which had a great influence on young artists), thanks to which the gaps accumulated during the Soviet period in the history and theory of contemporary art were largely filled. Ivan Chechot lectured at the Russian Institute of Art History and the lecture hall of the Russian Museum in the 1990s, and Ekaterina Andreeva introduced the first courses on contemporary art in the field of official education. Andreeva recalls: “In 1999, Ivan Dmitrievich Chechot invited me to present a course at the new European University (where I ran a series of lectures on nonconformism), and in 2000 he managed to introduce his brainchild, Smolny [Smolny Faculty of Liberal Sciences], to St. Petersburg State University and invited me to lecture there. In the building on Vasilievsky I gave two courses, ‘Contemporary Art as a Problem’ and one on Russian nonconformism of the 1940s–1980s. Someone gave the former course based on my program for a number of years afterwards” (from personal correspondence between Roman Osminkin and Ekaterina Andreeva, May 2020).[28] Among these organizations, the school of Yuri Sobolev and Mikhail Khusid in Tsarskoe Selo stands apart. It was a place where friendship, cooperation, and apprenticeship were closely intertwined yet was grounded on the figure of a Teacher who literally cared about his students not only as artists but also as individuals, and also actively used psychotechnical techniques and training. For more details, see: Elizaveta Morozova, “O shkole Soboleva i zavarke,” Moscow Art Magazine, http://moscowartmagazine.com/issue/58/article/1179.[29] Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, volume III: Care for the Self (Kiev: Dukh i litera; Grunt; Мoscow: Refl-buk, 1998), 52–63.[30] O.N. Ansberg and A.D. Margolis (eds.), Obschestvennaia zhizn Leningrada v gody perestroiki. 1985–1991 (St. Petersburg: Serebryannyi vek, 2009), 136.[31] “The Leningrad section of the Znanie (Knowledge) Society was the largest in the USSR. In various years it had between 20,000 to 48,000 members. From the 1960s through the 1980s, hundreds of thousands of lectures were delivered to the people of the region. Almost every resident of Leningrad attended lectures at the Central Lecture Hall, the Hermitage, the Russian Museum, the Leningrad Philharmonic, and the Planetarium on more than one occasion. At this time, more than 1,000 people's universities were in operation and a system of legal and economic universal education was developed. Leningrad lecturers gave lecture series all over the country, from Sakhalin to Kaliningrad” (https://znanie.spb.ru/history).[32] An evening at ABCenter, dedicated to the Free University (St. Petersburg; 1988–1991), January 19, 2018, https://youtu.be/CMKdLS4qQXw[33] Ibid.[34] See A Pavlenko, “Masterskaia individualnoi rezhissury “MIR”, https://borisyukhananov.ru/worlds/?id=1&fbclid=IwAR35wc4Ifm_FO5N4_ImSELWyAu6JSmztEumfpOXBFVqrFkb6hQ1jsEkYUL8[35] Timur Novikov, “Peterburgskoe iskusstvo1990-kh godov,” Lectures (St. Petersburg: Gallery D137; New Academy of Fine Arts, 2003), 36–37.[36] Andrei Khlobystin, Shizorevoliutsiia. Ocherki peterburgskoi kul’tury vtoroi poloviny XX veka (St. Petersburg: Borei Art, 2017), 141.[37] Maria Udovydchenko, Konstantin Goncharov i Galereia mody ‘Strogii Iunosha’,” Russian Art Archive Network, https://russianartarchive.net/ru/research/konstantin-goncharov-and-the-strict-young-man-fashion-gallery[38] Maria Engström, “Metamodernizm i postsovetskii konservativnyi avangard: Novaia akademiia Timura Novikova,” Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 3, 2018, 264. [39] Andrei Khlobystin, Shizorevoliutsiia, 164–165.[40] Dmitry Golynko-Volfson, “Strategiia i politika vsego novogo. Kak segodnya pisat’ kontseptual’nuiu biografiiu Timura Novikova i peterburgskogo iskusstva 90-kh,” Moscow Art Magazine, http://xz.gif.ru/numbers/70/golynko-timur[41] Vladimir Kupriyanov, Evgeny Barabanov, Victor Misiano, and Evgeny Asse, “Who to teach? What to teach? And whether to teach at all... Round table,” Moscow Art Magazine, http://moscowartmagazine.com/issue/58/article/1172.[42] Ibid.[43] R.V. Kupriyanov, A.A. Vilensky, N.E. Kupriyanova, “The Bologna process in Russia: specifics and difficulties of implementation,” Bulletin of the Kazan Institute of Technology, 20, 2014, 412.[44] “The largest one in Moscow today is ARTPLAY Design Center. A number of educational institutions are located there, including the British Higher School of Design, the Moscow School of Cinema, and Moscow Architecture School." A.I. Gretchenko, N.A. Kaverina, and A.A. Gretchenko “Sovremennoe razvitie kreativnykh industrii v Rossii (opyt stolitsy I regionov),” Vestnik SGSEU, 1, 2019, 58–65.[45] Digitized video recordings of lectures by Ivan Chechot, Olesya Turkina, Arkady Ippolitov, Alexander Borovsky, Ekaterina Degot, Viktor Mazin, Gleb Ershov, and other art critics who lectured at PRO ARTE from 1997 through 2002 are available online: https://vimeo.com/showcase/6929039.[46] School for Young Artists, https://proarte.ru/projects/art.[47] “Analysis of secondary data from the PRO ARTE alumni database over the past 6 years has shown that the school is primarily focused on working with artists who have received a modernist/classical education: out of 100 graduates of the last 6 years, more than 4/5 graduated from classical art universities, more than half of graduates previously studied at the Stieglitz Academy.” M.I. Kuleva, “Sovremennoe iskusstvo kak professsiia: kar’ernye puti molodykh khdozhnikov s raznym obrazovatel’nym bekgraundom (sluchai Sankt-Peterburga,” Zhurnal sotsiologii i sotsial’noi antropologii, 1, XIX, 121.[48] Ibid., 115.[49] Ibid.[50] We note that the educational models of conventional Western art academies vary from Scandinavian state socialism to American neoliberalism. Most Scandinavian art academies, unlike the classically neoliberal American ones, do not so much produce individual artists for the art market as model ideal “project managers of the future," artist-bureaucrats, team researchers, and communicative designers embedded in the system of state institutions and the social sphere. See more on this trend: Ane Hjort Gutt, “The End of Art Education as We Know It,” https://kunstkritikk.com/the-end-of-art-education-as-we-know-it[51] Alexandra Novozhenova, “Shkolnoe iskusstvo,” Colta.ru, https://www.colta.ru/articles/art/2020-shkolnoe-iskusstvo.[52] “Over the past few years, discourse has also dominated artistic practices: a masterclass is followed by a symposium, followed by a round table, followed by a conference, then something called a ‘workshop’ or parody training, lectures and their cycles, literary and poetic evenings, Marxist circles, reading groups, film screenings with discussions, forums, performances, excursions, and others.” Egor Sofronov, “Ispolnyat’ znanie,” Almanac MediaUdar II (Мoscow: MediaUdar, 2016), 152.[53] “Surprisingly, this tandem of contemporary art and theory aestheticizes the latter, giving the theory a dimension of artistic attractiveness. Yet contemporary art is considered a special field where critical theory is instrumentalized. It plays the role of a necessary competence for artists and critics. If critical theory is needed to understand and, importantly, work in the field of contemporary art, then it is tempting to reduce the latter to servicing the autonomy of the institute of art. I call this process ‘the educational sublime.’ It is a situation in which a lecture, reading group or seminar is endowed with aesthetic qualities and judged based on taste, while remaining separate from the everyday life of students. There is something like a performance of knowledge, where the student becomes a passive consumer of the aesthetics of theory.” Boris Klyushnikov, “Kommentarii k perevodu lektsii Alena Bad’iu ‘Sub”ekt iskusstva’,” Termit. Bulletin of Art Criticism, https://labs.winzavod.ru/bulletin-criticism[54] “In the last decade, discussions on the topic of artistic research and art as knowledge production have filled both art criticism periodicals and academic art history literature. Since the beginning of the noughties, countless symposiums, conferences, exhibitions, and seminars have been held on this issue. There are not only individual grant programs that finance ‘artistic research’ projects but also entire institutes, art residencies, periodicals, and other institutional entities that programmatically position themselves as centers for artistic research’.” Liudmila Voropai, “‘Khudozhestvennoe issledovanie’ kak symptom: o meste khudozhnika v ‘kognitivnom kapitalizme,” Moscow Art Magazine, http://moscowartmagazine.com/issue/6/article/55[55]The downside of this process is the increase in bureaucratization, including in the field of art education. As Mark Fisher convincingly showed in one of the chapters of his book Capitalist Realism, over the past 30 years, the education sector, contrary to the promises of neoliberalism, has not just acquired a flexible and decentralized "business ontology" but has become even more bureaucratized into a system of constant audits, monitoring, performance indicators, reports ,and self-promotion. See: Mark Fisher, Capitalist Realism (Мoscow: Ultracultura 2.0, 2010), 73.[56] Roman Osminkin, “Kogda znanie stanovitsia formoi,” Teatr, 44, 2020, 161.[57] Levaia ideia: vzgliad iznutri. Blok Mariny Israilovoi, Teatr, 44, 2020, 144.[58] “The first international feminist conferences and round tables, thematic exhibitions, performances and concerts, media projects and educational initiatives took place as part of Cyber Femin Club. The club worked at the intersection of artistic and social practices and was one of the first to implement participatory projects and work with various communities.” Russian Art Archive Network, https://russianartarchive.net/ru/catalogue/organization/OQFN[59] Maria Udovydchenko, “Kurs practicheskoi nezavisimosti dlia zhenschin ‘Sdelay sama,” Russian Art Archive Network, https://russianartarchive.net/ru/research/ciberfemin[60] P. Ageeva, “Kak v Peterburge v 90-е poiavilsia “Kiber-Femin-Klub” i chem zanimalis’ kiberfeministki,” Luna Info, https://luna-info.ru/discourse/kiberfeminizm[61] Alexandra Shestakova, “Transformirovat’ znanie,” Moscow Art Magazine, http://moscowartmagazine.com/issue/78/article/1698[62] See the Cyberfeminism Telegram сhannel – https://t.me/cyberfeminism…

Osminkin Roman | 2 ноября 2021

The First Conference of the Russian Art Archive Network

On October 5 the Russian Art Archive Network conference will take place at the Boris Yeltsin Presidential Center in Yekaterinburg. Participants include representatives of the institutions taking part in the RAAN project as well as independent researchers and staff of museums and contemporary art centers from Yekaterinburg, Kazan, Nizhny Tagil, Perm, St. Petersburg, Sochi, and other Russian cities. Participants will share their thoughts on the project and discuss archives that reflect local histories of art in various Russian cities. They will also explore questions relating to art historical research in Russia’s regions, the specificity of working with local artistic communities, and new ideas and methods for working with big data in archiving and museums.The co-organizer of the conference is the Boris Yeltsin Presidential Center, which includes an art gallery that has been gathering a contemporary art archive related to Yekaterinburg. It comprises documentation of art events from the early 1990s to the present. Digitized materials will be accessible online on the RAAN platform and many of the originals will be available in the archive of the Boris Yeltsin Presidential Center. From September 28 to November 7, the Center will show the exhibition Let’s Make a Boat and the Water Will Come. It will feature part of the archive about the artists’ collective Atomic Province. The partnership between the Russian Art Archive Network and the Yeltsin Center is an important stage in making visible various institutional archives of contemporary art.The conference will be in Russian without translation.…

1 октября 2021

Legalize niches. The Leonid Talochkin Collection of Nonconformist Art as Soviet cultural heritage

Art historian Sandra Frimmel explores Leonid Talochkin’s (1936–2002) collection of unofficial Soviet art, which was listed as national cultural heritage in 1976. The article is based on Frimmel’s research at Garage Museum of Contemporary Art as part of the Archive Summer program (2017) and is published here for the first time.The Leonid Talochkin Collection of Nonconformist Art was registered as a "cultural monument of all-union significance" in 1976. In the middle of the Stagnation period under Leonid Brezhnev, the state thus accepted a double impossibility: on the one hand, the Talochkin Collection should not have existed at all, because private (art) ownership in the Soviet Union had been banned, with collections seized, and nationalized in 1918, immediately after the October Revolution; on the other hand, the unofficial art that had emerged during the Thaw had no right to exist in the eyes of the state. Yet the 1970s were also a time of negotiating and gradual opening of cultural spaces. To gain insight into this extraordinary episode in Soviet art and cultural history, the following article will focus on the question of how state recognition of the Talochkin Collection came about, in what cultural and political circumstances it took place, and what consequences it had for the collector and his holdings.How the Talochkin Collection was registeredIn 1976, the wooden house in the central Tverskoy district where Talochkin lived was due to be demolished and the collector, with all the works of art he had gathered since 1962, was to be relocated into two tiny rooms in a communal apartment on the outskirts of the city. The collection, which at that time already consisted of around 500 works, including Oskar Rabin's Optimistic Landscape, Lev Kropivnitsky's Blue Way, Youri Jarkikh's Birth–Death, and Evgeny Rukhin's The Danish Flag [1], could not have accommodated there, which put its existence in danger. To escape the threat of relocation and to request suitable premises for himself and his collection, Talochkin, on the advice of artist friends, including Dmitry Plavinsky, turned to Aleksandr Khalturin, then head of the Department of Fine Arts and Monument Protection at the Ministry of Culture. After Talochkin appeared in Khalturin's office unannounced, an almost fantastic story happened. The collector recounted it in various post-perestroika interviews: "Khalturin gets up from his chair and says: 'Leonid Prokhorovich, if I'm not mistaken?' I was amazed. I had a folder containing a letter and pictures of my collection. 'So, what do you have there?' I forgot everything I needed to say and held out the pictures. He looked at them, they were all unsigned, so he knew the artists. 'Well, well, Vasily Sitnikov, Nemukhin, Plavinsky, Weisberg! And you know, we have a proposal for you.' My eyes opened wide. 'Let's register your collection as a cultural monument. We're just about to release a law on cultural monuments protection, and it would be awesome to list your collection that way. After all, we are always being accused of persecuting artists.' Of course, I was lucky: it was time for an apology after the Bulldozer Exhibition. [...] A mere ten days later, the collection was registered. After a couple of days, they called: 'Tell Talochkin that he's been offered a two-room apartment'.”[2] It was in this apartment on Novoslobodskaya Street, very close to Talochkin's old home, that the collection was housed—or rather piled up, as it grew over the years to 1,939 items—until it was partially relocated to the Museum Center of the Russian State University for the Humanities (RGGU) in 2000.“Headquarters” of the exhibition in the Beekeeping Pavilion, “set up” in Dmitry Plavinsky’s studio on Sadovaya-Kudrinskaya Street, Moscow, 1975. Photo: Igor Palmin. Garage Archive Collection New spaces for nonconformist artThe Bulldozer Exhibition that Talochkin mentioned in his interview was an exhibition of nonconformist art organized in 1974 by Rabin and collector Alexander Glezer in an open field in Belyayevo. It was thwarted by KGB forces using water cannons and bulldozers [3]. Like the open-air exhibition in Izmailovsky Park that followed a few weeks later and the exhibition in the Beekeeping Pavilion at VDNKh in 1975, the Bulldozer Exhibition was emblematic of how artists ignored by the official art establishment sought to break out of private gatherings and apartment exhibitions into public spaces. Those efforts achieved limited success in 1976, when the Painting Section within the Moscow City Committee of Graphic Artists was founded and an associated exhibition hall on Bolshaya Gruzinskaya Street opened. The section and the hall granted the unofficial art scene public visibility for the first time since the Manège Affair of 1962—Nikita Khrushchev's angry rant at the jubilee exhibition celebrating the thirtieth anniversary of the Moscow Union of Artists,[4] which had led to a division (by no means impermeable) of the art scene into official/state-sponsored and unofficial/non-state-sponsored “sides.” Talochkin, who did not limit himself to collecting but also extensively documented the unofficial scene, photographed, archived, organized exhibitions, and also published texts in samizdat, viewed these processes with mixed feelings: "[A]part from revenge and reprisals for the defeat, the bosses started to think of how to organize and control the artists who had emerged from nowhere and had declared their existence so potently. Since the Union of Artists had shed all responsibility for them, saying that it did not want to know anything about them, the authorities turned to the City Illustrators’ and Draftsmen’s Union, which could be forced to cooperate, especially since some of the artists involved in the September battles were already members of this organization, being part-time book illustrators, and, most importantly, had a trade union roof over their heads, protecting them from charges of parasitism."[5] The state’s concession in the case of both the creation of the Painting Section and the registration of the Talochkin Collection was not simply a response to wide international disapproval accusing the Soviet Union of human rights violations as a result of its actions against the Bulldozer Exhibition. The USSR had signed the CSCE Helsinki Final Act in 1975, which stipulated, among other things, respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. Accordingly, the creation of an official exhibition space for nonconformist artists, or the concomitant “officialization” of what had previously been unofficial, also enabled the state authorities to strengthen control on their part.Collecting in the Soviet UnionGeorge Costakis and Leonid Talochkin, Moscow, mid-1970s. Photo: Igor Palmin. Garage Archive CollectionAccording to Talochkin, Khalturin explained his almost unbelievable move by saying that after the radical action of the KGB against the Bulldozer Exhibition, the Ministry of Culture had to prove internationally "that it didn’t mind such art."[6] However, against the backdrop of the Soviet state's treatment of private collections, this explanation, which at first glance seems quite plausible, falls short. After all, hundreds of private collections—whether of fine art, icons, porcelain, etc.—had been confiscated and expropriated in 1918. But there was still a loophole. A few art collections and valuable individual objects remained in private hands, with a state-registered Protection Certificate being granted to the collectors. Such rare Protection Certificates had been issued mainly to those aristocratic-bourgeois collectors who were engaged in Soviet cultural policy and cooperated with the Bolsheviks.[7] At a time when collecting was forbidden by decree, Protection Certificates guaranteed the continued existence of the collection and prevented its confiscation by the state. They also facilitated state access to the collections, because anyone who was "registered was identified as the owner of a collection,"[8] as Waltraud Bayer writes in her comprehensive treatise on private art collectors in the Soviet Union. In this way, despite the legally precarious situation, some private collections continued to exist after the October Revolution, as long as their owners displayed good political behavior and kept silent.However, according to Bayer, during Khrushchev’s Thaw and the early Brezhnev period, which also marks the start of the Talochkin Collection, there was a "strikingly close and diverse cooperation between the collectors’ community and the state cultural bureaucracy, which manifested itself, among other things, in museum foundations, donations, jointly organized exhibitions, in publications, and in increased museum purchases from private holdings."[9] Thus, some private collections of icons and also paintings became publicly accessible through donations, foundations, publications, and exhibitions, and some private art collections even received their own museums, e. g. the Felix Vishnevsky collection, which served as a basis for the Museum of V.A. Tropinin and Moscow artists of his time, established in 1971 in Moscow. Official cultural policy, as Bayer writes, used this turn toward excluded art primarily for the purposes of foreign policy and tourism. The liberalization of the Thaw and the attempt to consolidate foreign relations allowed and even demanded a reassessment of previously discredited art (avant-garde as well as nonconformist), which had survived only in private collections and had found its niche there.[10] That is when the state, both openly and indirectly, signaled its willingness to cooperate. The Talochkin Collection probably also benefited from this sometimes rather half-hearted reassessment, which included in the official canon art that had long been marginalized.Talochkin also speculated that the economic problems of the Stagnation, in addition to the ostensible attempts at legalization and integration, were the catalyst for considering disfavored nonconformist art as a foreign currency earner: "Apparently, they wanted to make something useful out of our artists; to trade it to some Hammer for rusty locomotives. To achieve this, they had to promote the artists accordingly. Andropov's 1971 decree on the 'possibilities and conditions of sales of modernist artworks to foreign customers' also speaks to this."[11] This decree deals with stopping the purchase of "formalist" artworks by Western "bourgeois propaganda agencies." Andropov ordered colleagues "to explore the possibilities and conditions of sales of modernist artworks produced by some creative professionals in our country to foreign consumers. Such a measure would help to close illegal transaction channels between our citizens and foreign buyers and to establish greater control over artworks export abroad. The West’s speculations about 'persecuted artists in the USSR' would lose their footing, at least to some extent."[12] Against the backdrop of this directive, which helped shape the cultural policy of the 1970s and even led to the Soviet government's partial funding of a nonconformist art exhibition at New York's Metropolitan Museum in 1977,[13] the conciliatory attitude toward nonconformist art may have been aimed less at integrating art and its artists into society than at addressing the financial situation in the face of declining economic growth.New control mechanismsAccording to Talochkin's memoirs, the new Law on Protection and Use of Historical and Cultural Monuments that Khalturin mentioned seems to have played an equally significant role in the state's recognition of the Talochkin Collection as polishing up the image of the Soviet Union in matters of artistic freedom and obtaining foreign currency. Khalturin had been instrumental in the drafting of the law since the mid-1970s, and since 1987 he had been involved in the creation of the Unified System of Record and Storage of Historical and Cultural Monuments[14] for the entire Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc countries. Both the law and the database dealt explicitly with privately owned cultural monuments. In 1978, in a speech to the Ministers of Culture of the Socialist Countries, Khalturin mentioned the listing of "monuments privately owned by citizens, i.e. in private collections"[15] as an important stage in the development of the database. What had begun on an institutional level with the establishment of the Painting Section in the City Committee seems to have continued here in legislation, namely the ostensible legalization and thus also increased monitoring of the unofficial and private art and collector scene. Collections such as Talochkin’s were legally registered under the Law on Protection and Use of Historical and Cultural Monuments of 1978 (the first version dates from 1976), which aimed to provide "the most complete identification of monuments and assistance in their preservation."16 Special attention was paid to privately owned cultural monuments. The State Control and Advisory Committee of the Department of Fine Arts and Cultural Monuments under the USSR Ministry of Culture, which specialized in the acquisition by museums of artworks held for personal use by citizens (State Advisory Committee-II),[16] was established in 1976, prior to the adoption of the new law. This commission "aimed to contribute to the replenishment of art museums’ collections with valuable works of native and foreign classics, Soviet and foreign modern and progressive fine and applied art"[17] and aimed to purchase private collections for state museums.After registration certain obligations arose both for the collectors (Talochkin, in this case) and for the monument protection authority. Khalturin told Talochkin at the time, "You will need to let us know of any movements in your collection. If you intend to sell an artwork, we will exercise our right of first refusal. But if we can't agree on a price, you can sell it to whoever you want. If you know who you are selling it to, advise us of the buyer. If you plan to exhibit an artwork, then you also need to let us know. For our part, we can help with restoration, with the premises."[18] At first, these conditions seemed to benefit both sides. However, according to Article 29 of the Law on Protection of Historical and Cultural Monuments, collections whose private owners did not comply with the rules for the “protection, use, accounting, and restoration of monuments” could be confiscated. This was especially true if the owner used the collection "for the extraction of unearned income." Such "small print" could have easily led to the nationalization of the collection under any pretext. But in the case of the Talochkin Collection, it was a paradox that the nonconformist art the state disapprove of was suddenly officially acknowledged as a cultural monument bearing artistic and cultural value. The formerly ostracized works now constituted, as it was formulated in the law, "an integral part of the world's cultural heritage"[19] and "testified to the enormous contribution of the peoples of our country to the development of world civilization," although just a few years earlier nonconformist artists had been "stopped on the street by KGB officials and threatened with court cases, physically attacked, beaten up in the course of interrogations, harassed by anonymous callers, urged to denounce their colleagues, accused of fictitious crimes, and briefly arrested,"[20] as Bayer elaborates. A similar, albeit far greater, valorization of suppressed art and its inscription in the art historical canon, in this case the avant-garde, occurred a year later in 1977 with the state acceptance of the Costakis Collection donation, which Khalturin also facilitated to a significant extent.[21]Ultimately, at least on paper, the Law on Protection and Use of Historical and Cultural Monuments seems to have created a measured give-and-take situation between state authorities and private collectors. As Talochkin recalled: "The report they demanded was a formality. If I said that the work had gone and I didn’t know the buyer because he hadn’t given his name, that was kind of enough."[22]Canon, control and criminalizationVisiting Leonid Talochkin, Moscow, 1986. Photo: George Kiesewalter. Garage Archive CollectionAs a result of Andropov's order, the establishment of the State Control Committee, and the new law, the situation for private collections, especially of unofficial art, changed in the 1970s and became more advantageous. However, Leonid Talochkin's collection seems to have been one of the few collections of nonconformist art that were registered by the state in the 1970s, and it certainly benefited from this registration. Nevertheless, state support of unofficial art does not seem to have been long-lasting and probably decreased with Khalturin's appointment as director of the State Picture Gallery of the USSR and his consequent departure from the Ministry of Culture in 1979. As Talochkin recalled: "All of this was respected until the Ministry transferred such contracts to the Mossovet [Moscow City Council] Head Department of Culture. They ruined it all. Shortly after this transfer of contracts, Vera Rusanova, also a good collector, applied to the Department with a request for suitable premises (her house was also destined for demolition). The same department sent her a letter saying that her collection had no artistic value. And she has an excellent Weisberg, Nemukhin, Masterkova, Plavinsky, and many others."[23] The Rusanova and Nutovich collections of unofficial art were certainly known to the Ministry of Culture, especially Khalturin, but were not registered.The new Soviet cultural policy by no means brought such positive effects for other collectors as it did for Talochkin. Especially in the early 1970s, some collecting disciplines had been criminalized on suspicion of "foreign exchange speculation." The 1970 trial of Boris Gribanov for trading in paintings and antiquities at inflated prices ended for the collector with a ten-year prison sentence. The Tropinin Museum, which housed Vishnevsky's collection, could not open until much later than planned because of the collector’s arrest and subsequent trial, which ended in an acquittal; and the St. Petersburg collector of nonconformist art Georgy Mikhailov was even sentenced to forced labor[25] for the "unlawful sale of photographs, slides of paintings, and speculation with works of art."[24] Although, as Bayer also writes, the strategic overtures of Soviet cultural policy to previously suppressed art movements led in some cases to the sudden promotion of "others" and their inclusion in the official canon, there was obviously a flip side: control, appropriation, even absorption—for example confiscated works never being returned, as happened with the Mikhailov collection—in order to subsequently suppress dissent.[26] Despite these still precarious circumstances, in 1976, with the registration of the Talochkin Collection as a "cultural monument of all-union significance," nonconformist art, which was just beginning to enter the consciousness of the Soviet public, was granted "artistic cultural value"[27] by law and state contract. It was thus confirmed by the state that this art "served the purpose of cultural development" and "aesthetic education."[28] [1] Tatiana Wendelstein, Facebook post, August 22, 2017. I thank Gianna Frölicher for our discussion of this text.[2] "Mne prosto darili kartiny. Interv’iu Nikity Alekseeva,” Inostranets, 9, March 7, 2000.[3] See Victor Agamov-Tupitsyn, Bul’dozernaia vystavka (Moscow: Ad Marginem Press, 2014).[4] See Yuri Gerchuk, Krovoizliianie v MOSKh, ili Khrushchev v Manezhe 1 dekabria 1962 goda (Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2008).[5] Irina Alpatova, Drugoe iskusstvo. Moskva 1956–1988 (Moscow: Galart, 2005), 202.[6] Fedor Romer, “Dissidenty vsesoiuznogo znacheniia,” Itogi, March 7, 2000, 60. [7] See Waltraud Bayer, Gerettete Kultur. Private Kunstsammler in der Sowjetunion 1917–1991, Vienna: Turia & Kant, 2006), 15, 58.[8] Ibid., 59.[9] Ibid., 185.[10] Ibid., 185.[11] Fedor Romer, op. cit.[13] Bayer, op. cit., 210.[14] A.G. Khalturin: "Protection and use of historical and cultural monuments, 6.06.1978, Suzdal (text of his speech at the meeting of Ministers of Culture of the Socialist Countries), Manuscript Department of the State Tretyakov Gallery, f. 249, storage unit 3, 12 pages., p. 6.[15] Ibid.[16] See: Minutes of the Advisory Committee of the Department of Fine Arts and Monument Protection, Russian State Archive of Literature and Art, f. 2329, inventory 41, storage unit 346, 11 p., p. 1.[17] Ibid.[18] Fedor Romer: RELIQUES. THERE WAS NOT A SINGLE PENNY, AND SUDDENLY THERE IS A DIME.[19] LAW ON PROTECTION AND USE OF MONUMENTS OF HISTORY AND CULTURE, December 15, 1978.[20] Waltraud Bayer: The Art of Survival: Private Art Collectors in the USSR 1917-1991, Vienna 2006, 209.[21] See: Irina Pronina: "Gift from George Costakis", in George Costakis. To the 100th Collector's Anniversary, Moscow, The State Tretyakov Gallery 2014, 384-391.[22] Fedor Romer: RELIQUES. THERE WAS NOT A SINGLE PENNY, AND SUDDENLY THERE IS A DIME.[23] "Other art" Leonid Talochkin. Interview with the collector. INA MAHARASHVILI. Russian Thought №4316, May 4—10 2000, 15, Garage Archive.[24] See Bayer, 213f.[25] See Bayer, 279.[26] See ibid., 210.[27] LAW ON PROTECTION AND USE OF HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL MONUMENTS, December 15 1978, Article 1.[28] LAW ON PROTECTION AND USE OF HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL MONUMENTS, December 15 1978.…

Frimmel Sandra | 7 сентября 2021

Igor Kholin. Bio-Inter-View. Video by Sabine Hänsgen

This is a transcript of a bio-inter-view with poet and novelist Igor Kholin (1920–1999), a member of the Lianozovo Group and a representative of concrete poetry in Russian literature. The interview was recorded in 1996 by Sabine Hänsgen to document the Moscow art and literary scene of the time, and is stored in her personal archive. I had heard a lot about Igor Kholin before I met him in person in the mid-1980s.Poet Igor Kholin was a cult figure in the Moscow conceptualist circle, to which we German Slavic scholars, who had come from West Germany on an academic exchange program, were rather close at the time. If I remember correctly, it was Andrei Monastyrski and Vladimir Sorokin who took me and Georg Witte[2] to Kholin’s apartment near Kolkhoznaya metro station,[3] in Ananievsky Lane by the Garden Ring Road. We were told that Igor Kholin was an icon of the Soviet 1960s underground, who had left the art scene and stopped writing a few years earlier and devoted himself completely to bringing up his daughter Arina after her mother died in childbirth. Kholin immediately made a great impression on me. He was a very modern and open person: he was interested in everything that was going on in the world, including in our country, and particularly interested in fashion and new technology. We shared this interest in technology. At the time, we were audio and video recording poetry readings, artist conversations, and performances in the Moscow conceptualist circle in order to document the specific forms of artistic communication, life in the underground—we wanted to preserve for the cultural memory what we believed might be destroyed, repressed, and forgotten. Kholin showed us his audio recordings of apartment poetry readings that he had organized in the 1960s and 1970s. Later, when in 1992 we were working on the anthology Lianosowo, Igor allowed us to include his recordings of readings by Evgeny Kropivnitsky and Yan Satunovsky in the media package that accompanied the anthology. We could not have recorded them ourselves: when we arrived in Moscow they had already passed away. Igor Kholin, mid-1990s. Photo: Sabine HänsgenWe started seeing Igor Kholin regularly. Thus began a friendship that continued until his death. Starting from the late 1980s, Kholin visited us a few times in Germany for a number of cultural events: in 1989 he came to the festival Hier und dort at Museum Folkwang (Essen)[4] and in 1992 to the exhibition Lianozowo[5] at the Bochum Art Museum (curated by Günter Hirt and Sascha Wonders[6]), followed by a tour of three Russian poets (Igor Kholin, Genrikh Sapgir, and Vsevolod Nekrasov) around Germany.[7] In 1998, Kholin came to Germany for the last time, for the exhibition Präprintium. Moscow Samizdat Books[8] at New Museum Weserburg in Bremen and the exhibition Moscow—Düsseldorf. Russian Art from Samizdat to the Market[9] at Heinrich Heine University in Düsseldorf, organized by Gudrun Lehmann[10].In the 1990s, Kholin was very excited about the new opportunities for free travel. A couple of times he and Arina visited us in Bochum, and then traveled on to see their friends in Cologne and Paris. In fact, this might have been one of the reasons behind Kholin’s decision to transfer most of his archive to the Research Centre for East European Studies in Bremen.[11] Perhaps he wanted to give Russian researchers who gathered materials on him a reason to visit Europe like he did. In 1996, as part of my years-long project documenting the Moscow literary and art scenes on video,[12] I offered to make a recording of Igor Kholin. In front of the camera, Kholin spoke about his life. A host of legends circulated around him: that he had been a street child; an officer severely wounded in WWII; that he became a poet while working as a guard in a prison camp outside Moscow; that he wrote poetry about the barracks of Lianozovo.[13]Kholin himself spread many of those legends. These stories at the intersection of truth and fantasy grew out of his conversations. Talking about his life, Kholin retold various rumors and versions of events. As he put it, it is hard to speak of something with compete certainty…My video was screened at the exhibition Kholin and Sapgir. Manuscripts at Garage Museum of Contemporary Art[14] in 2017. That is when the interview was transcribed and translated into English.[15] Sabine Hänsgen, 2021 Igor Kholin: I don’t really like talking about the past. First, I don’t know about everyone else, but I’ve had more bad than good things in my life. I often ask myself if there was anything good at all. So, remembering the past is always traumatic. Then, I doubt there’s a man who could tell everything about himself. I believe even Jean-Jacques Rousseau in his Confessions avoided certain painful episodes he did not want to share with the public. The story of my life is not going to be long. It’s best to start with the day I was born.[16] I don’t remember that day of course. But I have some confused memories of my existence, so I’m going to tell you about that.My mother was from Moscow. Well, almost from Moscow—she lived in a village near Istra. That’s where the New Jerusalem Monastery is located. People who lived there were tailors. They made coats for Moscow. In those times, one village made boots, another made coats, yet another made trousers or suits, and so on. They were really good tailors: they had actors and aristocracy among their clients. My mother was a seamstress—she made undergarments. And then, I suppose, she got married and moved to Moscow. I am her fourth child. I don’t want to bring disgrace on my mum, but all her children were from different fathers. She had been officially married to her previous husband, but not to my father. I was officially the child of her previous husband who had been shot in 1918. And as you know, I was born in 1920. Nothing is certain though, as my sisters were such liars that I couldn’t believe a word they said. Katya, for example, told me that my father’s family name was not Kholin but Lvov and that he was from around Samara—perhaps, he had some land there. I never found out. He was an officer in the tsar’s armed forces, a colonel, and then, after the Bolshevik coup, he joined the Red Army and stayed in a reserve unit in Orel. That’s where I must have been born, and then I was taken to Moscow as a baby. Why? Because my mother already had three daughters. I was adopted by some people who seemed to be merchants. They had a lot of things that pointed to that: whalebone crinoline underskirts and such. They had no children, so they adopted me. Then my foster mother must have broken up with her husband, who took to drinking, and was left alone. Besides, she finally gave birth. So, I was left at an orphanage. Lianosowo, 1992. Photo: Sabine HänsgenThe orphanage was outside Moscow, in Malakhovka. I must have had some psychological problem, because I kept running away. I ran away and they caught me. I lived on the streets, was a tramp. I was left at the orphanage in 1927, when I was seven. Where did those ideas of running away come from? I was at several orphanages. The last one was a children’s work camp in Solotcha near Ryazan. It was a former monastery, which they converted into an orphanage for minors. I had committed no crime, like most kids there, but we were considered difficult children. I was deeply impressed by that monastery. Perhaps, it was one of the reasons I started writing later. Imagine kids of 8 or 9 living in a space covered with religious murals. The image I remember the best is the one where they have beheaded John the Baptist. It was very realistic: somebody’s holding the head and his blood is dripping. There were scenes of Judgment Day too. We were looking at all that and we were scared. Then in 1932, the hunger began,[17] and children’s homes were very much affected. They stopped feeding us. It may be that some supplies did come from Ryazan but were stolen by the teachers. So, we stole food from the neighboring villages. I wonder how I survived. It was minus twenty-five or minus thirty, we had no proper clothes—some torn coats—and so we scavenged around villages. Villages were burning, there were fires everywhere. How does this happen? When there’s war, suddenly a lot of things emerge. When there’s hunger, there are fires, villages burn. To a 10- or 12-year-old it was horrifying. Then, in 1933, a new director was appointed. I even remember his name, Lazarenko. He managed to set things right. He got some land from the local authorities—we worked there growing wheat, potatoes, turnips. They started feeding us a bit. He even bought a stallion and was taking money from the villagers for inseminating their mares. That was one entertainment we had. They’d bring a mare, and we would gather and watch. I lived there until about 1934. Then, when I was 14, I was sent to Kryukovo, near Moscow, to work in a glass factory. I really didn’t like working there. I ran off to Crimea and lived as a tramp: sometimes I’d steal and sometimes people gave me things. In Kharkov I was picked up by a military school and joined their music group. I had learnt a bit of music in the work camp. The new director of the camp bought some instruments for us and all the kids started playing—everybody wanted to play and they didn’t take me, as I was not very musical. But after a while, other kids no longer wanted to play and I still did, so in the end they took me and I did learn certain things.At the military school in Kharkov, we were several kids aged 14 to 16 in the music group. Then, in 1937, I started working at a power plant in Novorossiysk. First, I was learning and then became an assistant engineer. In 1940 I had to join the army. Once again, it was music that saved me. When we arrived at the regiment, the man in charge of music asked us what we could play. We were several recruits and three of us from Novorossiysk. We had been in an amateur orchestra and had even played at weddings and funerals to make extra money. So, we said we were musicians, and we were assigned to the musical troop and that’s where I served until 1941. I don’t remember which month it was, but not long before the war. There was this tension in the air. You could tell something was about to happen. We didn’t know what, of course. I really wanted to get out of there. But you can’t just leave the army—you could get shot for that. When they were recruiting people to go to a military school, I volunteered and they sent me to an army school in Gomel, and that’s where I was when the war broke out. I never finished that school. In 1941, we were sent to the front line not far from Moscow. I got my first wound near Dmitrov. I was sent to the hospital and then to a reserve division, where I did a short course to become a junior lieutenant. I became an officer. In 1942, I was badly wounded on the Don, and then after I got out of the hospital I continued fighting until the end, until 1945, until victory. Where I was, the war was still going on May 9. It was near Olomouc in Czechoslovakia. Our division stopped near Prague.[18]After the war, I was sent to work at a local military commissariat to teach young people before they joined the army. But as it was in Western Ukraine, Bandera’s militia[19] was there. They were fighting a war similar to the one that going on now in Chechnya. They lived in the mountains and had the support of the locals. They were not “gangs,” as we called them at the time. It was quite a big organization. We had a local committee of the Communist Party, and they had their own local committee. In 1946, I was helping organize the elections and I can tell you they were totally rigged, because I, as a member of the election committee, was going around villages in an armored car with machine guns. You enter a house and of course the citizen has to vote the right way. Naturally, they did not want Soviet rule in the West of Ukraine! They killed people. Although the head of our military commissariat survived, the bullet hit his spine, so he lost his legs. When I saw that, I decided to leave the army.I’ll tell you about one episode that you might find funny, or you might find it sad. I was preparing the papers to leave Korets in Rivne Oblast where I was serving. Suddenly an officer turns up from the forces of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. “I’d like to talk to you.” I say, “Alright.” We walk into a room, and he asks if I would like to be transferred to Internal Troops. I ask what position they would offer me, and he says, “We can offer you the post of military court secretary or military court commandant.” Do you know what a military court commandant is? It’s an executioner. He executes people. I knew what a military court commandant was. I even wrote a short story published in the Abandoned Corner,[20] where a battalion commander is executed. And directing the execution is a military court commandant. It was a horrible execution, because they could not kill him. They must have shot him at least ten times and he was still alive. So, the commandant rushed to him with a gun to put a bullet through his head, but the gun didn’t fire. Then the guys from the commandant’s team grabbed him by the legs and dragged him into the grave—the pit they dug to bury him. You see what I have witnessed! Our polished films about heroes and all… people were slaughtered! That’s what we need to remember when we think about the war, and not heroism. Although in that war no man could prove he acted as a hero, because it was a war of masses: aviation, artillery, tanks—how could one be a hero? Nonsense. Anyway, I served until I was a captain and I quit. Now I’m going to tell you what you’re most interested in—how I started writing. I started writing late, in 1949. I was thirty. For an insignificant administrative crime, I got two years in a labor camp. At the camp, I met a mate from the army. He was in charge of assigning jobs to prisoners. He saw my name and called for me. We could not greet each other and give each other a hug, of course, but he arranged for me to work as a prisoner-guard. They picked out some prisoners to work as guards—gave us rifles and put us on watchtowers to watch over other prisoners. We did not live in the camp, we lived outside and could walk around freely—it was not prohibited. I had to spend a lot of time on the watchtower. They really exploited prisoner-guards and sometimes you had to stay on the tower for 18 hours with no break. So, as I was standing there, I started to write poems in my mind. They were rubbish, of course. I can’t even remember anything now. Still, I became full of myself, and I thought I should learn something. I decided to go to the nearest village—Vinogradovo[21] —where they had a library. I walked in and said, “Do you have anything by Alexander Blok?” The librarian gave me a strange look (as I found out later, Blok was not to be given on loan). Then she asked me if I was writing poems. “Yes, I write poems,” I said kind of proudly. “My husband is an artist and writes poems, too,” she said, “come visit us.”The librarian was Olga Ananyevna Potapova, the wife of Evgeny Leonidovich Kropivnitsky, who is now a well-known artist. She is also a wonderful artist. On a day off, me and a mate, who also was writing poems, went to visit them. It was not far, in Dolgoprudnoe village—we just had to cross Dmitrovskoe Highway. We were shocked. It turned out that Evgeny Kropivnitsky lived in a room of about 8 square meters with his wife, his daughter with a baby, and a granny. All in a tiny room with a wood stove. I reckon it was even worse than what we had at the camp. We talked, he asked us about our life. I read some of my poems, and my mate read some of his. Our poems were very bad, but he was a great teacher and didn’t show us that he didn’t like them. He said, “Of course, you should write, I believe it’s going to work.” So, I started visiting him, and my mate never went again. He must have thought Kropivnitsky lived too poorly for an artist. But I started visiting and became a regular there. Evgeny Leonidovich was always telling me about Genrikh Veniaminovich Sapgir, who was serving in the army at the time. He showed me his poems and sent mine to him. When Sapgir came back from the army, we already knew each other, we were friends even. Around the same time, the daughter of Evgeny Leonidovich, Valya Kropivnitskaya broke up with her engineer husband and married Oskar Rabin, a former student of Evgeny Leonidovich from the Palace of Pioneers in Leningradsky district, where Genrikh Sapgir had also studied. Oskar came to stay with them and married Valya. So, we had a small group of three poets and two artists (because Evgeny Leonidovich was a poet and an artist). That’s how it started. Later, Oskar got a room in Lianozovo,[22] as he was working there at the railroad, and our cultural hub (although we were still visiting Evgeny Leonidovich in Dolgoprodnoe) moved to Lianozovo. I agree with Vsevolod Nekrasov, who says that the life of the circle began at Evgeny Kropivnitsky’s place and then moved to Oskar Rabin’s, even though Evgeny Kropivnitsky still played a huge part in it. We did not know what was going on in Moscow. We had our small group and that was that. Evgeny Kropivnitsky’s son Lev came back after 10 years in prison. It’s a long story. He got convicted for nothing, There was no crime, nothing. So, he came back. Then Boris Sveshnikov,[23] who did time with him, came back, and then Arkady Shteinberg,[24] who also did time with him, came back. As you see, our circle was getting bigger. Those people knew other people, so our small circle grew into a bigger cultural group. What was even more important was Evgeny Kropivnitsky’s teaching job at different Pioneer Palaces, where he taught kids art.[25] That’s where he met one of his students Yuri Vasiliev,[26] who was already an artist, a member of the Moscow Union of Artists, but a “left artist.”We went to see his works and they were a big influence on us—on Oskar who was still making realist paintings at the time. On Lev, too. Many people will disagree now, but that’s what I think. Yuri Vasiliev knew other people: Natalya Egorshina, Nikolai Andronov. Thanks to the fact that our group was growing, we also visited some of the older artists: Alexander Tyshler, Alexander Osmerkin’s widow; the family of Artur Fonvizin showed us his works. Those visits changed our perspective on certain things. As you understand, it was all underground art: by this time Vasiliev had been expelled from the Moscow Union of Artists[27] for his experiments. However, in 1959, the first exhibition of “left artists” took place at the Central House of Literature[28] and to us it was a revelation—just like Ely Belyutin, who we met then. He ran a big studio.[29] He was an amazing, interesting person. He had up to four hundred students, and they had it going on such a scale that they could rent a steamboat and to sail down the Volga and paint landscapes. Why am I talking about Belyutin? Oh yes, it was the second exhibition of “left artists” and many artists were his students: Boris Zhutovsky and others—and Belyutin himself was a wonderful artist. Anyway, that’s what was happening then. People started having exhibitions in apartments, in studios. We met Ilya Kabakov, Vladimir Yankilevsky, Oleg Vassiliev. We had more and more connections. Finally, there came a moment where “everyone in Moscow” knew us and we knew everyone. I mean the art world, of course. In 1959, we met Ivan Bruni at an exhibition at the Central House of Literature. He was an artist and he introduced us to the newly appointed head of Malysh [a publishing house specializing in children’s literature].[30] Genrikh Sapgir and I began writing poems for kids, for which we got paid. I wrote children’s poems[31] until 1974, and then I stopped. Life was tough, we were poor. When we got together, we’d put together our small change and buy some vodka, a couple of bottles of wine, some potatoes, and some herring. Although it was wonderful, we were very poor. Only a few amongst us were rich—either the kids of rich parents or those who got big commissions from the state, like Mikhalkov and Markov. Of course, now they are all pretending they were such good people, such democrats, but that’s not how it was. For most artists, it only got a bit better when foreigners started buying paintings. However, they were not buying our poems, so we had to look for other ways of making money. Genrikh Sapgir[32] and I wrote poems for children.You also had other jobs. You worked as a waiter, for example.When I came back from the camp, I got a job as a waiter at the Metropol Hotel. It paid very well—sometimes I’d get 10 or 15 rubles in tips. At a time when a qualified worker in an institute got 110 rubles a month, it was good money. I lived quite well, although I only had a room in a barrack, which I shared with my first wife and my daughter Lyuda. It wasn’t a big room, 8 or 9 meters, but compared to the room Evgeny Kropivnitsky shared with 4 people it was luxury. In 1957 or 1958 I quit that job and focused on writing. At first it was very hard, but then it got better. Could you speak a bit about the general atmosphere of the 1960s?I did not like the general atmosphere then. I knew a lot of dissident writers—Andrei Amalrik (the main dissident), Alexander Ginzburg, Pavel Litvinov—and I did like them, but there was something irritating about them. Now, looking back, I understand that they must have been scared. They were being watched and they could be arrested at any moment, so they were always cautious. They were not only suspicious of the authorities, but also of people they knew quite well. So, you came to see Ginzburg, and he was thinking, “Is he a snitch?” You know? That’s what the atmosphere was like. At the same time, I can say that it was a great time for art. And I don’t know if it will ever be the same again. Perhaps, only Vladimir Sorokin and Viktor Erofeev and a few other people are now working like people did then. And then it was this great moment. Art was the only thing people cared about, because they were poor. Editing and commentary: Valeriy Ledenev [1] The term “bio-interview” is borrowed from the futurist poet Sergei Tretyakov. However, if Tretyakov’s bio-interview (his spelling) suggested a confident view directed towards the utopian future, we in our bio-inter-view (our preferred spelling) wanted to move away from the perspective of the historical avant-garde and toward a more complex retrospective view of a twentieth-century person. At the same time, we were aware of the fact that the very situation of a conversation recorded on camera determined the mode of the speaker’s self-presentation. (Sabine Hänsgen)[2] Georg Witte is a German Slavic scholar, literary historian, translator, and expert on Soviet unofficial art and culture. He is also known by the pseudonym Günter Hirt.[3] Renamed Sukharevskaya in 1990.[4] The festival of Russian and German poetry Hier und dort [Here and There] was organized as part of the Essen Days of Literature, December 8–10, 1989, at Museum Folkwang (Essen). See the exhibition booklet: https://monoskop.org/images/4/4d/Tut_i_tam_Hier_und_dort_russische_und_deutschsprachige_Poesie_1989.pdf. [5] Lianosowo—Moskau. Bilder und Gedichte, Bochum Art Museum, June 27–July 26, 1992. The exhibition was also shown at the State Museum of Literature in Moscow (March 27–April 26, 1991) and at Sparkasse, Bremen (August 3–28, 1992).[6] Sascha Wonders was a pseudonym of Sabine Hänsgen.[7] “The exhibition Lianosowo—Moskau. Bilder und Gedichte and the release of the Lianozovo publication was followed by a German tour of three Lianozovo poets: Igor Kholin, Genrikh Sapgir and Vsevolod Nekrasov. The tour included readings/performances in several cities: Bochum, Cologne, Frankfurt, Bremen, Hamburg, Berlin, Leipzig, and Dresden. The trip to Germany made a great impression on the three poets: Nekrasov described it in his book Deutsche Buch, while Kholin donated part of his archive, including his diary manuscripts to the archive of the Research Centre for East European Studies at the University of Bremen. In Bremen, the Lianozovo poets met German concrete poets Franz Mon and Gerhard Rühm.” Sabine Hänsgen, notes to the foreword, Lianosowo. Gedichte und Bilder aus Moskau (Munich: S-Press, 1992).“In the summer we had the Lianosowo’92 program in Germany: an exhibition in Bochum and Bremen; readings in Bochum; readings in Cologne, Frankfurt (am Main), Bremen, Münster, Berlin, Dresden, and Leipzig. The three of us were reading our poetry: Kholin, Sapgir and me. With us we had Lianosowo—a new collection of poetry by us three, as well as by Kropivnitsky and Satunovsky who did not live to be there, translated by Wonders and Hirt, and an audiocassette. Over 15 reviews in 12 German periodicals and one Swiss. In Bremen, at the Bremen Museum: 3 OST + 2 WEST—a joint reading with Franz Mon and Gerhard Rühm—the living legends of German concrete poetry.” Vsevolod Nekrasov. Deutsche Buch (Moscow: Vek XX i mir, 1998), 71.[8] The exhibition Präprintium: Moskauer Bücher aus dem Samizdat took place at the Berlin State Library (May 14–June 27, 1998) and New Museum Weserburg, Bremen (November 7, 1998–March 7, 1999). Curators: Günter Hirt and Sascha Wonders.[9] Moskau–Düsseldorf — Russische Kunst vom Samizdat zum Markt at Heinrich Heine University in Düsseldorf (1998).[10] Gudrun Lehmann is an artist, art and literature historian, and translator. From 1974 to 1981 she studied art in Münster and Düsseldorf and later trained in Paris and Melbourne. From the 1980s, she visited the USSR and then Russia and the former Soviet republics several times. She has written a number of essays on the culture of Eastern and Central Europe. In 2010, her book Fallen und Verschwinden. Daniil Charms — Leben und Werk [Fallen and Disappeared. Daniil Kharms—Life and Work] was published by Arco (Wuppertal).[11] The Research Centre for East European Studies in Bremen [Forschungsstelle Osteuropa] is a research institution at the University of Bremen founded in 1982 to study the former Eastern Bloc nations (primarily the USSR, Poland, and Czechoslovakia), their specificity and cultures. URL: www.forschungsstelle.uni-bremen.de/ru. [12] In 1984, I brought the Blaupunkt VHS devices from Germany to the Soviet Union and started recording events in the Moscow conceptualist scene on video. Parts of those recordings were published in Günter Hirt and Sascha Wonders, Moskau. Moskau. Videostücke (Wuppertal: Edition S Press, 1987); Günter Hirt and Sascha Wonders, Konzept — Moskau — 1985. Eine Videodokumentation in drei Teilen. Band 1: Poesie. Band 2: Aktion. Band 3: Ateliers (Wuppertal: Edition S Press, 1991).These video pieces were featured in the exhibition Ich lebe – ich sehe https://russianartarchive.net/ru/catalogue/event/EYTW) at Museum of Fine Arts Bern (June 11–August 14, 1988) and are scheduled for reissue in 2021. Some pieces were published in the international video magazine Infermental (5, 1986; 6, 1987; 8, 1988). In the 1990s, I continued gathering the video archive as part of the MANI project (Moscow Archive of New Art). As exhibits, those videos were first featured in my exhibition MANI Museum Video Archive at Obscuri Viri in Moscow (March 30–April 4, 1996) https://russianartarchive.net/ru/catalogue/document/E10237. In the decades that followed I continued to make videos as part Collective Actions’ practice. I also documented the trips of Russian artists to the West, including the series Lecture Performances by Moscow conceptualist poets and artists at Lotman Institute of Slavic Studies and Russian Culture, Ruhr University Bochum.See: “Moskovskii kontseptualizm 80-kh: interv’iu s Sabinoi Khensgen (Tsiurikh),” Gefter.ru, 17.10.2016, http://gefter.ru/archive/19732; Antonio Geusa, “Videotvorchestvo i khudozhestvennoe soobshchestvo. Istoricheskie paralleli mezhdu SShA I Rossiei,” Moscow Art Magazine, http://moscowartmagazine.com/issue/30/article/564.[13] Until the early 1960s, Lianozovo was a barrack settlement outside Moscow, and in the 1960s it became a village of Moscow. In the early 1950s a circle of poets and artists formed in Lianozovo, who organized apartment exhibitions and poetry readings. This circle came to be known as the Lianozovo Group and its members included Evgeny, Lev, and Valentina Kropivnitsky, Olga Potapova, Igor Kholin, Yan Satunovsky, Genrikh Sapgir, Vsevolod Nekrasov, Nikolai Vechtomov, Oskar Rabin, and Vladimir Nemukhin, among others. [14] The exhibition took place at Garage Museum of Contemporary Art from May 20 to August 17, 2017 and was curated by Sasha Obukhova and Ekaterina Lazareva.[15] For the centenary of Igor Kholin’s birth in 2020, the small German publishing house Aspei (Bochum) produced a three-part German publication of his works, which included this bio-inter-view. See: CHOLIN 100. Eine Werkauswahl in 3 Teilen ((1) Es starb der Erdball. Gedichte, Übertragung: Gudrun Lehmann; (2) Ein glücklicher Zufall. Prosa, Übertragung: Wolfram Eggeling; (3) Bio-Inter-View, Videoaufzeichnung und Transkription: Sabine Hänsgen) (Bochum: Edition Aspei, 2020). Graphic design by Martin Hüttel. [16] January 11, 1920.[17] The Soviet famine of 1932–1933 spread across vast territories in the Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic, Central Black Earth Economic Region, the North Caucasus, the Volga Region, the Urals, and Western Siberia during mass collectivization. See: Famine in the USSR. 1929–1934. Volume. 1: 1929—1932, http://alexanderyakovlev.org/fond/issues/1015374.[18] The Moravia–Ostrava offensive was an operation by the Red Army against the German forces in Czech Silesia (where the city of Olomouc is located). From May 6 to 11, 1945, Soviet forces continued the Prague offensive—the Red Army’s last strategic operation in World War II.[19] The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN-B) was headed by Stepan Bandera from 1940 to 1959. After WWII, the organization continued as a guerilla movement in Western Ukraine (some OUN members lived in emigration outside the Soviet Union). The last traces of the movement in the Soviet Union were destroyed in the 1950s. See: Serhii Plokhy, Chelovek, snreliavshii iadom (Moscow: AST, 2019). [20] Igor Kholin, “Zabroshennyi ugol” in Izbrannoe (Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2000), 86–88. [21] The village is located north of Moscow, near the town of Dolgoprudny and Lianozovo, see footnote 13. [22] From 1950, Oskar Rabin worked as a foreman unloading trains at the construction site of the northern waterworks near Lianozovo station on the Savyolovskaya railroad line. As a worker, he was provided with accommodation near the construction site in a former prison camp barrack. See: A.D. Epstein, Khudozhnik Oskar Rabin: zapechatlennaia sud’ba (Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2015).[23] Artist Lev Kropivnitsky was sentenced to 10 years in a prison camp in 1946 and released in 1954, without the right of return to Moscow, so he remained in Kazakhstan. He was fully rehabilitated in 1956. He spent his first year in prison with artist Boris Sveshnikov, who was arrested the same year. See: A.D. Epstein, Khudozhnik Oskar Rabin: zapechatlennaia sud’ba (Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2015).[24] Artist, poet and translator Arkady Shteinberg (1907–1984) was arrested twice—in 1937 and 1944—and spent around 11 years in prison. After his release in 1954 he settled in Tarusa, where his circle included Konstantin Paustovsky, Boris Sveshnikov, and Nadezhda Mandelshtam. See P. Nerler, “Nashe glavnoe tvorenie—my sami…,” http://lechaim.ru/academy/arkadii-shtejnberg.[25] In the 1940s, Evgeny Kropivnitsky ran an art studio in the Pioneer Palace in the Leningradsky district of Moscow, where Oskar Rabin and Genrikh Sapgir met during the war. See. Sabine Hänsgen, “Lianozovo: Periphery Aesthetics,” https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/146710/1/Lianozovo_Belgrad_p195-206_Haensgen.pdf. [26] Yuri Vasiliev-MON (1925–1990) was a Soviet artist and sculptor. He studied at the Moscow Institute of Applied and Decorative Art (1948–1952) and the Surikov Art Institute (1948–1952) under Vasily Yefanov. He was an unofficial student of Evgeny Kropivnitsy. See: https://russianartarchive.net/ru/catalogue/person/PBKZQ.[27] According to the publication Yuri Vasiliev-MON (1993), Vasiliev was accepted into the Moscow Union of Artists in 1954, but the catalogue for the exhibition Other Art. Moscow 1956–1976 (1990) suggests a different date—1955. After his acceptance he took part in a number of Union exhibitions, including 30 Years of the Moscow Union of Artists in 1962 at the Moscow Manege. There is no mention of his expulsion from the Union in any sources studied. [28] Kholin must be referring to the exhibition of the artists of the City Committee of Book, Graphic, and Poster Artists that took place at the Central House of Art Workers in 1959, and in which Ely Belyutin’s studio took part. Artists included Aleksandr Sysoev, Ülo Sooster, Leonid Lamm, and Vera Preobrazhenskaya, among others. [29] Ely Belyutin (1925–2012) began teaching in 1953, when he became a Candidate of Arts and an invited lecturer at the Professional Development Studio of the Institute of Print. The first exhibition of Belyutin studio’s artists took place in November 1959 at the House of Textile Industry Models in Moscow. In 1959, Belyutin was accused of “formalism in art” and dismissed from the Institute. In 1958, his students started training outdoors and from May 22 to June 6, 1961, the studio went on their first “sailing art course” on board the rented river boat Dobrolyubov, which sailed from Moscow to Gorky [now Nizhny Novgorod] and back. See Drugoe iskusstvo, Moskva: 1956–1988 (Moscow: Galart, 2005); Studiia “Novaia real’nost’” (1958–1991). Transformatsiia soznaniia (Moscow: Maier, 201. [30] In 1954 Yury Timofeev was appointed head. [31] Igor Kholin’s published children’s books include: Zhivye igrushki (Moscow: Detsky mir, 1961), Zhadnyi liagushonok (Moscow: Detsky mir, 1962), Eto vse avtomobili (Moscow: Malysh, 1965), Kto ne spit? (Moscow: Malysh, 1966), V gorode zelenom (Moscow: Malysh, 1966), Chudesnyi teremok (Moscow: Malysh, 1971), Vertolet (Moscow: Malysh, 1972), Vstalo solntse na rassvete (Moscow: Malysh, 1974), and Podarki slonenku (Moscow: Malysh, 1978).[32] Children’s books by Genrikh Sapgir published during his lifetime include: Skazka zveznoi karty (illustrated by Alisa Poret, Moscow: Detsky mir, 1963), Zvezdnaia karusel’ (Moscow: Detskaya literatura, 1964), Zveriatki na zariadke (Moscow: Fizkultura I sport, 1970), Chetyre konverta (Moscow: Detskaya literatura, 1976), and Liudoed i printsessa (Moscow: Podium, Vse zvezdy, 1991). Genrikh Sapgir’s children’s books continued to be published posthumously. See: https://garagemca.org/ru/catalogue?authors=3fd2b9c6-184c-4f0b-a242-ff8dbb46cc97.…

Hänsgen Sabine | 6 сентября 2021

Apartment Galleries: An Experiment in Non-Critical Research

Anthropologist Vita Zelenskaya and I began our study of apartment galleries as independent researchers in autumn 2016 by interviewing five apartment gallery curators in St. Petersburg.[1] In December 2017, we presented our project at the program Weekend Faculty at Garage Museum of Contemporary Art. In summer 2018, Garage invited me to take part in the program Archive Summer, where I studied the archive of the research and exhibition project Open Systems. Vita came with me and for a couple of weeks we worked together. We never stopped discussing the research, and although I am writing this text alone it is essentially co-authored by Vita.[2] In this text I focus on two galleries, drawing on the materials that Vita and I collected in St. Petersburg as well as on materials from the Open Systems project.[3] Egorka Communal GalleryExhibition view, Support Group for Those Perturbed by Eros, Egorka Gallery, St. Petersburg, 2018. Garage Archive CollectionEgorka Communal Gallery is a project by the the artists and curators Nastya Makarenko and Anya Tereshkina. The gallery is located in a three-bedroom communal apartment in Egorova Street in St. Petersburg. The gallery space grew over time. Today it occupies two rooms (Nastya’s room has become the Small Gallery, and Anya’s the Big Gallery), the long corridor, and the kitchen. The third room in the apartment is not part of the gallery.Egorka opened at the end of 2016, when Anya and Nastya moved into the rooms they bought (Anya) and rented (Nastya). The first exhibition took place in Anya’s room and the second in Nastya’s. At the time, third room was occupied by an elderly neighbour, Vladimir Aleksandrovich.The first project (and the only one in 2016) was a group exhibition of Anya, Nastya, and their friend Pavla Markova. In 2017–2018, Egorka showed four large group exhibitions, as well as an exhibition by the Gallery’s research department (a sub institution within the gallery devoted to the translation and study of feminist texts on art).The last exhibition at Egorka (at the time of writing) was Support Group for Those Perturbed by Eros (October 27–November 23, 2018), the most representative show in terms of artist numbers and geography. It focused on the states of infatuation and anxiety. During work on the first exhibition (which opened on December 8, 2016), the gallery team formulated the first part of the “Egorka Principles” (a second part was added later). The story of their creation is so closely tied to the history of the gallery and its exhibitions that we can use it as a guide to understanding the gallery’s ethos. Ethos here refers to practice, lived ethical principles, ethics-in-action, a worldview that takes shape in action, the everyday permeated by theory, art, and values, the connection of small and hardly visible that has difficulty gaining a voice, that which is most important. This was the special aspect (hard to catch and requiring great sensitivity), the constitutive trait that I searched for through work, conversations, observations, and discussions at Egorka. Ethos is “what” [is being done] merged with “how” (pragmatics) and “why” (values).The gallery’s “principles” are one way it represents itself in the public field. It is easy to see that they are not addressed to a third-party reader but to the organizers of the gallery themselves. Turning of the private and intimate into something public is a facet of the politics of vulnerability: by sharing their doubts and uncertainties and openly speaking of traits that the culture connects to “weakness,” the Egorka curators talk to the viewer as a friend, the personal tone shortening the distance between them.The friendship that is at the heart of the curators’ interactions at Egorka defines the relationships inside and outside the gallery. The boundaries between private life and work are blurred and communication practices are stitched together to become hybrid forms: friendship-as-work and work-as-friendship.Apart from the tension between the private and the public, art practice and curating, Anya and Nastya are interested in the tension between the individual and the collective, and Egorka has become a space where this tension becomes tangible, a space of potential conflict and the search for balance.Marina: I’ve got a silly question. Because it is called Egorka [a male name], because of the way it sounds, the gallery, which is feminine [in Russian], has turned into some sort of a queer subject in my mind.[4]Nastya: When we last came to FFTN, Ira Aksyonova[5] met us with the words “Here’s Egorka,” so you see people think of us as a single organism, a subpersonality. Conversations that take place here turn into exhibitions, into friendships that also become exhibitions of a sort. […] I understand this kind of friendship very well, for me it’s a form of connection between people. The subjectivity of Egorka is formed through language and through media (social media posts, announcements, avatars, and memes). The anonymization of the curators’ speech on the gallery’s public pages on VKontakte and Facebook might not deceive anyone (since there are only two possible authors), but it supports the building of the collective subject. Egorka talks to us from the web pages, thus becoming increasingly recognizable. The ambivalence of the name is used playfully in the gallery texts, where it occurs as a toponym (“At Egorka…”) and as the name of a subject (“See you Tuesday. Yours, Egorka” or “Egorka is looking forward to your visit”). This principle became most apparent during the preparation and showing of the group exhibition Support Group for Those Perturbed by Eros, when Anya and Nastya announced a closed call, inviting artists they knew to take part in an exploration of infatuation and anxiety.Nastya: Originally it was meant to be an exhibition of no more than ten artists from the feminist support group.[6] And then, I don’t know, I guess we just talked a lot about the idea and it resonated with people. So, in the end we had many more participants. Curatorial StrategiesHere we look at what is usually referred to as curatorial strategies. The closed call, as opposed to an open call, is one of them. The number of participants through the “closed call” increases, but without the loss of immediate contact: I trust you to invite an artist you trust. The same close relationship and trust show through the curators’ texts for the exhibition Support Group.“—The idea for the exhibition emerged from the synchronized, anxious infatuations of the gallery’s curators.—Infatuation is anxiety, whether your feelings are reciprocated or not. It always destabilizes you, creates this turbulence in the background. […]—One is anxious both in the presence and the absence of the object of one’s affections.—You can close your eyes and not look.—You get relief from a long walk and a talk; from writing texts or songs about it; from drawing or photographing it.—We are looking for support from those who are anxious like us, and we want to support them as well.”[7] Another important principle is the dedication to flexibility and changeability that is an extension of practices of self-care. Tired of open calls, the two curators invented a “closed call;” they keep changing the opening hours, giving themselves time to rest and space for experiments with quasi-institutional formats of work/leisure (for instance, Egorka has a translation studio and a film club).The gallery’s political principles are inseparable from its ethics. Marina: Does Egorka have a particular political stance?Anya: I believe it does. We as people have political principles. Hmm… Well, first, we are feminists… I am very into… Marxist and anarchist theories and the people who put them into practice… the questions that are discussed in those circles. Polina Zaslavskaya’s words really stuck me when we talked about doing art politically instead of making political art. What I mean is that instead of saying “feminism” ten times in a text, one can produce a work or an exhibition in accordance with its principles, without offending anyone or trying hard to show something that is invisible.”[Talking at the same time]Anya: We want to support women artists.Nastya: We also show works by people who do not consider themselves artists and whose main occupation is elsewhere, they simply make art works. Their status is of no importance.Anya: It’s true, friendships matter. If someone we don’t know asks us about having a solo exhibition in our gallery, it’s not easy for us to agree to that, so in the end we say no.Nastya: …because it’s our private space and we cannot let in someone we do not know at all. Affective StrategiesWhat I call affective strategies are not intuitive but conscious efforts to preserve and grow emotions that are valuable to those living them. They are an example of strategies of self-care and care for one another. These strategies occupy an important place in Anya and Nastya’s curating activities. An exhibition can be seen as a reason/occasion for joy, togetherness, and support and it can be organized to be so. This is hardly possible in a more professional context, where emotions and affects are seen as unwanted obstacles to work and are seldom considered. At Egorka, attention to the emotions arising during the making of exhibitions are part of the curators’ strategy, as it is precisely attention to one’s own emotional state that often brings ideas for exhibitions, and attention to one’s emotional balance and tiredness/burnout as curators leads to the adjustment of the working process, the rhythm of exhibitions, and the format of artist selection.Nastya: The birth of an exhibition, working on the idea, writing the text makes us happier. It’s like exhausting childbirth, with a partner.[Laughing]Nastya: Yes, I realised, more than ever during the latest exhibition [Support Group for Those Perturbed by Eros], that I want as many people as possible to see our projects. When we had solo shows, sometimes no one at all would come for the opening, and that felt very hurtful. […]Marina: What else do you find particularly satisfying in your practice? Nastya: I enjoy the process of organizing the display, when we finally get together and decide what will hang where and how it will go together. That’s like writing a symphony. [Laughter] And it turns out that interesting connections can be made between works, that if you sit with them and move them about for a bit you get an interesting and beautiful story. Everything is very organic. Feminist Ethics as a Key to Understanding EgorkaThe transfer of the feminist practices of mutual support—such as support groups—into the exhibition format (as in the case of the exhibition on anxiety and love) is far from accidental. Indeed, it formalizes the principles of feminist ethics and politics discussed above. I have been unable to find a single aspect of Egorka activities that were not feminist. Exhibition view, No Complaints, Egorka Gallery, St. Petersburg, 2017. Garage Archive CollectionEgorka knows how to protect its boundaries. Its practices are not subversive, mimicking—or aiming to evade—the rules of the game in the “big world” outside its walls. Instead, it is the making of a separate world where a different kind of action is possible. Of all the apartment galleries that Vita and I have visited or studied, Egorka may be struggling most with turning a private apartment into a public space (as one of their texts points out, “the people living here are introverts who like to make things happen”). It is precisely this effort, this difficulty that makes the gallery project so important and well thought-through, but also stubborn and persistent in asserting its difference. It is also important because the private, the political, and the creative are merged into one in their space, practices, and relationships. The dedicated attention to one’s own state and the resulting flexibility and willingness to change have turned from a personal and therapeutic practice into a curatorial strategy. During my work in Moscow for Archive Summer I came up with the image of grass—a quiet but persistent growth that softly conquers its territory—which explains everything important that I sensed in Egorka. It seems to have been a gift from my intuitive search.[8] Indeed, what we see here is the ethos of the grass that does things its own way: weaving into and not fighting; quietly growing and not expressing; listening and not asserting itself.Anya: I guess we created the gallery searching for our comfort zone in the world of contemporary art… and maybe we continued by partially getting out of our comfort zone. Nastya: Yes, this boundary has somehow shifted.Anya: We continue to explore the boundaries…Nastya: … of our refuge…Anya: …whether it is private or public… The refuge does not only react to triggers from the outside, but has its own policy, whose relationship to the outside world (both institutions and self-organized initiatives) Anya sums up as “doing equally” and “doing differently.” Brown Stripe GalleryBrown Stripe was a gallery founded by Pyotr Zhukov and Ekaterina Gavrilova in an apartment in Altufyevo, Moscow, in December 2006.[9] In 2014, after Ekaterina Gavrilova left the project, the gallery was renamed the ex-Brown Stripe Foundation. On May 1, 2016, Brown Stripe launched its side-project, 7th Floor Radio. Pyotr Zhukov, co-founder of The Brown Stripe Apartment Gallery, speaking at Garage Museum of Contemporary Art as part of the project Open Systems. Self-Organized Art Initiatives in Russia: 2000–2015, November 7, 2015. Garage Archive CollectionThe gallery’s more than ten years of existence roughly coincided with a particular stage in the development of educational (and other) infrastructure in the field of contemporary art in Moscow, which had a direct influence of the lives of Pyotr and Ekaterina. Pyotr, who was a physicist by education, went on to study at the Moscow Institute of Contemporary Art and Rodchenko Art School—two of the key educational institutions that formed the landscape of emerging art—and briefly attended the Open Studios school at Moscow Museum of Modern Art. Ekaterina Gavrilova was initially a classically trained artist who studied at the Surikov Institute and the Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography (Animation Studio of Sergey Alimov). She also completed a program at the Moscow Institute of Contemporary Art. By the end of the 2000s, having studied in various institutions and maintaining the connections from their previous circles, they had a very good idea of art education in Moscow. Their curating activities began long before Brown Stripe. Ekaterina curated her first exhibition in 2001: a show of student works in the small town of Podolsk. A variety of projects in all sorts of places followed: libraries, children’s drawing clubs, and city-run exhibition spaces in various areas of Moscow.Their experience of curating exhibitions in experimental formats and unusual spaces off the contemporary art map of Moscow, as well as in those integrated into the system of contemporary art, is crucial for understanding the blurriness of the boundaries between institutional and self-organized spaces and the emergence of “gray areas” between them. While city-run exhibition spaces, libraries, houses of culture, and various children’s and youth clubs are formal institutions, they have little to do with contemporary art. Such spaces are not among the legitimized or legitimizing (through their prestige, history, recognition, benefits offered) institutions in contemporary art. These strange enclaves and strange unions (such as between the young artists and the exhibition space in Podolsk) create hybrid, flexible forms of interaction between many actors precisely because they are unnoticed by Big Brother. In the 2000s, such spaces, inherited from the Soviet administrative system, were discursively and functionally left outside the newly developing institutional system of contemporary art; beyond the hierarchies and inner boundaries of the art world. Nobody needs them, explains Ekaterina, so they have turned into spaces of great freedom.[10]Their freedom in choosing spaces and strategies seems to define the position that Pyotr and Ekaterina occupied in the art scene, that of a flâneur who is aware of the boundaries but consciously ignores them and goes wherever they want to. The boundaries in question include those between classical and contemporary art; visual and audio mediums, movements and schools. Their versatile education informed the great variety of styles, genres, and exhibition formats in their practice. Brown Stripe showed painting, graphic art, photographic works, video art, object and sound art, and installations that took over the entire space. It organized screenings of animation, concerts, performances, and poetry readings.The solution—the overcoming of boundaries—consists, in this case, in the simultaneous presence in multiple zones and their non-contradictory merging within their own biography, the exhibition space or the apartment gallery.The first exhibition at Brown Stripe was a group show in 2006. Ekaterina: The first exhibition was a real hodgepodge. Vika [Lomasko] took part, as did art historian Nadya Plungyan, because she also paints… But it was a “here are a few works, let’s discuss them” kind of thing. And then we thought that a room that size is not great for group projects and started offering our friends who might like the idea to have a solo exhibition at our place. Pyotr: But the first exhibition was an improvized group show. Me, Katya, Nikita Pavlov, Lyosha Dorofeev, [Maria] Aradushkina, [Viktoria] Lomasko, and Nadya Plungyan came… someone else…[11]—seven or eight people total—and every one brought a work or two. […] Later, almost all our projects were solo exhibitions. Boundaries and the Space Where They are LiftedExhibition view, Alexandra Sukhareva. Still-living, The Brown Stripe Apartment Gallery, Moscow, 2008. Garage Archive CollectionAbove I have already outlined the questions that proved to be central for Brown Stripe and that Ekaterina and Pyotr keep returning to in the interview: the idea of the gallery grew out of a desire to overcome the boundaries between various artistic communities and the potential and specificity of the space itself (the room, the apartment, the district, the city).It is interesting to see how the space of the gallery and its location are discussed in the context of the gallery’s “mission;” howsquare meters are loaded with meaning. Pyotr: It was a curious thing how a rather large community formed there. The group of people that had existed before the Rodchenko School expanded when I went to Rodchenko and communicated somewhere. Then other people joined in from different circles… and later because two or three circles came together—but did not clash—within one space, a certain conversation emerged.Thus, the space becomes the key to understanding the initiative, regardless of the scale. The space becomes the axis around which meanings, connections, and references are formed; the space becomes enveloped in myth and connected to history; being located in a space can be interpreted both as violence and as fate.Regarding scalability in the description of spaces, whatever scale we choose, the space is poeticized and mythologized in descriptions by (primarily) Pyotr and Ekaterina, who explain its significance thus:1. The room (the gallery itself), its small dimensions, a single window and the view from it.2. The apartment is located in the middle of a standard multi-story building;3. The building itself is“strange” yet typical.4. The district of Altufyevo is “the arse of the world” and the heir to the tradition of Lianozovo, thus sacralized by its connection to the history of unofficial art.5. Moscow itself. The RoomPyotr: It was used as a kind of studio, so it was filled with stuff: an easel; paintings; a table; other things. Before the opening we would take everything out and hang the works. I guess it took us an hour or two, depending on the number of works, but it was all done pretty quickly. It was funny, as Katya also has students who came to our apartment. So, the room kept changing. We take everything out and we bring everything in and put it in the same places, only in a different order… a “schizospace.”Ekaterina: It was a blank canvas for experiments. People like Arseny Zhilyaev did there what they would not do in galleries. Because they had complete freedom. Pyotr: Conceptually I experienced it a as kind of cave, you know. At the time I was really interested in Abrahamic discourse, early Christianity, catacomb churches… But somehow everybody felt very minimalist about it: emptiness, minimalism, these walls, the experience of one’s path…The District/The CityPyotr: There was this aura, this fascination with Moscow Conceptualism.Marina: Were you influenced by that part of the history?Pyotr: Of course. Pivovarov’s Grey Notebooks were published around that time. I lived in Altufyevo and the barracks of Lianozovo, where Oskar Rabin and other wonderful people had lived, were just round the corner. Once I went to a shop and saw a banner that said, “Lianozovo. Worth Painting!” [Laughs]Ekaterina: I don’t know how familiar you are with the geography of Moscow. Altufyevo is the arse of the world. We are right by the metro, but it’s the last station in the north and people really need to make an effort to get here. Strangely, at times we had a lot of people at Brown Stripe, I mean really, a lot for an apartment. […]Pyotr: There was this aspect that I worked with a lot, that when viewers have to travel far their attitude changes. It’s not that they start seeing art differently, but they need to justify spending so much time… The location and the space inspired certain curatorial strategies. With the collective Vverkh![12] we organised a series of complex conceptualist seasonal exhibitions connected with the ideas of travel and moving. We organized the summer exhibition Nemi in Altufyevo. It was in three parts. At Brown Stripe, a performance took place in the gallery, with visitors watching a very distorted broadcast of it in the kitchen and hearing some sounds from behind the door. Then there was a trip through the Lianozovo Forest, also with Vverkh! I gave a historical tour and there were some objects and performances. Finally, there was a walk under the Moscow Ring Road, where a river crosses it through a sewer and a tunnel… In the denser forest on the other side of the road we built a dugout and made a cosmist altar. We sacrificed the only copy of the performance video documentation there.Ekaterina: Sasha Sukhareva, made an exhibition with the things she found in the space. She moved them about and lit them up, so she didn’t even need anything special to create it.Marina: You mean, she used objects from the apartment? Ekaterina: Yes, such as the old Finnish sewing machine, similar to a Singer, with a table and with legs. She used it as a table and placed her photograph on the shelf. She made black-and-white blurry photographs. We showed another photographic series, actually. Anton Kuryshev photographed everything that Brown Stripe visitors never saw—things from the rooms that are closed during exhibitions because they are filled with stuff and messy. So, he photographed that mess and kind of inverted the space. Pyotr: The name 7th Floor Radio… I grew up in this apartment. In his autobiography, The Words, Sartre says that he he grew up on the sixth floor, over the rooftops of Montmartre, and theat sixth-floor perspective remained with him throughout his life. At some point in my life, I felt that the view of Altufyevo has burnt into my eyes. It’s like a house you cannot leave and the space affects you… it sucks you in. This experience of the space, of the presence in the space, encompasses and merges together the physical (the long journey from central Moscow, the walk from the metro) the cultural (the memory of the Lianozovo group), the infrastructural (periphery, marginality), the visual (typical box houses), the personal (the view burnt into the eyes), and shared elements (heterogeneity and number of visitors). This strong experience of the space is the key to the ethos of Brown Stripe, its philosophy, its “energy and atmosphere” (Ekaterina), and its catacomb-ness (Pyotr). This particular experience of space has to do with its sacralization, and in the case of Brown Stripe it might be difficult to say with certainty whether it is playful, subversive or serious. Discussions of exhibitions often touch upon rituals and the ritualistic foundations of art, its magical and mystical aspects, both in general and in relation to the particular artworks on show at the gallery. The Ethos of Brown Stripe: Sacred FunOne might assume that art understood as a ritual has to look serious and be taken very seriously, but in fact the ethos of Brown Stripe is an ethos of fun, simplicity, drive, and ease: everything seems to happen naturally. For example, their decision to have one-day exhibitions was based on the “obvious” reason of convenience. The fact that Moscow audiences only come to private views is criticised, yet immediately taken for granted and made into a rule for the organization of exhibitions.The combination of a serious approach that elevates art, its making, experience, and discussion to the level of sacred on one hand and drive, fun, joy, and a carefree attitude on the other form an essential aspect of the gallery’s activities. There are, of course, many other important things, such as the incredible discursive density and fury of the Brown Stripe nights: endless debates, critique, the birth of theories—serious or not—active engagement in the conversation, the passion for discussion.…In apartment galleries, personal connections, experiences, characters, and traits determine or influence everything. But those personal aspects are in each case presented differently. Brown Stripe is focused on the tradition of Moscow Conceptualism, the institutional system, discursive strategies, various schools of contemporary art, theoreticizing and conceptualizing one’s art, including through the ideas of the Russian Cosmism and cultural theory. In the case of Egorka, the institutional context is of less importance (in St. Petersburg, of course, it is less pronounced). Their personal is built on different ground, including feminism, activism, and anarchism, whose ethical and political stances the curators appreciate, and to a greater extent based on the practices of active remodeling and living of the everyday: the introduction of the everyday to curatorial strategies and artistic contexts.Or: Pyotr and Ekaterina grew up in Moscow, whereas Anya and Nastya only recently moved to St. Petersburg and their connection to Omsk is very important to them. And if the Altufyevo view has burnt Pyotr’s eyes, to Nastya curating Egorka is a “way of getting to know the city.” Brown Stripe needs to find its place in an existing and strong field (the Moscow art scene), whereas Egorka is creating its own.Both galleries are interested in overcoming group/clique boundaries, bringing together people of different schools, movements, and aesthetic choices. Perhaps, this points to a general tiredness with markers such as diplomas from contemporary art schools, different as they might be. A huge difference is found in the ways in which apartment gallery curators draw the boundaries between public and private: from real spatial borders to symbolic ones. The common aspect is that, however the borders are drawn, they are the topos of self-analysis and are explored in the exhibitions. The notion of ethos, which I here use very liberally, helps me show the interweaving connections between the everyday, the pragmatic and material aspects of curatorial practices, and axiology—various methods of constructing value and assigning significance to the events that take place in an apartment gallery (and in one’s own life). The methodology of this text is based on the intuitive capture and interpretation of what I have heard, as opposed to classification; on the hope for proximity and therefore understanding. Such embodied research relying on emotion as much as on the rational was made possible by the specificity of the subject itself, and I am grateful to my informants and their living and working spaces. Notes [1] Marina Maraeva (Intimate Space Lab), Anna Isidis (Intimate Space Lab, Bobo Gallery), Maria Nikolaeva (Morpheus Gallery), Anya Tereshkina and Nastya Makarenko (Egorka Communal Gallery).[2] This article is an abridged version of a text written after the Archive Summer project in 2018–2019. [3] In this text I juxtapose various kinds of material: amateur ethnographics in the study of Egorka Gallery that I occasionally visit, and the study of the video archive and texts of Brown Stripe Gallery, which ino longer exists. I did interview Pyotr Zhukov and Ekaterina Gavrilova, but the retrospective view from quite a distance is a different thing. It was a different context, of course, a different time. The only possible solution was to compare what is comparable, for example the texts and the analysis of the interviews, and to speak of the incomparable separately, subverting methodological continuity. In other words, to write different texts within one. The key element that is at the core of my interest in apartment galleries—their ethos—can be grasped through video as well as through text and of course through nostalgic retrospective speech.[4] Here and further, excerpts from an interview made during work on this research project. [5] Self-organized gallery FFTN (named after the fifteen visitors that it can host at a time) and its curator irina Aksyonova. [6] Nastya explains the support group the following way: “It’s a group of artists and activists that formed over a year ago around Sasha Kachko’s exhibition Joy 2.0 Tenderness. We gather every once in a while. Our practices vary. The main idea is to support each other through the discussion and co-production of works and in private matters. The group is formed and semi-private.”[7] Curator’s text for the exhibition Support Group for Those Perturbed by Eros. See the online catalogue: https://issuu.com/egorka_gallery/docs/_________________________small_1[8] “In the past few days I’ve been fixated on the idea of sharing—of the things we can share that through this sharing can connect us. One can share a bed, sadness, loneliness, ideals, a lunch, property, dreams, but most often with one other person, not many. And if we share with many, do we need one? Perhaps, if communes created by the calling of the heart were indeed possible, our habits of sharing with one person would be completely redefined. I see it in my mind as vegetation being rapidly covered with the tumours of mould that join everything into one; sparks of commonality that transform bodily structures and volumes and creates intricate and fragile, unstable queer communes. Oh mould of commonality, come cover our bodies! Meanwhile, I am currently studying self-organized initiatives, and in particular, apartment galleries, and at this stage my most important discovery is that Egorka Gallery is essentially grass—it is grass in terms of ethics.” Post from my private Facebook page, 10.07.2018. URL: https://www.facebook.com/marina.israilova.1/posts/1655624974535740.[9] I came across Brown Stripe while studying the archive of the project Open Systems. At the time of my research the gallery had already closed. I had never heard of it before and for me it was a real discovery. In the archive I found just over six hours of videos documenting its activities, and from the first few minutes I knew I wanted to study it and write about it. What was it that excited my interest? It is both easy and difficult to answer this questions. I saw people in the bedroom, in the kitchen, by the window, talking about art; and somehow I knew that something important was happening there and that I wanted to be there. I was instantly charmed by the space. [10] These “gray zones” or “transit spaces” may be one of the most exciting objects for research in contemporary art and they require further study, with a particular focus on the analysis of their structure and the underlying social connections and economic conditions. [11] The complete list of artists was as follows: Maria Aradushkina, Ekaterina Gavrilova, Aleksey Dorofeev, Pyotr Zhukov, Viktoria Lomasko, Elizaveta Makhlina, Nikita Pavlov, Nadezhda Plungyan, Andrey Chizhin.[12] The name of the collective Vverkh! [Up!] formed by Rodchenko School graduates and Brown Stripe regulars (both as artists and viewers) reflects their love for paradox and puns. Their original name, Rossiya, Vverkh! [Russia, Go Up!] was a response to the omnipresent slogan slogan of the 2000s and 2010s [Russia, Go Forward]. The upward movement referred to the ideas of Russian Cosmism. In order to remove obvious political connotations, the collective dropped “Russia” from the name, leaving the pure utopian call. …

Israilova Marina | 16 августа 2021

Denis Stolyarov, 'JB-4-3-V7393'

“So this is an office at the Boston Institute of Contemporary Art,” says Joseph Backstein off-screen as he begins video documentation of the exhibition Between Spring and Summer: Soviet Conceptual Art in the Era of Late Communism in November 1990. “What I want to show illustrates a simple fact that there is a lack of space everywhere. The tightness is, so to say, monstrous.” These thirty seconds serve as an epilogue to an hour-and-a-half-long recording, which, in terms of structure and content, could have been a film if the author had chosen to call it that. Subjective video sketches surpass the bare necessity of a video archive with their fascination. The camera catches an innumerable number of expressive micro-narratives that expose the feelings and hopes, doubts, delights, and fears of those members of the artistic community who get into focus.Between Spring and Summer was conceived as a part of a cultural festival accompanying a sporting event (The Goodwill Games), held in Seattle as a celebration of friendship and peace between former Cold War enemies. In 1990 the games were held for the second time—and for the first time in the United States. A museum in Tacoma (a city fifty kilometers from Seattle) invited curator David Ross, who had been in Moscow before, to prepare an exhibition of contemporary Soviet art. Ross, director of the Boston Institute of Contemporary Art, invited his deputy, Elisabeth Sussman, to participate in the project, as well as two Russian curators: Margarita Tupitsyn and Joseph Backstein. The exhibition was assembled in Tacoma in the summer of 1990; after that, it traveled to the East coast, to Boston; and from there to Des Moines, Iowa, in 1991.Tupitsyn had lived, studied, and worked in the United States since the mid-1970s, and therefore had a good grasp of contemporary US academic discourse; Backstein was a close friend of many artists and lived in Moscow, and therefore better understood the inner dynamics of cultural discussions taking place in Moscow and Saint Petersburg. Some artists went to Tacoma, some to Boston, Backstein was present with his camera in both places, recording everything, but it was the Boston film that turned out to be an unexpectedly expressive piece of moving image.There is no pre-conceived narrative in the film: it develops by itself, over time. Formally, the recording consists of scattered scenes, long shots and close-ups, casual conversations, and random meetings.Backstein films artist and architect Alexander Brodsky continuously for twenty seconds while the latter fixes some camouflage netting construct onto the stair railings. “You should record more interesting scenes, more!” says Brodsky to Backstein. “More?” Backstein asks in bewilderment, not understanding what Brodsky means.For a whole minute, he films an American woman applying some putty to the wall. “I want to show the Soviet audience how real American laborers... and female laborers work,” Backstein explains to someone off-screen, clearly following the logic of Soviet production cinema.From the same canon is the utopian scene of a communal lunch. The bell rings, calling everyone to the table. “Lunch!” someone informs Backstein.- Where? Lunch?- Yes, lunch!Backstein takes the elevator, enters a room in which a dozen people are sitting at a long table, there is a case of beer on the table, people are eating soup from cardboard cups. Everyone is happy to see Backstein and his camera. “Here he comes!”, Applause. The camera finds Brodsky.- How's the soup, comrade commander?- Great! Very competent soup.- A soup from a bag?- A very good soup.- Then I am going to eat, and then again maybe...Backstein puts the camera on the table; the lens is obstructed by a two-liter bottle of Coca-Cola. It's hard to imagine that this is not on purpose; the frame is extremely symbolic. Off-screen, Backstein hums contentedly at the delicious food. The Americans cast worried glances at the camera and at the Russians. The Russians are discussing the influence of spicy Thai cuisine on digestion at that moment; the conversation, in Brodsky's own words, is “not for the mealtime.”Sometimes the film turns into “slow cinema”: minutes pass in a daze, capturing the monotonous process of installation or a noisy opening party. The camera slowly slides past tense people; many of them are uncomfortable under its gaze.The key episode is a meeting with Ilya Kabakov, already an international star, whose large solo museum exhibitions have been held in Switzerland, Germany, and the USA. Kabakov has already taken part in Les Magicienes de la Terre by Jean-Hubert Martin, and in a year, he will be one of seven artists defining installation as a genre in Dislocations by Robert Storr at MoMa in New York. Kabakov walks into the exhibition preparations in street clothes and immediately pays attention to the equipment in the hands of Backstein:- It's so small.- You have exactly the same one.- No, mine is larger.- No, you have exactly the same camera, with small cassettes.- Yes? Yes, with small ones, but ...- But what? Remember, it's exactly the same.- Yours in the size of your palm, and mine...- It seems so to you, but it's the same. The one I saw in Washington is exactly the same. It's just that the battery is located differently, on the side.- Yes, on the side, so it looks thicker.- Well, it's thicker.- Although in fact, it is the same.Immediately, without pausing, Backstein asks:- Well, do you think this is a good exhibition?- It's wonderful.- In my opinion, it's very good. Here is the work Children's [by Elena Elagina], in my opinion, it's very expressive. Really good, in my opinion.- It's fine, yes.Quickly changing registers, switching from everyday language to theoretical, Backstein and Kabakov begin to vividly discuss Kabakov's already built installation Sixteen Ropes, a dark room in which ropes hang with pieces of rubbish tied to them and scraps of conversations written on pieces of paper— verbal details of communal life. You can only see what is happening inside by using flashlights, which will be placed nearby.- So no one will go there—Kabakov says, disappointed.- Do you think so?—Backstein answers.- Or maybe they will—the artist changes his mind.- Well, will there be those flashlights?- There will be flashlights, yes... They will go with flashlights, won't they?- If you put a few flashlights on this table, then, it seems to me, they will.- Maybe they will.- Yes, they might.The artist and the curator encourage each other, persuading each other in the correctness of decisions that have already been made. Kabakov explains the meaning of the spatial design of the work:- It is a room which you have to enter, but you cannot enter it because there is a heap of garbage hanging. This is the game. The door is the symbol of entrance. But you can't enter, because someone already lives there. There is collective life. Come in, but you cannot enter. It's fine.The conversation quickly becomes completely abstract.- It's not bad at all—says Backstein.- Well, in general, life is a success—sums up Kabakov.- Do you think? In what sense?- No, there is such an expression. There are two such ambiguous, capacious expressions that can cover almost the entire universe of being. These are two such expressions: the first is “life is a success,” and the second is “to the warehouse.”- Well..?—Backstein repeats discouragedly several times: in their community, they do not usually argue, as any thinking needs to be supported and developed; there is a discursive space of freedom. - Who or what?- “To the warehouse.” Well, what I am saying is that this is a completely overarching concept. “Life is a success”—and you can immediately understand that everything is lost and gone, but on the other hand—you should not care about it. What does “life is a success” mean? This is a nonsensical phrase. How can it actually be a success? “Have you had lunch? Well, fuck you. Let's go home.”- That is, the condition is not recorded in any way. It moves on and is not fixed.- Yes. There is no specific point.- Meaning is a special effort to introduce meaning.- On the other hand, this is a very contact phrase because it kind of means “well, fuck you” in that sense. That is, “How's life?” Indeed, in essence, many greetings, “okay” or “alright,” mean “well, fuck it.” “You have asked? - Well, go your own way.” A huge number of expressions are the protection of a person from others. “Is everything all right?”—“Amazing!” This is the form, so to speak, “I see you, goodbye”; “what business of yours is it how I live?” It seems to me that the same thing happens here.- This exhibition—does it confirm or refute this observation?- Which exactly?- Well, there, “let's move on.”- “Let's go further,” yes, everything is passing.- There is such a feeling.- On the way. Let's go. There is no truth or meaning anywhere. Like a full, final meaning. Everything is tourism.Kabakov formulates one of the basic principles of postmodernism, the rejection of absolute values and universal principles. Backstein tries to clarify:- Well, well, if meaning is a procedure of adding meaning to something ...- No, no, the fact is that it's impossible to know the meaning at all. But here's the trick, “it's not in this place.” That is, the meaning is not rejected at all, but it says, “do not look for it in this particular place.” Modernism was focusing on some place, in which it was believed that “the truth was precisely in that place.”Kabakov confidently operates with concepts from trendy contemporary philosophy. The camera focuses on his face. “Modernism” and “postmodernism,” “structuralism” and “scientific”—the artist gets visible pleasure from juggling terms. He comes to a description of the exhibition:- The same is with this exhibition. It's amazing. But one does not need to look at it, neither at individual objects nor at the general concept; you don't need to look at it at all.“This is a completely new type of exhibition,” Backstein rejoices.—It is absolutely not necessary to watch it, in fact, just like our texts—it is absolutely not necessary to read them. It is a text that operates with its own extra-textual circumstances.- It acts by the very fact of its existence because, without the fact of existence, no text is possible and unreadable, if I may say so.- But it exists, there is still a text. There is some of its energy; there is an opportunity to enter the space of the text.- Moreover, it is an enumeration of the possibilities of truth. But it deliberately contains the idea that nothing will change from sorting them out. But the enumeration itself is a very important activity.- But our texts, about which we talked today, are arranged a little bit differently ... After all, what..?Kabakov smiles tiredly and ends the conversation, interrupting: “We are going to have dinner now, I will then later... I suddenly remembered that they are waiting for us.”The evening reception. Backstein greets friends and colleagues. They make fun of his camera; the camera is still a major character of the film. An employee of the institute asks Backstein if he has permission to film. “I am the curator of this exhibition!” “Ah, everything is fine then…” the young man is saying, embarrassed. Some girls are laughing.Backstein runs into Margarita Tupitsyn and her husband, Victor. Margarita mockingly addresses Backstein:- Vertov? Are you Vertov?—in those years she had begun to research professionally into the role of photography and photomontage in the Soviet avant-garde.Backstein triumphs:- I'm just like Dziga Vertov!- You are Dziga!- Fuck off with your camera, bitch!—someone says jokingly off-screen, Victor, as it seems.- Hello, comrade Vertov. I mentioned you in my last article on photomontage,—boasts Margarita.- How come? What for?—Backstein is confused and flattered.- Vertov! Not you,—Margarita dismissively throws a goodbye, and she and her husband are gone.Backstein gives someone a camera, after which he introduces himself to artist Nam June Paik and begins to discuss something with enthusiasm with him. Backstein sheepishly asks that they turn off the camera. Later, Russian artists gather in the office. Artist Irina Nakhova praises Margarita Tupitsyn's style. Backstein reports excitedly:- Kabakov is now standing there, talking to Nam June Paik. Would you like to meet Nam June Paik?- Paik ...—Nakhova repeats uncertainly.- He turns out to be Korean, says Backstein.- Listen, is it him?!—Nakhova is amazed.—I was always sure that it was a broad. How did I become sure that he was a woman? I was completely confident it was a broad! Frankly, I never had any doubts that he was a woman.- Well, he looks like a woman, by the way, someone replies.- He's in a way a little hermaphroditic,—confirms Backstein.- Moreover, his works, it seems to me, are feminine works, continues Nakhova. —With televisions. It seems that a lady made these works. I do not know why.Suddenly, she realises something, takes a bundle of invitations to her upcoming solo exhibition at the Phyllis Kind Gallery in New York out of her bag and hands them out to everyone present.Ann enters the back room, apparently an employee of the institute. “Are there always so many people at openings here?” Backstein asks her in clumsy English. Margarita Tupitsyn repeats his question with a pure American accent, but Ann has already begun to answer: “No, this is a very, very good audience. I have only been working here since the Mapplethorpe exhibition, but apparently it is a very good number of people, better than usual.” In parting, she says: “You should pat yourself on the back.” Tupitsyn translates that to Bakstein:- She says pat yourself on the back.- What does that mean?- It means good boy.- Who is good? I'm good? Because of what?- A boy.- Is the exhibition good? …—Backstein's question remains unanswered; the audience returns to discussing Nakhova's exhibition.The rumble of the reception again. At one point, Backstein is noticed by Andrew Solomon, a journalist who came to Moscow in 1988 to cover the Sotheby's auction. He made friends with Soviet artists and wrote a book about his adventures in the Soviet Union, entitled The Irony Tower, which will be published in New York next year, in 1991. In November 1990, he is again in the USA and is glad to see Joseph: he picturesquely throws up his hands and pronounces solemnly, and for some reason with a Russian accent “How are you?.” After that, he introduces his friend Catherine to Backstein and asks him for a new Moscow number of artists Konstantin and Larisa Zvezdochetov. In the future, Konstantin will be the editor of the Russian edition of the book.In addition to the catalogue of the opening exhibition, which later became an important document for art historians, the museum store sells a catalogue of Kabakov's exhibition Ten Characters at the Ronald Feldman Gallery in New York (also shown in London and Zurich), a catalogue of an exhibition of Russian Constructivism at the University Museum in Seattle and the Walker Center for the Arts in Minneapolis; and the memoir of Andrei Sakharov. 1990 is the height of the Russian boom.The next day, Backstein takes a long shot of the exhibition.- Film the “Work,”—Elena Elagina points out.- Which work?- It's really, very famous, this thing.The camera zooms past a huge yellow panel made by the Inspection Medical Hermeneutics group, on which the word “Work” is written in Russian. In front of the canvas, there is a heating fan directed at it, which is a part of the work.- Which one?—Backstein does not understand.- This thing—in the reflection, you can see that Elagina points to “Work” with her hand. Well, you see, it is printed in all the newspapers.- Yes—Backstein says, and does not move the camera.Instead, he points it at the camouflage netting that Brodsky was installing at the very beginning. “Well, this is that bullshit,” says Backstein. “Quiet, quiet!”—Elagina pulls him back. “Yes, it’s a failure, of course, that work,” Backstein expresses an unexpectedly critical opinion as if agreeing with someone’s opinion expressed earlier.They move on.- Provide explanations—offers Elagina.- This is the work of Komar and Melamid.- This is their room.- Yes, this is their room.The works of art are “named.” The figures of the authors are sufficient to determine the position of their works in the world.The camera is filming a TV-set showing a movie about Collective Actions. In the film, Backstein walks through the Kievogorskoe field and talks in English about its significance for the art community: it is “a symbol of the independence of unofficial art.” Backstein in Boston recaptures his own statement, recorded in Russia for a US-exhibition, with a hand-held camera; there is a “stringing” of locations happening, girdling of space, the figure of Backstein occupies the whole of it, both here and there.Backstein aims the camera at Andrei Monastyrski's Finger. “Monastyrski and Hänsgen” says Elagina.- Is this the work of Monastyrski and Hänsgen?—asks Backstein, the curator of the exhibition.- Yes.- Indeed, huh?- Indeed.- Both of them, right?- Both of them.- We are going to show the label.- A close-up of the label.The camera aims at the label, which has only the name of Andrei Monastyrski. The shot is interrupted.Backstein and Elagina go further. Visitors with flashlights walk inside the Kabakov's installation. “Can you see anything?” asks Elagina. Say “This is the Kabakov room.” Backstein obediently repeats: “This is the Kabakov room.”Next frame, next work. Elagina says off-screen: “He wanted her name to be on the label, but it is not. Rita also said ‘film.’ What is here to film?” Obviously, they are talking about Monastyrski and Sabine Hänsgen. Indeed, Monastyrski subsequently criticised Backstein for the fact that his instructions had not been followed (see the dialogue between Monastyrski and Igor Makarevich in the video archive of Igor Makarevich: IM-2-3-V7414).Backstein notices Sergei Bugaev (Afrika) standing in the doorway with Irena Kuksenayte. After starring in the cult film Assa by Sergei Solovyov, Bugaev-Afrika is the star of the USSR. He looks stylish: he wears a cropped suit, a white shirt with large red polka dots and a baseball cap with the ICA logo. His work at the exhibition is a dedication to the member of Medical Hermeneutics, Sergei Anufriev: an altar with his images in the exhibition hall and a banner hanging on the building of the institute. The banner has a profile portrait of Anufriev, accompanied by the inscription “Anufriev does exist, Anufriev did exist, Anufriev will exist”: a paraphrase of the slogan about the eternally living Lenin, propaganda turned into an advertisement for a fashionable artist.- Seryun, are you leaving?—Backstein turns to him.Afrika asks where Margarita Tupitsyn has gone, and then pays attention to the Medical Hermeneutics installation, consisting of Christmas trees, around which soft toys in white angel (or hospital) robes lead a round dance:- I wonder what will happen with the Medhermeneutics installation Little fir-trees?- I think we will sell them,—Backstein replies semi-ironically.- Do you think so?- Of course.- To whom?- What do you think, nobody is interested?- To the Russian Museum,—suggests Elagina.- If only, Afrika says sceptically.- Can you give us any commentary on this exhibition for the film?—Backstein asks.- Sure,—Afrika answers, and gives a speech:“Here, in this part of the Institute of Contemporary Art in Boston, is the most pleasant part of the exhibition. It shows several works by the Medical Hermeneutics group.”Afrika is a Saint Petersburg artist. Traditionally, unofficial artists from Moscow and ones from Saint Petersburg did not understand each other very well. Artists from Saint Petersburg were more fashionable and sensual. Muscovites were smarter and more conceptual. Artists in Saint Petersburg played in rock bands; Muscovites published books. Muscovites drank, residents of Saint Petersburg used drugs. The members of Medical Hermeneutics, primarily Pavel Pepperstein and Sergei Anufriev, were disciples of Monastyrski and the successors of the Moscow Conceptualist tradition, but became close friends with Afrika; Afrika was a disciple of Timur Novikov but became close friends with Anufriev and Pepperstein. All three were sceptical about the contemporary art industry.Afrika walks around the Medical Hermeneutics installations and makes a speech about “wonderful works,” “unique elements,” and “psychedelic content.” He confidently touches the works, reads their titles on labels, and it is very hard to hear him.- The most extreme aspect here is, of course, that the heating fan continues to operate during the whole term of the exhibition. Although it is not very clear what it heats. Here it warms up the “Work”— Afrika touches the warm surface with his hand. The “Work” is pretty hot. And it also warms our hearts with its ridiculous appearance.Afrika continues to speak, approaches the fire extinguisher and picks it up:- I really like to pay attention to the invisible parts of any installation. For example, this can, or, as they call it here, “my friend.” “A working model.” It is a constantly present messenger.Backstein gets tired of Afrika's clowning: “Okay, thanks!”A street scene. Backstein asks Irena Kuksenayte, an actress and wife of Afrika, what she thinks about the exhibition. She is not in the mood and complains about a meeting with Slavists that day, apparently at Harvard: “The shittiest establishment I have ever been to.” And then she criticises the local fauna: “Thick fat squirrels, not adapted to anything. Bloated capitalist squirrels, they look a lot like gluttonous rats. Ours are red-haired beauties! What can I say.”Afrika brags about his purchases: recently released “Industrial Symphony No. 1” by David Lynch and Tibetan music cassettes. Irena asks him if there was “Wild at Heart,” but Afrika either doesn't hear or ignores the question.Backstein returns to filming the exhibition. The camera captures works by Timur Novikov, Sergei Mironenko, Brodsky and Utkin. “Actually, I've already filmed it.” Elagina and him go up to the first floor. Backstein gives Elagina the camera and enters the frame. Elagina introduces him: “Here is our curator. Joseph Markovich, say a few words.” Backstein points to a small tower with a roof next to him:- This is a work by Kostya Zvezdochetov. Ilya Iosifovich [Kabakov], when he saw it, jumped up out of joy. He said, “Here, it's real art.” And I said: “Indeed, real art. Zvezdochetov is our main genius.” On that, we agreed with Ilya Iosifovich.“Now say a few words about Larisa Zvezdochetova,”—Elagina asks, pointing to an installation consisting of a Soviet carpet and two chairs.- This is our second genius, Larisa Zvezdochetova. The good thing about this work is that you get to sit on an artwork. That is its main meaning.Backstein goes on to another work by Konstantin Zvezdochetov, an object made of a door, a shelf with a crossbar attached to it, an apple on the shelf, and a rushnyk hanging on the crossbar.- This is something so incomprehensible that it is even difficult to comment on. Although it seems to me personally that Kostya's works are so good because they are absolutely uninterpretable, but at the same time they seem to be absolutely reliable and objective. That is, the image is visible, but absolutely not observed and not interpreted.In fact, this installation by Zvezdochetov belonged to a series of works illustrating the three main rules of architecture formulated by Vitruvius: “Firmitas, Utilitas, Venustas.” The apple stood for utility, the door for firmness, the rushnyk for visual pleasure. The rushnyk belonged to the family of Larisa Zvezdochetova, so when, a few years later, Margarita Tupitsyn announced that the Guggenheim Museum wanted to get this work for its collection, Zvezdochetov refused to sell it, saying that the family heirloom was too precious to give it away.Backstein gets distracted by the camera lens. “You're getting too close,” says Elagina. “I see, there is something ... I must blow, probably,”—says Backstein, and indeed blows into the eyes of the viewer, destroying the “fourth wall.” Then they continue.- “Peppers.”- Yes, these are “Peppers.”- Here, as they say, you can't say anything.—Backstein gets tired of talking, Elagina leads the camera in a circle. “That's all, good. Everything has been filmed already,” she sums up—"turn it off.”They actually turn off the camera, but then turn it back on to show a few more works. Backstein laments that he wanted to hang Maria Serebriakova's work—a series of collages made up of found photographs, scraps, and drawings—back to back, but he was persuaded to give each frame space. He does not talk about the work itself.Finally—an installation by Afrika about Sergei Anufriev:- This is the work of the main artist of our times, Afrika. It’s such a masterpiece that there are simply no words. Seryozhenka should be very pleased. Such a trick-on-a-stick for him.Backstein is not worried that he has nothing to say about some works at the exhibition that he is curating. The main thing is their presence. The main thing is the pleasure that all participants get from their existence in the culture. Descriptions of the works are again reduced to the nominal names of their authors: “Volkov,” “Vadik Zakharov”: both are represented by painted canvases.“Vadik,” “Seryozhenka,” “Seryun”—the tradition of calling each other with diminutive forms of names will be contested by the next generation of artists who will refer to each other solely by their surnames.Backstein begins to talk about the attitude of Soviet artists in regards to painting, and utters an unexpected tirade:- This is such a strange situation that in contrast to Western art, where the pictorial period and the conceptual period alternate with each other, and during the conceptual period the works stick to some compulsory formal pictorial minimalism. In this case, such a strange effect appears, that here the works are undoubtedly and unequivocally conceptual, but for all that, materiality, “perceptible objectivity” in them does not go anywhere, it stays here.Elagina shows the works of Sergey Mironenko and Andrey Filippov. Backstein discusses Boston with an institute employee holding fire extinguishers.The final scenes: we see the ICA office again, in the afternoon, Elena Elagina calls Moscow by phone, Backstein asks her to tell “their Moscow friends” where they are, thereby reminding us for whom he is filming all of this. He shows them “pretty corners,” Victor Tupitsyn, the library, the kitchen, the director's office, and the freeway visible from the window.And now it is night again, Backstein gets into the car in order to go, apparently, to the airport. He films the outgoing road through the rear window for a while. “I love this kind of filming,” he explains to the interlocutor. “It's quite informative, actually. It still gives some idea of the city.” Nothing is visible in the street, only street lamps and headlights of other cars. The microphone is clogged with road noise and occasional sirens. Backstein complains that the battery is nearly empty. The adventure has come to an end, but the adventure of contemporary Russian art is just beginning.…

Stolyarov Denis | 18 февраля 2021

Interview with Jean-Hubert Martin, one of the curators of the exhibitions Paris — Moscow and Moscow — Paris

The exhibition Paris – Moscow 1900–1930 took place at the Centre Georges Pompidou, in Paris from May 31 to November 5, 1979. Moscow – Paris 1900–1930, which was conceived as mirroring the Paris exhibition, was shown at the Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts from June 3 to October 4, 1981. The two exhibitions constituted a major discovery for Western and Soviet audiences. Works by the Russian and Soviet avant-garde in the exhibitions were almost completely unknown visitors on both sides of the Iron Curtain before that moment. This was the first time such a large number of works by Western modernists has been shown in Moscow. Pontus Hulten was a chief commissioner of the exhibition on the French side, while Jean-Hubert Martin was a curator of painting and sculpture section. During his visit to Moscow in September 2019 he talked to curator Andrey Erofeev on details of organising both of the shows and answered questions of Garage Archive curator Sasha Obukhova on the 3rd Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art, that he curated in 2009, and the new generation of Russian artists. Dimitri Sarabianov and Pontus Hulten. Photo: Igor Palmin. Garage Museum of Contemporary Art, Moscow. Igor Palmin archive. Andrei Erofeev: If I am not mistaken, the idea for the exhibition came from Pontus Hulten, [1] and it was initially planned for three cities instead of two. Jean Hubert-Martin: That is absolutely right. The program proposed by Hulten for the opening of the Centre Pompidou in 1977 initially included two large group shows: one tracing the axis “Paris – New-York” and the other one “Paris – Moscow – Berlin” (in this order). He planned to show how, when artists emigrated from one country to another, the French avant-garde found its way in Moscow and then traveled to Berlin. Out of that came the idea for three solo exhibitions by Duchamp, Picabia, and Malevich, all as part of the same opening. The exhibition Paris – Moscow – Berlin exhibition was planned for the opening in 1978, so in 1976 Hulten travelled to the USSR to meet the Minister of Culture. The feedback he received was positive. The Soviet side was ready to start negotiations. Hulten came back to Paris in high spirits: we were getting Gauguin, Matisse, and Picasso from the Shchukin collection! He was happy that he wasn’t simply shown the door, but deep down he realized that it was too soon to celebrate. From the 1950s, artworks from the Shchukin collection had been lent as part of the cultural exchange program between France and the USSR. What we really wanted to see was the Russian avant-garde, of which we knew nothing back then. In 1977 I joined Hulten on a trip to Moscow. The spirit was still very positive: the Soviet side wanted to make an exhibition together, however 1978 was too soon for them and they asked for it to be a year later and without Berlin. The exhibition was postponed to 1979 and was renamed Paris – Moscow, so we had to fill the gap in 1978 with something else. Pontus thought to bring the Costakis collection to Paris, [2] while I, young and enthusiastic, suggested organizing the exhibition Paris – Berlin. We had very little time, but decided to do it. We contacted Werner Spies, [3] and he was put in charge of the German part, while I worked on the French. AE: Who was included in the team of specialists working on the three-part exhibition, the way it was conceived in 1976? JHM: Pontus Hulten was chief commissioner on the French side. I was in charge of painting and sculpture. Our team also included Raymond Guidot, [4] who was commissioner for applied arts, graphic design, architecture, and urban planning, and Serge Fauchereau [5] working as an independent expert and overseeing the literature part. AE: How familiar were you with the Russian avant-garde when you were first traveling to the USSR? The collection of the museum of contemporary art, housed at Palais de Tokyo, included works of Ivan Punin, Mikhail Larionov, and Natalia Goncharova. JHM: And also Vladimir Baranov-Rossine alongside other artists who immigrated to Paris and then gifted or bequeathed their works to local museums. However, the Russian avant-garde was poorly represented. The collection of Palais de Tokyo did not include a single work by Malevich, Tatlin or Rodchenko. AE: Who were in contact with when you arrived in the USSR? JHM: At first, communication with the Ministry was personally managed by Hulten. The chief commissioner for the exhibition appointed on the USSR side was Alexander Khalturin, [6] an official, barely qualified as an art historian. We knew nothing of his background. He proved to be a savvy and resourceful person, who could solve political questions with Moscow officials. He was rather strict and authoritarian with us, but quite open. We could discuss things with him. AE: A key part of the Paris – Moscow exhibition was allocated to the Russian avant-garde. Was there any controversy on the USSR side? JHM: No one was against the avant-garde, as they had received approval “from the top.” It was important to achieve a mutually acceptable balance between the avant-garde and figurative art in the wider sense, not just Socialist Realism. Khalturin was very active and slippery. He was always pushing for artists who seemed too academic to us. All of a sudden he might say: ‘The painting section has too much Malevich and Tatlin in it, they should be moved to design and architecture. Tatlin designed sets, so let’s show him in the theater section.” He was always playing with the exhibition layout, shuffling works between different sections. AE: This was typical of Soviet exhibition principles: to separate an artist’s work and personality. Before discussing artworks with Khalturin, you needed to see them. How was it organized, were you allowed into the secret depositories? JHM: We had to understand what was kept in Soviet museums in order to know what to request during our negotiations. Discussing names is one thing, specific artworks is another. We were trying to work in two directions at once: from the top through the Ministry of Culture and bottom-up, acquiring as many new contacts among museum colleagues as possible. We were talking to them, trying to persuade them. We were received very well most of the time. Even so, people acting cautiously with us and didn’t get any inventories from them. We understood the level of historical competition between Moscow and Leningrad, so Hulten suggested we visit Leningrad first and meet people from the Russian Museum. We shared our ideas and tried to talk them into working with us, yet most of all we were looking to get into their stores and see the works. Usually we succeeded. AE: So, it turns out you had Russian informants, not authorized to tell you anything, yet acting on their personal initiative? And thanks to them you got into secret depositories of the Tretyakov Gallery and the Russian Museum? This could be interesting to investigate further, as secret sabotage was present in the USSR on absolutely all levels and in every sphere: science, technology, and art were no exceptions. This was seen as resistance to the system. JHM: There was a circle of people who helped us find the necessary information and choose works with better precision and expertise. For example, Dimitri Sarabianov, [7] who we met regularly. Svetlana Dzhafarova [8] revealed to us works by Malevich that were kept in provincial museums we had never heard of (they were not included in the show in the end). As far as I recall she was fired for doing this: Irina Antonova realised that Svetlana was passing on information that conflicted with the official discourse. There was a Russian researcher working on a book about Tatlin [9] that was published soon after Paris – Moscow. She and her husband were outside the system and helped us a lot. Another person who worked on the exhibition was Vadim Polevoy, [10] who was clearly there to see that the process went well in the political sense. This was strange and it worked out in a way we didn’t expect. Within the exhibition we wanted to reflect on the image of the Revolution and everything that happened after. However, he was always present on site and at some point he made an entire speech about the Revolution, saying that the people behind it were young and romantic and for this reason we shouldn’t pay much attention to this period. In our working group we also had Anatoly Strigalev [11] and Vigdaria Khazanova, [12] who was responsible for the architecture. AE: Did any of the Soviet specialists come to Paris for the opening?JHM: Vadim Polevoy and another official from the Ministry of Culture, whose name I don’t remember. Marina Bessonova [13] from the Pushkin Museum was seriously involved in the process and came to Paris several times, whereas Irina Antonova didn’t visit at all. I don’t remember seeing her among the delegation at the opening, but I need to double-check the photographs to be sure. AE: So Antonova wasn’t involved in choosing the works? JHM: She got involved at the stage when we decided to organize the second exhibition, Moscow — Paris, and she took over the whole process. AE: The exhibition in Paris was organized by your team, with advice from Moscow art historians and involvement of officials from the Ministry of Culture. JHM: I would put the officials in first place, as a lot depended on them. In particular on Khalturin. The checklists of works that we were discussing were compiled in alphabetical order and started with Abram Arkhipov. I was called Mr Impossible at the time, as I was always saying “No, it’s impossible to put works by this artist in the show!”AE: How did you organize your discussion of the checklists? Did you have photographs of works? Did you plan the layout using photographs as well? JHM: We used photographs for the discussions. And the layout was planned room by room. Khalturin demonstrated a decent historical understanding of the subject, both in terms of individual works and the general exhibition framework. AE: After the exhibition was held in Paris did it move to Moscow with the same artworks? JHM: At first, we planned to ship the exhibition from Paris to Moscow exactly as we installed it initially. All the loans were requested for both exhibitions. But the receiving party wasn’t ready for it: the USSR side decided to have the exhibition two years later than planned. That meant we had to start from scratch. Before restarting work on the exhibition, I decided to play the spy and travel to Moscow. I met with Irina Antonova at the Pushkin Museum. Khalturin wasn’t there, I didn’t see him once during the installation. The exhibition was curated solely by Antonova. Most of the work was already done, all that was left was installation. One of the trickiest situations involved a huge vitrine from the Paris exhibition, that had involved a lot of effort and was devoted to Trotsky. [14] He had a good relationship with André Breton and was an important figure for the history of Western modernism. We had to fight for a permission to show it in Paris, and in Moscow it prompted a surreal conflict, with Hulten on one side and Khalturin and the Soviet Ministry of Culture on the other. They spent an hour arguing over someone who they didn’t dare to name. The Soviet side insisted that “he” must not be included in the show. No one wanted to give in, but the exhibition opened without the vitrine. Fauchereau and I boycotted the opening, so you won’t be find us in the photos. I also asked Natalie Brunet to get us badges with ice picks to wear. Trotsky, as we know, was murdered with an ice pick in Mexico.AE: If we compare the catalogues of the exhibitions in Moscow and Paris, it’s very obvious that there were fewer works by the avant-garde in the Moscow edition. For example, some of Rodchenko’s works disappeared. JHM: The exhibitions in Moscow and Paris were identical and composed of the same sections. There were a couple of cases where we couldn’t obtain certain loans again, but without serious consequences for the exhibition. Also, there was a situation with Tatlin’s Tower. Antonova saw it installed in the main niche of the White Room, the central point of the museum, and was furious. She and Hulten argued. Pontus shouted, “If you move the tower to different place, I will break it!”The tower belonged to us. Hulten had been head of reconstruction of Tatlin’s Tower at the Moderna Museet in Stockholm. They did not have the original plans, only a couple of photographs. Everyone understood that the reconstruction was very approximate. The Centre Pompidou team made the second version, which was more accurate than the first and was eventually shown in Paris and Moscow. [15] Antonova surrendered in the end. АЕ: And what was the story with Gmurzynska [16] and her gallery? JHM: I arrived at the museum before the works were delivered and before installation began. I saw two vitrines with works from Gmurzynska’s gallery, installed on Antonova’s instructions. I was surprised, as the works were not included in the contract. We were used to complying with documents and checklists signed at the highest level. Also, there were plans for the opening (or the day after) to hold a fashion show of dresses made of fabrics based on sketches by Popova and Stepanova. That didn’t match our vision at all. What really astonished us were the fictitious reports on the exhibition opening, compiled by the museum. One of the books on the history of the Pushkin Museum stated that Brezhnev attended the opening, which wasn’t true. He did come, but a month and a half after the opening. AE: Can you tell us the story of Malevich’s coffin at the Paris show?JHM: I wasn’t there, I only saw photographs and heard about what happened. As far as I know, Malevich’s coffin was shown only twice, [17] first at Malevich’s solo show in 1978 [18] and then at Paris – Moscow. On both occasions it was part of actions organized by dissident artists. Everyone was telling us crazy things, like the Centre Pompidou was under surveillance and we were surrounded by KGB agents. The Parisian intelligentsia insisted that the Russians had tricked us and the exhibition in Moscow wouldn’t happen, but history proved them wrong.AE: And that happened thanks to the efficient methods of Pontus Hulten and the pressure he could put on people. You once told me that you had a sense of being on a mission of discovery for this kind of art. JHM: We were restoring historical truth and that was really moving. It’s a paradox, but intellectuals from Moscow and St. Petersburg knew the Parisian avant-garde much better than the Russian, thanks to the Shchukin collection. A question was raised during a recent conference on Shchukin: [19] why did he buy so many incredible and innovative works in France, yet ignore Russian artists?AE: Just like George Costakis, who collected and saved works by the avant-garde, including the second tier, and payed almost no attention to the Soviet nonconformists, whose works he could get for free. [20]JHM: I want to come back to the figure of Alexander Khalturin for a second. We often had lunch or dinner together. Khalturin was always very reserved and didn’t talk much, like a real official. In one of our conversations he mentioned his duties with Tatlin, Malevich, and Rodchenko and said, “At least those people didn’t kill anyone.” I can imagine the risks he had to take and the political maneuvers he had to make. I am sure he complied, but deep down he realized that hiding those works was absurd. AE: Which can’t be said for Antonova, who didn’t make any maneuvers. She could have shown stronger support for the art. JHM: But she agreed to have the exhibition at the museum. Who knows how things really were for them? Maybe Khalturin was struggling to find a museum director brave enough. Sasha Obukhova: The Moscow – Paris exhibition made a big impression on me. I was 13 at the time and I couldn’t believe that art could be like this. In particular I remembered Filonov and Miro. The Tretyakov Gallery didn’t have Filonov on permanent display back then, just like they didn’t have Malevich. JHM: I remember how we went to the Russian Museum stores and found ourselves in a small room covered floor-to-ceiling with Filonov’s paintings. We knew nothing about him at the time. SO: He bequeathed all his works to the Russian Museum. JHM: And made a big mistake: there are very few of his works on the market and this affects his reputation. It’s a challenge to advocate for his legacy. I first realized this when the first Filonov solo show at the Centre Pompidou in 1988 or 1989. [21] SO: I saw some absolutely incredible Filonov works [22] at the Nukus Museum, which Igor Savitsky founded in Uzbekistan in the Soviet period. Savitsky collected the second tier 1920s and 1930s avant-garde bought up works by dead artists. Those works are now in the museum’s collection and we know nothing about them. There are some remarkable female artists, who I didn’t know before; hundreds of paintings and works on paper, and all of this remains almost invisible in Uzbekistan. But I wanted to come back to the subject of this interview and ask you: when you were working on your famous exhibition Magiciens de la Terre [23] (1989), you included Russian artists. How did you choose the works? JHM: Back then I director of Bern Kunsthalle. I was in Moscow often and wanted to make an exhibition of nonconformist works. There was an expert board at the Kunsthalle, chaired by Paul Jolles. [24] He was interested in the work of Kabakov, Bulatov, Vassiliev, Shteinberg, and Yankilevsky. I met with all of them. I visited Kabakov’s studio several times and came to the conclusion that he was the most talented of them all. Jolles insisted on a group show of four or five artists, while I wanted to show just Kabakov. I thought that would attract more attention than another “Four artists from…” project, which everyone usually forgets the next day. I organized the first Kabakov exhibition in Bern in 1985. There were two daily papers in Bern and one of them published a review saying something like: what is Martin trying to say, who needs Russian art? The other review showed more interest, which was exactly what I was trying to achieve, to make people wonder why I chose a Moscow artist. At the time I was also working on Magiciens de la Terre and had a lot of discussions with Kabakov. We exchanged letters. Those letters were delivered by Vladimir Tarasov, [25] who visited Paris for concerts. He told me that Kabakov liked an idea of the project, which meant a lot to me. He was initially included in the list of artists for the exhibition, but I also thought about Eric Bulatov as an important and complex artist, so I decided to invite them both. We showed Kabakov’s installation The Man Who Flew into Space from his Apartment (1985), which was then for the Pompidou collection. SO: Did you see it in his studio? JHM:Yes, and I was amazed: the installation occupied nearly the whole studio, but no one could see it apart from friends. SO: I heard that while Kabakov was preparing for the exhibition in Bern, he was expecting a truck from Switzerland and some of his works turned out to be impossible to remove from the studio. JHM: The truck wasn’t coming from Switzerland. One of my friends worked at the Colombian embassy, if I’m not mistaken, and she knew Kabakov. As a member of a diplomatic mission she was much freer to move around the city and her mail was never searched. She took three paintings by Kabakov and they were passed through the window. One of them was sent to Centre Pompidou, two others to Basel museum, or to Bern and Basel, but definitely to Switzerland. Those were incredible times. Paul Jolles once decided to buy works officially and ship them out of the USSR. And he did it! Some months later he tried to do it again, but it didn’t work. What was the key? The will of a single official, who happened to be more open than others? SO: I heard that some things were made possible thanks to Tair Salakhov, [26] head of the Artists’ Union at the time. Among other things he signed export permits. Some people believe that he was the first to start lifting the Iron Curtain. I am not sure how fair it is to say that, as in 1988 many things were much easier to organize. JHM: In 1988 things were certainly much easier. Kabakov first left Russia in late 1987, traveling to Austria under a grant program. Do you know how he got his visa? He applied for a USA visa in Vienna. [27] He was lucky to meet an official who was eager to help. His visa didn’t come instantly, but was delivered much faster than expected.SO: You played an important part in the lives of Moscow artists, when you curated the 3rd Moscow Biennale in 2009. How did it go? Who invited you?JHM: I was invited by Joseph Backstein. I don’t know why he chose me. My wife and I came to Moscow during the Year of French culture in Russia. We stayed at the Baltschug Kempinski hotel. I met Joseph and he suggested I curate the biennale. I refused due to my schedule: I was preparing a big show in Paris and couldn’t work on two projects at the same time. I returned to the hotel, spoke to my wife and she said, “Are you crazy? Accept immediately!”SO: A woman’s role in history! JHM: I called Joseph back and told him that I changed my mind. In my opinion the first two biennales [28] had a strange structure. The main project was created by a team of curators and hardly included any Russian artists. Their works were always part of the parallel program.SO: Russian artists were included in the main exhibition. There were few, but they were present. JHM: In any case I told Joseph from the very beginning that I would only curate this project if I was allowed to include Russian artists in the main exhibition, not separately from other participants. SO: The generation of artists working in the 2000s was different from that of the early days of perestroika. Russian art wasn’t as popular as German or French. How did you do your research for the biennale? JHM: I wanted to meet as many artists as possible and discover the new generation. I was disappointed by what I saw. That’s why I mainly chose artists of the perestroika period and very few of the new generation. I think Ivan Chuikov was surprised, when I picked his old installation Split Identity (1993–2009), which he had repeated numerous times. But I liked it and persuaded him to lend that work for the exhibition. SO: This was one of the best exhibitions in Moscow in recent decades. JHM: I’ve heard that reaction before and I’m always very flattered. It was a great pleasure to work on that biennale. SO: It demonstrated a will to make a statement about art, which is a rarity. And my last question: what is your impression of Russian art that you have seen during your current visit to Moscow? Do you see works by Russian artists at international exhibitions? How is Russian art represented in that context? JHM: I think that Russian art today attracts less interest than before. Cosmoscow art fair didn’t impress me much. Also, there is very little information on what is happening in Moscow and St. Petersburg. Fifty years ago we knew much more about art from Russia than we do today. It is not present on the European or American markets, which is sad. That is probably the reason. SO: In recent years there were no major exhibitions of Russian art abroad. Might this be political? JHM: I don’t think so. I don’t know how to explain it. The work of Western museums is dictated by fashion. There are endless extremely boring exhibitions of Chinese art opening in France today, and no one cares about Russia. Curators are usually lazy and have little interest in what is going on around them. They don’t want to make individual statements, for their shows they take whatever they saw at other biennales. It’s disappointing. The reasons are, again, market-related. Galleries that work in Russia do not collaborate with their colleagues in the West and do not look to establish the exchange that is so vital. They are focused on the situation in Russia and rarely show art from other countries, which makes it impossible for them to appear within the international art context. SO: It seems to me it’s not about the market, which has never been strong in Russia, but the support the government gives to such art. Today it’s very weak, but there’s still a chance. If the market improves, the government may pay attention to art. JHM: I think you’re right. SO: Thank you for the interview. Notes[1]. Pontus Hulten (1924–2006) was a Swiss and French curator. In 1960 he became the first director of Moderna Museet, the museum of modern art in Stockholm. In 1977 he was co-founder and the first director of the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris. In 1985 he was one of the initiators of the Institut des hautes études en arts plastiques in Paris. [2]. George Costakis (1913–1990) owned a collection of Russian and Soviet avant-garde comprising over 2,000 works by artists such as Kazimir Malevich, Vasily Kandinsky, Ivan Punin, Liubov Popova, and Natalia Goncharova. In 1977 Costakis and his family emigrated from the USSR to Greece. According to the documents signed by Costakis and the Ministry of Culture of the USSR in the same year, part of his collection (834 works) was given to the State Tretyakov Gallery. The remaining part (1,277 works) was acquired by the Greek State between 1988 and 2000 and is currently a part of the State Museum of Contemporary Art, Thessaloniki. In the late 1970s, George Costakis’ collection became known internationally. As a foreign citizen, Costakis had been allowed to travel outside the USSR since the late 1950s, where he met émigré artists and gave lectures on the avant-garde accompanied by images of works from his collection.See: Costakis, G. Мой авангард. Воспоминания коллекционера. [My Avant-Garde. Memories of a Collector]. Moscow: Modus graffiti, 1993; Costakis G. Коллекционер. [Collector]. – Moscow: Isskustvo- XXI vek, 2015. According to Greek art historian Maria Tsantsanoglu, works from the Costakis collection formed the central part of the Paris – Moscow and Moscow – Paris exhibitions.See: Tsantsanoglu M. “Коллекция Георгия Костаки в Государственном музее современного искусства города Салоники. Открытие русского авангарда миру. [George Costakis’ Collection at the State Museum of Contemporary Art, Thessaloniki. Revelation of the Russian Avant-Garde to the World]” in George Costakis. К 100-летию коллекционера. Каталог выставки [To Mark the 100th Birthday of the Collector. Exhibition catalogue]. — Moscow: State Tretyakov Gallery, 2014, p. 30. [3]. Werner Spies is a German art historian, art critic, curator, and lecturer. He lived and worked in Paris from the 1960s. In 1971 he published the first catalogue raisonné of Picasso’s sculptures. In 1975 he curated the first retrospective of Max Ernst at the Grand Palais, Paris. From 1975 to 2000 was director of Düsseldorf Art Academy and from 1997 to 2000 he was director of the Centre Pompidou.[4]. Raymond Guidot is a French design historian, curator, and lecturer. He is the author of Histoire du Design 1940–1990 (1994), which has been reprinted numerous times.[5]. Serge Fauchereau is a French art historian and curator of the exhibitions Futurismo et Futurismi (Palazzo Grassi, Venice, 1986), Europa, Europa. Das Jahrhundert der Avantgarden in Mittel- und Osteuropa (Bundeskunsthalle, Bonn, 1994), and others. [6].Alexander Khalturin was a museum worker and government official at the Ministry of Culture of the USSR. During work on the exhibition Paris – Moscow he was head of visual arts and protection of cultural heritage at the Ministry of Culture. [7]. Dimitri Sarabianov (1913–2013) was a Soviet and Russian art historian, Doctor of Art History (1971), and professor (1973). Member of the Artists' Union of the USSR (1955). Author of monographs on Sergey Malyutin (1952), Pavel Fedotov (1969, 1985), Semyon Chuikov (1958, 1976), Kazimir Malevich (with Aleksandra Shatskikh, 1993), Robert Falk (2006), and others. [8]. Svetlana Dzhafarova is a Soviet and Russian art historian. She was a research fellow in the Art Theory department of the Russian Institute for Cultural Research until it closed in 2014. [9]. Probably Larisa Zhdanova (1927–1981), editor of the catalogue Татлин. Заслуженный художник РСФСР [Tatlin. Honoured Artist of the RSFSR] (Moscow, 1977) and author of the books Tatlin (Budapest, 1983), Tatlin (London, 1988), Tatline: Masterskaia Tatlina (Paris, 1990) and other. [10]. Vadim Polevoy (1923–2008) was a Soviet and Russian art historian. Doctor of Art History (1971), Professor (1973), full member of the Academy of Arts (1990). From 1974 to 1991 he was a head of the editorial board of the almanac Sovetskoe Isskustvoznanie [Soviet Art History]. [11]. Anatoly Strigalev (1924–2015) was a Soviet and Russian art and architectural historian, researcher of the Russian avant-garde. He edited books and catalogues on Konstantin Melnikov and Vladimir Tatlin. [12]. Vigdaria Khazanova (1924–2004) was a Soviet art historian. She is the author of over a dozen books and numerous research papers on the architectural avant-garde in the postwar USSR. [13]. Marina Bessonova (1945–2001) was a Russian art historian, critic, and museum worker. In 1970 she became a research fellow at the State Pushkin Museum. She specialized in naïve art of the late 19th and early 20th centuries and was editor of a number of exhibition catalogues, including (Марк Шагал. К столетию со дня рождения [Marc Chagall. To Mark his 100th Birthday] (1987) and Государственный музей изобразительных искусств им. А. С. Пушкина. Каталог картинной галереи [Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts. Catalogue of the Painting Gallery] (1986). She curated the exhibitions Henri Matisse (Pushkin State Pushkin, Moscow; State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, 1993), Picasso’s Cubism and the Finnish Avant-Garde (Retretti, Punkaharju, Finland, 1994), The Non-Figurative in Russian Art. From Kandinsky and Malevich to the Present Dayn(State Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow, 1994), and others. [14]. The Paris – Moscow exhibition catalogue contains at least four mentions of Leon Trotsky in the context of publications that featured his works or were related to him. The literature section of the exhibition in Paris included: 1. A collections of poems by Vladimir Mayakovsky in French translation, published in 1930 with a foreword by Trotsky (also shown in Moscow). 2. Demain magazine (no. 19, November 1927), containing a transcript of a speech by Trotsky. 3. Révolution surréaliste magazine (no. 15, October 15, 1925), containing Trotsky’s article on Lenin. 4. Clarté magazine (Trotsky is mentioned in the catalogue as one of its authors).The Moscow – Paris exhibition catalogue does not mention Trotsky. [15]. See: https://www.centrepompidou.fr/cpv/resource/cqGrB5n/rezKeyr.[16]. The gallery owned by Polish immigrant Antonina Gmurzynska, founded in 1965 in Cologne, specialized in surrealism, constructivism, and the Russian avant-garde. The gallery currently has spaces in Zurich, Zug, and New York. Krystyna Gmurzynska, Antonina Gmurzynska’ daughter, became director in 1986. [17]. This is a reference to an action by émigré unofficial Soviet artists that happened at least twice, in Paris (1979) and New York (1981). Igor Shelkovsky participated in the action in Paris and wrote: “Here [in Paris] there was a two-day colloquium, “Culture and the Communist State,” then there was an idea to demonstrate outside the Beaubourg [Centre Pompidou], where the exhibition Moscow – Paris (sic) was taking place. Two Polish guys suggested we make a coffin and carry it in memory of everyone murdered. I liked the idea and suggested making Malevich’s coffin, so it would be more related to the exhibition. We made Malevich’s coffin in two days. The result was a beautiful suprematist coffin, all that was left was to show it. No one knew how things might go. There were rumors that the police were trying to prevent anti-Soviet demonstrations so as not to annoy the Soviet elite. There were some special conditions imposed by the Soviet side with regard to this exhibition. There were six handles on the coffin and it was very heavy. We picked it up and walked. Ahead of us were Natasha Gorbanevskaya and some French leftist intellectuals holding up the banner “Here lies Russian avant-garde, killed by Soviet socialist realism.” We marched across the square in front of the Beaubourg, where there are usually people fire-eating, playing saws, many conjurers, jugglers, singers, and crowds of people. We processed across the whole square and everyone was surprised by our coffin. We approached the museum doors. No one stopped us. We entered, there were no obstacles. Through the glass pipe, with escalators inside, we went from floor to floor to the fifth level, where the exhibition was. We lifted the coffin on our shoulders, went through security, disregarding the weak attempts to stop us (there were 20 or 40 of us, we didn’t buy tickets and we were a crowd carrying a huge object from outside). For some reason it seemed natural to place the coffin next to Tatlin’s Monument to the Third International. We went downstairs and carried the coffin into a room where a conference about the exhibition was taking place. The demonstration participants joined the discussion. That’s how our happening went.” From the artist’s correspondence with А–Я magazine. 1976–1981. Volume 1. Edited by Igor Shelkovsky. Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2019, p. 344. From Victor Agamov-Tupitsyn and Margarita Masterkova-Tupitsyna’s memories of the action in New York: “[Victor Agamov-Tupitsyn]: In 1981 Igor Shelkovsky, editor of А–Я magazine, arrived in New York. Together with Aleksandr Kosolapov they made a replica of Malevich’s suprematist coffin, which became a ‘sacred object’, the epicenter of ideological rituals played out in the 1980s by members of Kazimir Passsion group at P.S. 1 and The Kitchen. The group’s first action took place in 1981. It was a demonstration in front of the Guggenheim Museum, which was showing the Russian avant-garde at the time. There were Shelkovsky, <…> Bakhchanyan,the Gerlovins, you and me [Victor Agamov-Tupitsyn and Margarita Masterkova-Tupitsyna], Khudyakov, Druchin, Urban, and Kosolapov with his wife (Bardina). I read Kharms’ poems on the death of Malevich, we were all shouting, climbing telegraph poles, and demanding a halt to the commercialization of the dead, calling it necrophilia and the second death of the Russian avant-garde, in particular of Malevich. That is when the Kazimir Passion was born. Margarita Masterkova-Tupitsyna: Yes, it’s hard to imagine that in the early 1980s there were people who could be brave enough for this kind of a protest. [. . .] Anyway, straight after the action at the Guggenheim Museum the suprematist coffin was taken to the CCRA [Center of the Contemporary Russian Avant-Garde, founded in New York in 1981 by Norton Dodge], where it gradually blended into the exhibition Russian New Wave. Among visitors to that exhibition was Ann Magnuson, the action artist and initiator of the performance festival at PS1. She saw the coffin and asked whether it was possible to make something ‘around this object’. This started a series of performances by Kazimir Passion group, that created a whole new paradigm in the relationship between the historical avant-garde, [. . .] socialist realism, and the neo-avant-garde’. Tupitsyn V., Tupitsyna M. “Moscow – New York,” World Art Muzei, 21, 2006, pp. 13–14. [18]. Malevitch: exposition rétrospective, Centre Pompidou, Paris, April 14–May 15. Curated byJean-Hubert Martin. [19]. The reference is to the conference Sergei Shchukin Collection: Its History and Influence on the International Context, which took place September 11–13, 2019 at the Pushkin Museum. [20]. In fact, George Costakis had a large collection of works by nonconformist artists, including Vladimir Yakovlev, Igor Vulokh, Anatoly Zverev, Francisco Infante, Dmitry Krasnopevtsev, Lev Kropivnitsky, Dmitri Plavinsky, and others. See: George Costakis. К 100-летию коллекционера. Каталог выставки. [To Mark the 100th Birthday of the Collector. Exhibition catalogue]. Moscow: State Tretyakov Gallery, 2014, pp. 284–311.[21]. Filonov, Centre Pompidou, Paris, February 15–April 30, 1990. [22]. The Savitsky State Art Museum of the Republic of Karakalpakstan was founded in 1966 in Nukus (Uzbekistan) by Soviet art historian, ethnographer, and conservator Igor Savitsky (1915–1984). The museum collection comprises over 90,000 works, including by the Russian avant-garde, and is considered to be one of the most important collections in terms of value and size. [23]. The exhibition Magiciens de la Terre was a legendary project that Jean-Hubert Martin curated in 1989 at the Centre Pompidou and the Grande halle de la Villette, Paris. The exhibition brought together works by contemporary artists from different continents, the proportion of Western and non-Western artists being 50:50. It marked a post-colonial turn in curatorial practices, yet the team was criticized for failing to escape colonial optics in their choice of works and display methods, notwithstanding their motivation to go beyond Western-centrism. [24]. Paul Rudolph Jolles (1919–2000) was a Swiss diplomat and politician. He was a director (1966–1984) and state secretary (from 1979) at the Federal Department of Economic Affairs. He was a president of Bern Kunsthalle and of the administrative board at Nestlé, where he worked on creating a corporate collection and a charitable foundation. In the 1970s he began visiting the USSR, where he was introduced to the circle of Soviet non-official artists. See: Frimmel S., “Арина Ковнер и Пауль Йоллес — швейцарские коллекционеры советского нонконформистского искусства [Arina Kowner and Paul Jolles – Swiss collectors of Soviet nonconformist art].” URL: https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/110505/1/Frimmel__Vortrag.pdf.[25]. Vladimir Tarasov is a Soviet and Lithuanian jazz musician and installation artist. [26]. Tair Salakhov is a Soviet, Azerbaijani, and Russian painter, one of the founders of the so-called “severe style.” From 1973 to 1991 he was first secretary of the Union of Artists of the USSR. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, thanks to his direct involvement, solo exhibitions by artists such as James Rosenquist, Günther Uecker, Francis Bacon, and Jannis Kounellis were shown in Moscow at the Central House of Artists. [27]. From 1986 Vienna became a transit point for Soviet émigrés traveling to Israel, the USA, and other countries. See: Vatlin, A. Австрия в ХХ веке: учебное пособие для вузов [Austria in the 20th Century: Teaching Material for Universities] Moscow: Direkt-Media, 2014. [28]. On the 1st and 2nd Moscow Biennale of Contemporary art see: https://russianartarchive.net/ru/catalogue/event/EHZ, https://russianartarchive.net/ru/catalogue/event/EXMF. Interview by: Andrei Erofeev, Sasha Obukhova Interview date: September 14, 2019 Translation from French and English, notes: Valerij Ledenev …

Erofeev Andrei | 18 ноября 2020

Recapturing the Initiative. Art Self‑Organizations in Perm, 2014–2020

In the absence of stable institutional support, art life in the regions develops spontaneously and unevenly, with alternating phases of activity and decay producing a catastrophic cycle. There is no time to form and gain a foothold, and the participants of each new stage generally start from scratch, without making use of the experience of their predecessors. In Perm, one of such phase occurred in the 1990s. The first private galleries, absurd actions by ODEKAL, bold gestures by the Nekhudozhniki (Nonartists) group, and concerts by the bands Pagoda (leader Andrey Garcia) and Khmeli-Suneli (founder Evgeny Chicherin) were consonant with the spirit of emerging freedom. In the 2000s, the city’s art life began to decline, although there were still important personalities, such as the media artist Sergei Teterin. The next cycle unfolded in 2008–2013, during the so-called Perm cultural revolution—a large-scale political project that used culture as a driver of change to turn an industrial city into a new cultural capital, attracting tourism, business, and investment. However, the five years of the “Perm experiment” resulted in a setback. From summer 2013 it was gradually wound up “from upstairs,” the same way as it was initiated. Exhibitions began to close, iconic festivals and events were canceled. The formal cause was the scandal around the project WELCOME TO SOCHI 2014 by Vasily Slonov, exhibited as part of Perm’s White Nights Festival in 2013. One of the main ideologists behind the Perm cultural project, Marat Guelman, was fired as director of PERMM Museum of Contemporary Art, an institution that defined itself as the flagship of change. The city's public art program closed down: the “red men” moved from the streets to a warehouse. [Ivan Kolpakov’s critical review in the wake of the “Perm revolution”. Interview with Vasily Slonov about the closing of his solo exhibition in Perm.]Ivan Kozlov, “Following in the ‘Red Men’s’ Footsteps” from the booklet of the exhibition Avocado, or Identity Constructor by the art group Pprofessors and friends The year 2014 was a difficult period in Perm’s artistic life, a time of breakdown and restructuring, disappointments and new beginnings. The lack of events and general frustration provoked by the forced curtailment of the cultural project worked as catalysts for new processes. However, horizontal DIY initiatives did not emerge immediately. For about a year, the cultural life of the city remained in painful suspended animation. Only toward the end of 2014, was the art community able to assert itself in the public space, with independent exhibition venues and alternative festivals opening one after another. Against a background of common disappointments and the migration of friends and acquaintances, many adopted the simple stance: “We are here, so we have to do something.” Nevertheless, the “Perm cultural revolution” had a significant impact on the city. And even though it did not resolve the region’s fundamental problems, the first museum of contemporary art outside Moscow and St. Petersburg was established in the city, where the professional level of artists and cultural workers also significantly increased and, most importantly, a lively and open audience developed. During the crisis, local institutions were unable to compensate for the lack of major cultural events, such as the White Nights or Living Perm mega-festivals, which accumulated multiple independent initiatives. The art community fragmented into minor groups based around common values and interests. Soon these groups began to separate and run events for themselves and their inner circles, rather than a wider audience. The years 2014–2019 were the heyday of Perm’s artistic self-organizations, with four initiatives emerging in the city one after another during this time. The first to open at the end of 2014 was Dom Gruzchika (Loader's House) Center for Contemporary Culture, a couple of days later modestly renamed Contemporary Art Laboratory. The studio of the Loader's House, united with the exhibition space, was located on the ground floor of a 1930s listed building, hence the self-organization’s name. The history of the Loader's House dates back to three friends, street artists Alexey Schigalev, Maxim Blax, and Alexey Ilkaev (Sad Face), who were forced to look for a new studio after their previous space in Perm Art Residence, which they had occupied for several years, became covered with poisonous fungus over the summer, and it was no longer possible to work in it. With the support from the Art Residence curator, Perm artist Yuri Lapshin, Schigalev, Cherny and Ilkaev’s first exhibitions devoted to performance practices and experimentations with painting took place in the new space. This is how the element of street art was looking for ways to interact with a gallery space new to it. While searching for a new space, Aleksey Shchigalev traveled to St. Petersburg, where he visited the independent artist-run spaces Pushkinskaya–10 Cultural Center and North–7 Base Inspired by this experience, he invited friends to create something similar in terms of spirit and principles in Perm. It took just a few days from concept to implementation. The inaugural exhibition was organized as a friendly apartment event with a dense hang of works by the gallery’s co-founders. For about a year, the Loader's House operated dynamically, opening exhibitions once or twice a month. As a rule, these were small solo projects by like-minded artists based in Perm and nearby cities. With the arrival of curators Anastasia Ulanova, Natalia Charakhchan, and Marina Pugina, the dynamic decreased, giving way to a more thoughtful and experimental approach to materials and the space.The exhibition [3 5 8] on RAAN website[ The exhibition Map and Territory on RAAN website.] In three years, the laboratory organized over 60 events, confirming the importance of this venue for the local art community. The lab format proved liberating: it gave freedom to experiment and creative interaction. For emerging Perm-based artists, the Loader's House became a kind of school and many, including Grigory Taur, Lena Rembo, Slava Triptikh (Nesterov), and Alexander Koshelev, had their first solo exhibitions there. Lena Rembo’s first solo exhibition Sensation of the Body on RAAN website In January 2018, Loader's House residents, together with the Saratov self-organization IMHO, held the last exhibition, which was an artistic reconceptualization of the communal everyday. The largest exhibition in the history of the laboratory, it brought together eight projects from Saratov and eighteen from Perm. The artworks filled the space completely, even the bathroom. The tradition of Kirill Krest’s annual April Fool’s Day exhibition was born at the Loader’s House and continues to this day. In 2019, Kirill held his fourth solo exhibition on the roof of Perm One Gallery.Kirill Krest’s first exhibition Schedule at the Loader's House on RAAN website Over the three years of its existence, the format lost its momentum and its founders are currently engaged in individual projects in Moscow (Aleksey Shchigalev), Krasnodar (Alexey Ilkaev), and Berlin (Maxim Blax). In 2015, a gallery opened at the Plus Market graffiti and street art shop. Street artist Vyacheslav Moff became its ideologist and brought in Nikita Klassen, Yulia Stolbova, Alexey Best, Boris Gulliver, and Ilya Protasov. For about a year, the gallery hosted exhibitions and masterclasses focusing primarily on the local graffiti community and covering almost all areas of street culture, from music and dance to sketching and freestyle jams. The space ran the monthly SKETCH DAY and in good weather invited artists to take part in jams and paint a pre-agreed fence to music. The Graffuturo festival dedicated to graffiti of the future was held here twice. At the beginning of 2017, the gallery closed. It was unprofitable to retain a large space in the city center even with the support of the shop, which soon moved to a tiny space elsewhere, with the artists’ exhibition activity redirected to outside venues. In March 2017, Anton Zhulanov established the UNITY art space. As at the Loader's House, the organizers brought together a gallery and a studio. During its brief existence, UNITY organized several exhibitions, including solo shows by the graffiti artist Boris Gulliver and the then emerging performance artist Lena Rembo. After leaving PERMM Museum, artist, curator, and cultural promoter Mikhail Surkov launched the project PERM ONE, the idea for which had been arisen in 2012 with the support of Nikolai Novichkov, Perm Krai’s former Minister of Culture. The goal of the project was to examine whether it’s possible to “live on likes,” i.e. to organize a project within the artistic community while remaining outside of the existing economic system. The presentation of the project took place in December 2013 at Ivan Lukinykh’s exhibition Gigerrealism. The first test sale of artists' works for “likes,” the currency introduced by the PERM ONE community, took place in a garage at 22 Gorky Street. After the presentation, the garage became the base for the project. From 2014 to 2019, exhibitions, actions, performances, and project presentations took place in the tiny space of two adjacent garages, which artists also used as studios. The project website reads: “PERM ONE PROJECT is dedicated to the creation of tools for the practical implementation of ideas, proposals, and projects conceived within the community of people interested in contemporary art across the globe.” Despite its semi-official operational status, oriented mainly toward a narrow circle of co-thinkers, PERM ONE was a legitimate contributor to art life, including participating in the annual Museum Night and the Ural Industrial Biennial’s parallel program. In 2019, it hosted Kirill Krest’s fourth annual show and the first solo exhibition of the feminist artist Vera Plekhova. Forced to close at the end of 2019 due to the demolition of the garages, the venue continued to operate as an online platform. New self-organization formats do not aim to find a permanent site, clear boundaries, and a visible circle of participants. Compared to their predecessors, they are more mobile, open, and flexible, but also less stable. Among such new initiatives are the TNG DIY music festival, invented by the TIKHO! (QUIET!) art group as an alternative platform for themselves and like-minded fellow Urals citizens, who for some reason are unable to find a place at the city’s official venues. Another example is the “countryside residencies” initiated by a group of Perm artists in August 2019, in the format of a collective trip to the summer houses of artists; participants are not required to create art objects, as the project itself operates as an artwork.…

Pugina Marina | 6 ноября 2020

An interview with Sasha Ershkova, a former cashier at Garage Museum, on her experience in sketching visitors

Garage Museum of Contemporary Art's institutional archive contains sketches and drawings by Alexandra Ershkova, who was the cashier and currently is the office manager at Garage. Alexandra watched the visitors and created her own system of visual tropes, which reflects the behind-the-scenes side of the Museum's life.Questions: Taisia VeremyovaWhere and when were you born?I was born in Moscow on December 26, 1985.Did you learn to draw?I have no art education. I did not study to draw.How did you get to Garage?I came to Garage in 2011 to get a job as a tour guide. I did not pass the selection process, but I was invited to take the position of cashier. I refused because I didn't want to be a cashier anymore. But after some time, I called back and agreed.What was your job when you started drawing?I liked to draw as a child. From the age of six, I could sketch something, for example, an extravagant character seen on the TV. I always had a notebook where I took notes and made drawings. I began to draw more often at the academy (I studied Cultural Studies at the Academy of Slavic Culture). I was strongly influenced by lectures on art, sculpture, and architecture. I feel a special affinity with the impressionists and modernists.During which exhibitions did you make more sketches?Most of my sketches were made in the Shigeru Ban building. I was drawing during the mounting and dismantling of exhibitions. We called that period the intertime. I don't remember a specific exhibition, only Performance in Russia: A Cartography of its History maybe and, perhaps, Grammar of Freedom. The latter inspired Valery Serikov and me (he worked as a guide back then) to create a whole album of characters. By the way, he is the main conservator of my works. He carefully kept every sketch of mine. Later, having compiled an entire collection, he showed it to our archive staff. This is how some of them were displayed in the Museum's present building in the Four Seasons pavilion.How did the desire to sketch visitors emerge?When I see an interesting character (especially at a moment when they express a unique vision or opinion) or observe a funny, absurd situation, I have the urge to sketch. Unconsciously. It takes me a few seconds for this.Of course, there is always this wish to draw the attention of others, to focus on what seemed comic and hilarious to me. The most important thing is that I did not make all these Garage sketches for myself—I did them for my colleagues, who were also witnesses of what was happening around us.How did you choose the plots to be sketched?The reception desk is a great place for observing and "catching" plots. This is the "front line," a place to meet with society in its most truthful, I would say, exposed form. Protagonists and stories just ask to be drawn—you only need to manage to snatch that special one out of many.How did the Museum staff react to the move to a different building?We felt sorry to part with the Shigeru Ban building, as we did before, with Bakhmetevsky Bus Garage, but we were anticipating a meeting with the Four Seasons building, renovated by the renowned Rem Koolhaas. Garage has to be roomy. We wanted to see new grandiose projects, crowds of people. We gladly reacted to everything new and were looking forward to the opening! Can you comment on some of your drawings, tell the stories behind their creation?The drawing was made in the Four Seasons pavilion and is associated with the "mom with a baby" visitor category. When the pavilion just opened, visitors with baby carriages were forbidden to go up to the second floor, causing loads of negative emotions in them. As an alternative, the Museum began to offer such visitors baby slings, in which the staff helped to seat the kids. The sketch shows everyone's pacification after a lengthy argument. Mother and child are happy and reunited thanks to a sling. The reception staff, who were left behind the scenes, look at them wearily and with affection. It's all over now.This sketch made in the Shigeru Ban pavilion represents the so-called intertime. There are no ongoing shows in the pavilion; the installation work is underway. Dust and iron shavings are all around the space. One would wonder what the Museum's staff does at such a time when there are no ticket sales or guided tours… But the Museum never closes; it always waits for guests. Our team is ready to answer any questions.The first drawing portrays the hero of an interview taken in the framework of the Köken Ergun exhibition Young Turks. Wearing his incredible feathered festive costume, he is like a bird caught off guard by people with cameras. He answers their questions simply and sadly.The second drawing is a schematic representation of a fragment of mounting Rashid Johnson's exhibition Within Our Gates. In memory of the show. A coconut oil head and a flower in a pot. The color scale is inscribed in the right corner so that the original combination can be reproduced.This sketch documents the birth of a new definition of the concept of "Installation." What do you currently do at the Museum, and do you make sketches? Can you show any of your new work?I work as the office manager at Garage.I haven't been doing any more sketches in this genre. The Museum's very environment back then instigated the desire to create: the constant change of exhibition designs, a continuous flow of people, and new information. There were also extraordinary creative people around me—my colleagues who inspired me. I wanted to please, surprise and amuse them. I can't draw without inspiration. I do not draw a lot nowadays. I bring some sketches from travels, but they are of a different type.…

Ershkova Alexandra | 2 ноября 2020

St. Petersburg Archive and Library of Independent Art. The Experience of Total Archiving [1]

Go there, God knows where, fetch me what God knows I want In a lecture at Leningrad State University in the early 1980s, art historian Ivan Chechot illustrated the increasing interest in history using a famous story about Michelangelo. In 1496, following the advice of one of the Medici, the artist intentionally aged his statue of Sleeping Cupid (now lost) by burying it to make it look “antique,” and then sold it to Cardinal Riario in Rome. Today, when even the existence is in question, when for more than twenty years there have been no significant developments and no artistic mainstream exists, the collecting and archiving of cultural heritage is a real challenge. As art historian Ekaterina Andreeva wittily remarked, contemporary art aspires to be “everything,” while meaningfully pointing out its own “nothingness.”[2] So what do we archive and how?There are many examples of archiving as art and art as archiving. Numerous artists produce objects and installations that look like an array of old archives or even pure garbage. In the West, Christian Boltanski’s work is a vivid example of how artists redesign old objects into works of art. Among Russian artists, Ilya Kabakov aestheticizes the mental and physical residue of Soviet communal lifestyle. St. Petersburg has its own tradition of artistic archiving, developed by the St. Petersburg Archive and Library of Independent Art (PAiBNI), which I founded in 1999 at Pushkinskaya 10 art center. This tradition unconsciously harks back to the profound roots of the Orthodox mentality. Unlike Boltanski’s ideologically sterile physical remains and Kabakov’s fake garbage, this is about “energy resources” of a completely different kind. They are not a substitute or mockery, nor are they statistics, demonstrations or post-structural manipulations. Now that art is no longer a conventional truth but just a range of wishes and hopes—process but not result—it returns to archaic models, and its archiving becomes the attainment of Divine grace and the collection of evidence of miracles. This tradition can be traced back to John Moschus, a Byzantine writer of the late 6th–early 7th centuries. While travelling through Orthodox territories immediately before the early Muslim conquests, he collected testimonials of the life and miracles of Christian men of faith in The Spiritual Meadow. Report of the St. Petersburg Archive and Library of Independent Art on exhibitionsorganized from 1999 to 2007, 2007The policy of the St. Petersburg Archive and Library of Independent Art was based on the ideas about energy, immortality, and the noosphere developed in Russia by Nikolai Fedorov (1829–1903), Vladimir Bekhterev (1857–1927), Vladimir Vernadsky (1863–1945), Alexander Bogdanov (1873–1928), and Lev Gumilev (1912–1992). The increasing popular interest in Fedorov’s ideas in Russia [RA4] is shown by the unprecedented success of Igor Miretsky’s sci-fi novel about the philosopher, The Archivist (2019), and the exhibition Philosophy of Common Cause at Cosmoscow Art Fair in 2019. A Bolshevik, visionary, and natural scientist and the founder of tektology, which anticipated cybernetics, Alexander Bogdanov was criticized by his close friend, Vladimir Lenin, in Materialism and Empirio-Criticism (1909) for considering the world (in line with scientific developments of the time) to be a balance of energies. In his 1916 speech “Human Immortality from the Scientific Point of View,” Vladimir Bekhterev stated that “all energy must be acknowledged as a single essence existing in the universe” and it “serves as the origin of both the material and spiritual worlds.”[3] Later he noted that “not one sigh, not one smile ever disappears without trace.” Bekhterev suggested that energy is transmitted through communication from one human being to another. The academician Vladimir Vernadsky, who wrote a letter to Stalin explaining World War Two as part of a geological process, went further, saying that even solitary actions, thoughts, and dreams were part of the noosphere. The noosphere is the sphere of human culture, a new stage in the development of Earth’s geo- and biospheres. Therefore, by establishing museums and archives we enhance our ability to envision and observe phenomena, objects, and energies that connect us to the “database” and energy sources of our planet and the Cosmos. My personal archive experience began in the mid-1990s,[4] when I felt that contemporary art and modern humans were losing substance. The focus had shifted from art to creativity. Creativity is not limited by time or space. It is a state of exaltation that blends into everyday life and is “conserved” (museified, archived, represented) by art (here the Greek word techne/τέχνη is important, which is often translated as “art”). I began to see art as communication, which is linked to the words “common” and “communal.” In 1995 I started “collecting” the art of communication by filming my meetings with significant local artists and celebrities, eccentrics, and originals. I aimed to capture “miraculous moments.”[5] In essence, a miracle is your own state, the tuning of your attention, and you never know where it will appear. I was surprised and happy when, that same year, my project, comprising several lines about my plan to live in Berlin and document everyday communication with people I was interested in led to a residency at Künstlerhaus Bethanien and a grant from Philip Morris Kunstförderung. The result was hours of recordings of meetings with people from Russia and Europe, which I tried to categorize by personality type and survival strategy: freaks and beasts, geniuses and saints, magicians and scientists. This work led to an exhibition. Along with numerous tapes there was a confessional, a shower unit, a phone box, a barber’s chair, etc. Installation view of Andrei Khlobystin's exhibition Die verborgene Kunst, Bethanien Künstlerhaus, Berlin, 1997. Photo: Andrei KhlobystinThere was no art object, no author, no viewer, and the “work” (state of mind) was created with those present in the space and sometimes transformed into dances. But the ontological concept of the project failed. I understood that video cannot capture the energy of an event, and the exaggerated role of communication and interaction[6] betrays an energy crisis in the so-called civilized world. We create more and more artificial devices and substitutes to communicate and capture the process, but this communication feels more like the rapture of vital energy and its fixation is shallow, like text messages compared to letters and diaries, which are long forgotten by artists. Documented facts are an important challenge for the history of contemporary art. which in Russia is reduced to the repetition of anecdotes and koans, a throwback to Vasari’s art history. ***As a child, when I participated in archeological digs with my parents, I learnt that the most precious finds were hidden beyond settlement walls, in ditches and on dumps. The futurists, the first media artists, transcended the boundaries of art by making anthropological trash part of the deal. Artists Mikhail Larionov (1881–1964) and Ilya Zdanevich (1894–1975) were the first to exhibit street signs. They coined the term “everythingism,” which underlined that the whole world is material for art. In the 1960s and 1970s in Leningrad/St. Petersburg, this narrative was further developed by Valery Cherkasov (1946–1984) and Boris Koshelokhov (b. 1942) and actively promoted by Timur Novikov (1958–2002) and other members of the New Artists group that he founded in the early 1980s: Oleg Kotelnikov (b. 1958), Vadim Ovchinnikov (1951–1996), and Kirill Khazanovich (1963–1990). Comprehensive study of this tradition confirmed my idea that it is necessary to revisit conventional versions of the history of Russian art.[7]Valery Cherkasov created assemblages out of improvised materials, sometimes presenting garbage installations at rubbish dumps. He was a rather eccentric person. One might recall the suicide attempt when he fell on two carefully placed lancets aimed at his eyes, or his hiking trips to Finland when he was stopped by the KGB at the border and placed in an asylum. He transformed his apartment into the Plushkin Museum,[8] named after the character in Gogol’s Dead Souls who hoarded meaningless stuff. From matches to cigarette boxes, all the objects in Cherkasov’s home were treated as art and arranged in elaborate compositions. At first, one could move around the improvised museum using a path made of stools, but then the display grew to the ceiling and visitors could only squeeze into the corridor and talk to the invisible host hidden somewhere in his nest in the center of the composition. After Cherkasov’s mysterious death, his collection returned to the dump, as his heirs could not conceive that what they inherited was art. One of Boris Koshelokhov’s motto was: ‘We paint our souls with whatever we have, on whatever we find!’ He began making paintings only after producing “concepts,” including the assemblage Longing for Nevsky Prospekt, a composition made from underpants, a tablecloth, a mirror, a crucifix, and other objects found during a walk on Leningrad’s main street in 1976. Koshelokhov was one of the few teachers of the New Artists, who practiced a multidisciplinary approach without differentiating between genres and mediums. The same person could be a painter, a musician, a fashion designer, and a poet, since the main thing was a “sublime state” and constant artistic exaltation. While Western artists, creative industry works, and graduates of the Academy of Arts did not understand the connection between art and life, and the Moscow conceptualists produced what one of them called ethnographic reports sent out to the West from the exotic Soviet wilderness, the New Artists were something different. Soviet underground artists did not have the opportunity to exhibit and sell their works, often refusing to as a matter of principle. Richard Vasmi (1929–1998) stated: “An exhibition is a reason for some to feel proud, but I would be ashamed.” They made art because they did not want to do anything else, often, like Cherkasov, without even thinking of a name for their activity. It was the “art of pure necessity,” in which experience and efficiency were more important than symbolic denomination. This approach was due to the need to survive: to become and stay true to oneself, demanding a precise, minimalistic gesture that was spectacular and admirable.Collecting testimonials about these states required the same openness, audacity, and unorthodox thinking. As well as archiving, St. Petersburg Archive and Library of Independent Art immediately became home to exhibition and research activity. In a tiny room, barely bigger that Rodion Raskolnikov’s closet, exhibitions opened every month without any financial support. The collection developed thanks to special deals like Books and Papers in Exchange for Beer, which resonated with the artists. Often people brought large boxes garbage which contained treasures. The PAiBNI Herald and the journals Susanin (susanin.zarazum.ru)—a satirical look at St. Petersburg artistic life—and Genius were published by the archive. Many Russian and international students and researchers orked in the St. Petersburg Archive and Library of Independent Art. SusaninЪ newspaper, 2001I mainly collected materials of the period I was the most familiar with, the 1980s and 1990s. It was one of the most exciting times in the development of contemporary Russian culture. The dynamics of change and the intensity of life during perestroika were similar to the processes described by the French philosophers Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari in their fundamental work Capitalism and Schizophrenia. The disruption of Soviet language and culture, the death of ideology, the revealing of the void, euphoria, semiotic catastrophe, total identity crisis, anarchy, and panic finally shaped, in the late 1990s, a new ideology of greed. After the mischievousness and journeys of the perestroika period came the crisis. The new ideology broke people just like the old one did, the myths about the Western art market and creative Eden collapsed. Perestroika was our belated initiation. It left us with nostalgia for times of change, but also inspired a need to reassemble a world in pieces to counter new spiritual substitutes. Archiving at PAiBNI was not about creating a new ideology, narrative or text, but “reassembling the world” through focus on intonations, textures, and new vital feelings. Members of the archive were not so much interested in traditional art objects, such as paintings, as in marginal objects—waste products, physical remains, smells (with old clothes of underground artists being a repository). There was even an idea to ensure continuity in case of the death of the Russian art by setting up a sperm bank at Pushkinskaya 10. This idea was abandoned due to the high price of equipment. Research and exhibitions highlighted phenomena, groups, and individuals which were little known and unappreciated or completely forgotten. The most interesting trends in collecting and museology of recent decades relate to increasingly dynamic change in our perception of “objective knowledge.” Simultaneously, contemporary science is becoming more specific, so that scientists from closely related areas of knowledge within the same discipline have a hard time understanding each other, and sci-fi writers cannot keep pace with the latest discoveries. As a result, science fiction gives way to fairytale fantasy. This aesthetic, both showing previously unavailable objects and mixing up “sets” of images in unprecedented combinations, produces the Instagram effect: information become more global, involving millions of people worldwide and is also increasingly fragmented and detailed. On social media we see the rise of informal communities oscillating between science, art, ethnography, collection, and esotericism, where members share information and the intricacies of the field (the @the_wunderkammer_society Instagram account). Oddities and curiosities are popular on the Internet. Yet collecting these objects led to the creation of the first museums, including the first museum in Russia, the Kunstkamera in St. Petersburg. Now we see collections of curiosities in a virtual space where the basic human interest in gathering and admiring things, plus empathy and learning, is developed using the latest technology. This is the triumph of phenomena that in the 1980s were referred to as “the return of materiality,” “technology in everyday life,” and “the sociology of technology,” the study of the sociology of things, where there is almost no difference between the language of cyberpunk and science.***In 2007, St. Petersburg Archive and Library of Independent Art was closed by the administration of Pushkinskaya 10 for “lack of seriousness.” The archive had to move all of the objects seen as garbage by the nonconformists, such as artists’ clothes. The premises were to be used for a “real” archive, with documents, such as artists’ petitions to the Soviet government and correspondence with the Culture Department, but the space was then let to a publisher. What’s going on? Why do veterans of the battle for the freedom of art repress experimental creativity?From 1989 to 1998 Pushkinskaya 10 was the most important art squat in Russia. After 1998 an agreement was reached with city officials and part of the renovated building was given to artists on a long-term lease. It is thanks mainly to the artist-administrators who appeared in the underground in the early 1980s that the artistic community survived this battle. To counter the official narrative, they started developing alternative structures that mirrored public ones. Their ideology—art as a weapon for social justice—copied the governmental discourse but gave it the opposite meaning. Every artist who did not fit into the pro-government mono-discourse, from abstractionists to salon painters, was embraced by the nonconformist community, as long as they were “on this side of the barricade.” Young, new wave art was opposed by the nonconformists no less violently than by the official art community. Bearded political preachers, who considered themselves good artists just because they took the right political positions, saw 1980s new wave art and behavior as disruptive and anti-artistic. By winning this battle and taking power on their own territory, the nonconformists stopped being political activists and in turn became the leviathan. It’s understandable: anyone would like to grow old quietly with a cheap studio in the center of the city. The “nonconformists” aimed to conserve and strengthen the vertical power system what matched what was happening in Russia. The fun-filled, apolitical archive which was like a nightclub with its music, dances, provocations, and interest in youth culture, was an ontological reference to “the image of the enemy.” No wonder that this center of anarchy, promoting the complexity of a structure tending toward simplification, was destroyed by this structure. One should also remember that the local independent culture of “unappreciated geniuses” tended to oppose self-reflection, labelled it “being clever.”St. Petersburg Archive and Library of Independent Art was probably founded too early, and its activity did not extend to its young audience. Real interest in the 1980s and 1990s only appeared in the 2010s. Nevertheless, the archive helped to conserve the heritage and spirit of the time of change, support traditions, and develop the self-awareness of St. Petersburg’s art. P.S. Immediately after the closure, the archive materials were shipped to the exhibition THE RAW, THE COOKED AND THE PACKAGED — The Archive of Perestroika Art at Kiasma Museum of Contemporary Art in Helsinki. From fall 2000 to spring 2007, St. Petersburg Archive and Library of Independent Art organized 88 exhibitions, including 75 exhibitions on its own premises. Below is a description of some of the most important projects in chronological order. 2000The archive began its exhibition activities with the first St. Petersburg exhibition of mail art, Vadim Ovchinnikov’s Mail Art. The shaman, guru of the St. Petersburg art community, genius painter, writer, and musician was presented from an unfamiliar perspective, known only to his close friends. More than 100 items of mail art were displayed. Samizdat Forever (with Navicula Artis Gallery) presented the archive’s specific field of expertise and was a unique event. The corridor where the archive was located was used for an exhibition of materials on the history of samizdat. As well as traditional samizdat—underground magazines and reprints of Carlos Castaneda, John C. Lilly, and Mikhail Bulgakov—the exhibition included handmade leaflets and posters. Е-Е. A Restrospective of the 1980s Photos of Evgeny Kozlov (Berlin) looked at the fashion of the early 1980s. There were brilliant photos of events such as the first twist parties and concerts by Sergey Kuryokhin’s group Pop Mekhanika and Kino presented in the form of hundreds of index prints artistically processed by Kozlov.Everybody get something… (Contemporary Japanese Culture According to Oleg Kotelnikov) was a collection of works of art and artefacts brought from Japan by one of the most revered leaders of “wild” art. John Lennon’s lyrics ironically referred to Kotelnikov’s Japanese wife. A Tribute to Valery Cherkassov (1946–1984) was organized together with Timur Novikov. The exhibition reintroduced Cherkassov to art history. His previous (posthumous) exhibition had been organized by Timur Novikov in 1984 in the Assa squat gallery.Exchange. Andy Warhol and the New Academy of Every Kind of Art exhibited gifts, documents, and photos from the Museum of the New Academy of Fine Arts. The display included Campbell’s soup cans and posters signed by Andy Warhol and presented to the Leningrad artists during Joanna Stingray’s visit to the city in exchange for works they had sent him, as well as photos of the king of the pop art holding these works. Evgeny Rukhin. Photographic Archive of the Artist from the Collection of the US Consul-General Paul R. Smith. The exhibition displayed the secret card index of the leader of the Leningrad nonconformist artists of the 1970s, who died in a fire in unexplained circumstances. Printed on expensive glossy paper, these folded booklets with the artist’s address and black-and-white photo inserts of his works are living proof that, contrary to public opinion, Rukhin had a well-developed market and did not care about KGB surveillance. Kirill Shuvalov’s exhibition Cargo 2000 consisted of numerous small lead boxes. It was a morbid comment on the war in the Caucasus, from where dead soldiers were sent home in lead coffins with the inscription “Cargo 200.” It was also an ironic remark on the archive’s declared “new methods of archiving.” 2001My Past and Thoughts: From the Leningrad Art Historians’ Club to the Institute of the History of the Contemporary Art included documents, manuscripts, photos, letters, conference programs, and other documents about the history of independent professional art criticism in the Soviet Union. Leningrad Art Historians’ Club was founded in 1995 by graduates of the Art History Department of Leningrad State University, most of whom were students of Ivan Chechot. History of Leningrad / St. Petersburg Independent Art through Posters from the archive collection. Handmade posters and invitations to apartment exhibitions were exceptionally interesting. The display did not fit the space, even with salon-style hanging, and the exhibition was shown in two parts. Historical Costumes of St. Petersburg Artists of the late 20th Century from the archive collection was also conceived in two parts and was subtitled Artists’ Smells. The display included various details of the dressing habits of prominent artists and musicians from the 1950 to the 1990s. The exhibition of Marina Alekseeva’s objects, Inside Rooms, consisted of small “stage boxes” with miniature models of the churches of the major religious traditions and denominations and spaces with various functions. Like in the children’s game sekretiki (little secrets), archiving meant “the development of secure, hidden places where elements once impetuous and distraught find peace and rest like doll-mummies where they can be seen and cherished.” An exhibition on the popular contemporary art guide Susanin was organized as part of the Art Media Forum. This A3 newspaper, with its satirical attacks on the art world, regardless of personal status and authority, was considered by many to be the best art journal, occupying a meta-position in local culture. Our Kovalsky was a parody of the personality cult surrounding the main administrator of Pushkinskaya 10, Sergei Kovalsky, the omnipotent master of the former squat. History of Gallery 21 in Photos profiled one of the most remarkable non-profit galleries at Pushkinskaya 10, which saw the birth of new media art and cyberfeminism. The Exhibition on Bronnitskaya Street, 1981 presented archive materials about an underground exhibition successfully organized on the KGB’s doorstep, which shaped alternative underground structures.Abstractionism in Russian Caricatures of the 20th Century was organized in cooperation with the New Academy of Fine Arts and accompanied by a handmade catalogue. 2002Object Abstractionism was a solo exhibition by Vadim Voinov, who during the Soviet period worked on the Government Committee for Historical and Cultural Heritage Management, which was responsible for renovation of urban housing. Using objects found in the ruins, Voinov created his “functiocollages.”The exhibition Artists and the Samizdat of the 1970s–1980s presented Soviet samizdat from the aesthetic and artistic point of view for the first time. Leni Riefenstahl During the Shooting of Olympia, August 1936 was a reaction to Riefenstahl’s visit to St. Petersburg. The display included photos, autographs, and a video recording of an interview.The Japanese Week Festival, organized by Oleg Kotelnikov, was held every year. Wind from the Slopes of Fuji presented landscape in the art of Japanese painted postcards of the early twentieth century. Autographs of Cultural Figures of the 20th Century presented autographs of Derrida, Rasputin, Nam June Paik, John Cage, and others from private collections. Timur Novikov in Photos, with works from the archive and private collections, was a reaction to the death of this leading figure of the St. Petersburg art scene. The archival exhibition STUBNITZ – Art Ship told the story of the “artists’ ship” that visited St. Petersburg in 1994, marking the birth of techno-art in Russia. 2003Malevich Passion was an exhibition of paintings and drawings from the 1950s through the 1970s by underground artists with a keen interest in suprematism.The annual Japanese Week exhibition Suicidal People introduced the suicide cult in contemporary Japan and presented traditional seppuku tools. The book exhibition Against Abstractionism and Formalism – In Favor of Realism explored critics of modernism in Soviet publishing as a source of education for underground artists. The display included popular and rare books from the 1930 to the 1980s from the archives and private collections.Squat Life: Club NCH/VCH (1986–1996) in Photos and Archivespresented for the first time the earliest and largest young people’s art squat.Svin and Yufa: Stupid Years of the Russian Punk was the first ever research into the origins of punk in Russia. It was popular with veterans of the movement and novices. The main characters in the exhibition were Svin (Andrei Panov), the founder of the first punk collective Automated Satisfiers, and Yufa (Evgeny Yufit), an artist and cinematographer, leader of the necrorealism movement.Cyberfeminists in Altai was the story of a risky trip by Alla Mitrofanova and Irina Aktuganova with three kids to the land of shamans and Scythian burial mounds, including bungee jumping, visits to sanctuaries, horse riding, and numerous adventures. A Reconstruction of the Exhibition Collage at 103 Gallery, 1992 (from the History of the Pushkinskaya 10 cycle) presented a complete reconstruction of the exhibition from the golden age of the Pushkinskaya 10 squat. 2004The archival exhibition Walls, Floor, and Ceiling of the New Academy of Fine Arts examined the various activities of the Academy. Exhibits included unique “wallpaper” from the corridor of the New Academy created by Timur Novikov using a collage of journals and magazines. There were also parts of the floor and the molding, as well as all kinds of garbage from the “old” New Academy. Fathers and Sons showed works by several St. Petersburg artistic dynasties, encompassing up to five generations: from pre-revolutionary art through socialist realism and the “avant-garde” underground to contemporary children’s drawings. An exhibition about the flag of the art center Pushkinskaya 10 displayed dozens of everyday objects, garments, and art works covered with the famous toadstool pattern. In 1996, I suggested a new national flag with white spots on a red background, and it was adopted as the new flag of the art center. Oleg and Victor’s Accessories and Fetishes showed the sophisticated props that the neo-academic duo of Victor Kuznetsov and Oleg Maslov use for their paintings (lyres made of toilet lids, codpieces, armor, tunics, wreaths, etc.) 2005The exhibition Gennady Orlov, Music Addict featured clippings and photos from the 1980s and 1990s of the Russian rock stars Boris Grebenschikov, Konstantin Kinchev, Yury Shevchuk, Viktor Tsoi, Vyacheslav Butusov, Egor Letov, Mikhail Borzykin, Oleg Garkusha, and others. Reel-to-reel recorders played dance music and the exhibition included rare vinyl and handmade tapes. Tatyana Barti’s exhibition Who Lives in a Small House?presented caricatures of the inhabitants of the Pushkinskaya 10.The T-shirt as an Artefact of Contemporary Art showed handmade garments from the archive, the New Academy of Fine Arts, and private collections, which conveyed the aspiration to look fashionable in spite of Soviet monotony. Rave Spacemen. The Early Years of the St. Petersburg Techno Culture was organized together with Konstantin Mitenev and showed numerous flyers illustrating the history of the club and rave scenes in the Soviet Union. 2006Designs for Christmas Trees involved professional and amateur artists. It was repeated in the Marble Palace of the State Russian Museum together with professional design studios.Popular Conceptualism exhibited late-twentieth-century Soviet handmade items of home décor from private collections and reproductions of similar art works produced by renowned contemporary artists. The display included chests covered with magazine clippings, a tradition which extended to toilet doors, cupboards, driver cabins, and musical instruments. The exhibition was centered around a toilet door from Ivetta Pomerantseva’s flat, covered with Soviet alcohol labels from the 1960s and1970s by her father and her grandfather.The memorial exhibition in honor of Vadim Ovchinnikov, What Kills Us, showed versions of one of the artist’s works produced by his friends.Sketch Pad traced the evolution of sketch pad design from the 1950s to the 2000s, with objects from the archive and private collections. Runes of Happiness. Military Psychedelic Romanticism of the 1980s and 1990s by the groups Voennoe Ministerstvo [War Ministry] and Chapaev displayed for the first time the work of forgotten artist groups with an interest in military history, esotericism, and conspiracy theories. 2007Children’s Conceptualism presented works by children from St. Petersburg and was an ironic commentary on the absence of new ideas in contemporary art. The exhibition included phone video recordings of children fighting in school toilets, hand-made bombs, ballpoint pen letters on birchbark, and other artefacts created by children, which often reflect manias of the adult world. Art Grin. Teeth in Creative Imagery reflected a traumatic subject for St. Petersburg artists. The exhibition included contemporary art works, artists’ teeth, dinosaur (60 m. years old) and bear (30,000 years old) teeth, plus dental instruments, wax models, a piece of bread from the Kavkaz restaurant with the marks of Robert Rauschenberg’s teeth (1989), etc.St. Petersburg Penguinism showed the incredible popularity of these birds in St. Petersburg art, displaying hundreds of works of art, taxidermy figures, statues, toys, objects, and films. [1] The first version of this text was based on a lecture delivered at the 7th Annual Aleksanteri Conference, Revisiting Perestroika, at Helsinki University (2007) and subsequently published in the Framework Review. The Finnish Art Review, 8, April 2008.[2] Ekaterina Andreeva, Vse i Nichto: Simvolicheskie figury v iskusstve vtoroi poloviny XX veka (St. Petersburg: Izdatelstvo Ivana Limbakha, 2004). [3] Vladimir Bekhterev, “Immortality from the Scientific Point of View,” Society, 43, 2006, 74–80.[4] Before that worked in various St. Petersburg museums and the Hermitage Academic Library.[5] Gilles Deleuze would have called then “Events.”[6] Curiously, the early 1990s was a time of the triumphant rise of reality shows, whereas their origins are usually traced to the late 1940s.[7] In 1988, Alla Mitrofanova and I published the article “The Russian Sense of Shape in Art of the 18th to the 20th Century” in the twentieth issue of the samizdat magazine Mitin Zhurnal,. We emphasized the fact that Russia did not shape secular forms in Western art and only adopted them as a mature form in the eighteenth century. This fact is evident but often overlooked. In Russian art, spiritual beauty (or ideology) was often considered more important than materialistic beauty. It hides visible discontinuity and historical contradictions, yet requires the setting up of new hierarchies and accents, which differ from the conventions of the Western history of art.[8] Remarkably, Plushkin is also a character of one of Ilya Kabakov’s important texts (see “Nozdrev i Plushkin,” A–Ya, 7, 1986), and Kabakov later began to create spatial installations reminiscent of Cherkassov’s “museum.” …

Khlobystin Andrei | 22 октября 2020

Konstantin Goncharov and the Strict Young Man Fashion Gallery

Fashion designer Konstantin Goncharov (1969–1998) was one of Timur Novikov’s close friends and colleagues, participant of exhibitions and projects organized by the New Academy of Fine Arts, whose costumes are now in the collections of the State Russian Museum, State Hermitage Museum, Mariinsky Theatre, and private collections. However, as of now, a monograph that would bring together and classify information about this artist, the “Little Prince” as contemporaries used to call him, is yet to be published. [1] Garage Archive in St. Petersburg contains a number of records related to the practice of Konstantin Goncharov and his work for the Strict Young Man fashion gallery. Photographs, newspaper articles, archival materials, and the coat sewn by Goncharov for Georgy Guryanov came in as part of the Andrei Khlobystin collection, while video documentation of the opening of the show Renaissance and Resistance is part of Sergey Chubraev’s archive. The story of the Strict Young Man atelier begins with the acquaintance of Konstantin Goncharov and Alexey Sokolov, who studied at the same school, two years apart, and, “having accidentally met again at some point, never parted anymore”. [2] After graduating from high school Goncharov enrolled in a sewing college and spent some time working in a men’s tailoring shop. But already toward the end of the 1980s, he started collaborating with Zhanna Aguzarova and the band Kino making outfits for the musicians’ concerts and photo shoots. In 1987 Goncharov met Timur Novikov and a year later began studying at the Free University. In an interview with Yekaterina Andreeva, Georgy Guryanov and Oleg Kotelnikov underlined the aesthetic influence that Goncharov had on Timur Novikov, leading to the latter’s fascination with ballet and fashion. [3] In 1989, Konstantin Goncharov attended a meeting in the palace of the Znanie (Knowledge) Society Central Lecture Hall, where Timur Novikov announced the renaming of the New Academy of All Arts into the New Academy of Fine Arts. Meeting Timur Novikov played an important role in Goncharov’s artistic self-identification. In one of the interviews, he recounts that Strict Young Man was essentially invented by Novikov.4 The name of the atelier first turned up in 1988—deriving from Timur’s enchantment with the eponymous 1935 film by Abram Room, whose main protagonist Grisha Fokin—“an ideal Komsomol athlete”—would become one of the prototypes for the new classicist hero. However, Goncharov admitted that he was not as fascinated by Fokin’s on-screen style and accepted the name mainly due to the “combination of words”5 and the fact that “strict” has a variety of semantic aberrations in Russian.Georgy Guryanov in his studio, posing against the painting Discobolus (1994), later destroyed. Author unknown. Garage Archive CollectionIn 1990, Konstantin Goncharov entered the circle of artists representing St. Petersburg’s New Academy and began contributing to its key projects and exhibitions, including Academism and Neo-Academism (Lenin Museum, Marble Palace, 1991), Renaissance and Resistance (State Russian Museum, Marble Palace, 1994)6, the photoshoot Olympus on the Roof (St. Petersburg, 1994), Self-Identification. Trends in the Art of Petersburg from 1970 to the Present Day (Copenhagen, Kiel, Berlin, Oslo, Sopot, St. Petersburg, 1995–1996), Passiones Luci (1995), and Metaphors of Renunciation (Badischer Kunstverein, Karlsruhe, 1996) among others.Poster of the show Self-Identification. Trends in the Art of Petersburg from 1970 to the Present Day at the Sophienholm Exhibition Center, Copenhagen. 1995. Garage Archive Collection, Andrei Khlobystin collectionPoster and invitation card to the show Renaissance and Resistance at the State Russian Museum, St. Petersburg. 1994. Garage Archive Collection, Andrei Khlobystin collectionPoster and invitation card to the show Renaissance and Resistance at the State Russian Museum, St. Petersburg. 1994. Garage Archive Collection, Andrei Khlobystin collectionBooklet of the show Metaphors of Renunciation at Badischer Kunstverein, Karlsruhe, Germany. 1996. Garage Archive Collection, Andrei Khlobystin collectionOne of the artifacts dating back to Konstantin Goncharov’s early practice is the green wool coat from Garage Archive Collection. It was created in 1989 for the drummer of the band Kino Georgy Guryanov. This item was supposedly sewn specially for the band’s international tour. The coat already reveals elements of “Strict Young Man’s signature style which can be labeled as ‘Petersburg Neo-Historicism’ dating back to the Leningrad art of the 1970s–1980s, and the conceptualization of Petersburg art’s neoclassical idea implemented by Timur Novikov in the 1990s”. [7] Goncharov says in an interview, however, that he “cannot imagine how all this relates to historical costume,” [8] pointing to the fact that his designs are more likely connected with the future than the past. In this particular case, the coat, which, at first glance, references the overcoat, respects, and even enhances the 1980s fashion silhouette—with its hypertrophied shoulder line, the “bat” sleeve, the length and oversized fit. The coat also illustrates another distinctive feature of garments by Strict Young Man which were developed as total “architectural pieces,” and of deigning clothes as “costume-image”. [9] This is emphasized by the overall silhouette and attention to detail: the multiple tiny fabric-covered buttons hidden in the slot, small secret pockets, the shape of the lapels, and the unusual lining fabric. Unfortunately, Garage Archive Collection does not contain photographs showing Georgy Guryanov dressed in the coat, but there are pictures of other representatives of St. Petersburg’s beau monde wearing garments by Strict Young Man. One of the photographs shows artist and art historian Andrei Khlobystin posing in a cape designed by Goncharov at the opening of an exhibition of Timur Novikov's collages. The exhibition took place at collector Paul Judelson's New York apartment, where the Leningrad artists stayed in the early 1990s. Andrei Khlobystin wearing a costume designed by Konstantin Goncharov at an improvised exhibition of collages by Timur Novikov at Paul Judelson’s home at 314 East 51st Street, New York, 1990. Photo: Timur Novikov. Garage Archive Collection, Andrei Khlobystin archive Another series of photographs covers an event that became known in the neo-academic circles as the Ball of Thirty-Six Princes and Princesses. Alexey Sokolov describes it as follows: “In summer 1994, princess Francesca von Thyssen from the House of Habsburgs, together with her Spanish aristocrat friend Pilar, and Irena [Kuksenaite] who was friends with them celebrated their mutual birthday in St. Petersburg. They ordered dresses of the Shamakhan and Russian tsarinas for the Russian Fairy-Tales Ball from us, rented out the Marble Palace, everything was very elegant, even treats were served on silverware. A private jet arrived bringing guests, with thirty-six princes and princesses representing European royal courts onboard”. [10] Photographs in Garage’s Collection show Alla Mitrofanova, Andrei Khlobystin, Olga Tobreluts, Olesya Turkina, Konstantin Goncharov, and other guests at the event. Also wearing Strict Young Man designs are journalist Alyona Spitsyna and architect Michael Cramer. [11] Konstantin Goncharov, Alyona Spitsyna and Kseniya Rozhkova (Novikova) attending the Russian Fairy-Tales Ball in the Marble Palace, St. Petersburg. 1994. Photo: Andrei Khlobystin. Garage Archive Collection.Michael Cramer and Olga Tobreluts attending the Russian Fairy-Tales Ball in the Marble Palace, St. Petersburg. 1994. Photo: Andrei Khlobystin. Garage Archive CollectionAmong the photographs in Garage Archive Collection, there are portraits of Konstantin Goncharov and Alexey Sokolov taken by photographer Yedyge Niyazov in 1993. These black and white shots were taken in a mansard on Griboyedov Canal, where the Strict Young Man atelier was located at that time. Alexey Sokolov is pictured wearing one of the earliest velvet coats designed by them. Behind Konstantin Goncharov stands a mannequin in a silver suit, which consists of a coat-dress and headwear, both items made in 1990-1991. This outfit would be later used in the photoshoot Olympus on the Roof, organized by photographer Hans-Jürgen Burkard together with the New Academy’s professors and students in St. Petersburg in July 1994. Alexey Sokolov. 1993. Photo: Yedyge Niyazov Konstantin Goncharov. 1993. Photo: Yedyge NiyazovThanks to the efforts of Alyona Spitsyna, in 1994, the “strict young men” moved from the attic into a new space on 13, Kamennoostrovsky Avenue. The laconic and touching invitation card to the opening of the Strict Young Man fashion gallery featuring a handmade signature is stored in Garage Archive Collection. From this point on, the space on Austrian Square becomes a fashion spot visited by the city’s many famous guests, artists, and musicians. Invitation card to the opening of Strict Young Man Fashion Gallery. 1994. Garage Archive Collection, Andrei Khlobystin collection Senior research fellow at the Newest Trends Department of the State Russian Museum, art historian and curator Yekaterina Andreeva writes in her report on Konstantin Goncharov’s legacy: “Goncharov’s practice reaches its blossom in 1994–1995. In 1995 he created costumes for the ballet Leda and the Swan to the music of Gustav Mahler. The ballet was staged for the Hermitage Theater by Sergey Vikharev, the premier of the Mariinsky Theatre and friend of the artist Bella Matveeva, whose paintings were used in stage design. During the same years, in 1994–1995, Goncharov made around thirty costumes and a cycle of fourteen illustrations for Apuleius’s The Golden Ass. It was a group portrait [Passiones Luci], where Goncharov acted as one of the leading artists together with me, Alexey Sokolov, and Olga Tobreluts. We thought that our task implied making illustrations that would be associated with both Petersburg—where Mikhail Kuzmin published his translation that became a classic—and with world culture. [12] Apuleius, a Late Antiquity author-magus, inspired us to create magical ‘cultural landscapes.’ The project also had an important social aspect, which consisted of bringing together the youth community for a joint months-long performance. As its director, Goncharov recruited several dozens of participants for the shooting on the dance floor: nurses, pop band dancers, even bandits. Goncharov never limited himself to fashion design or multimedia art proper. Together with Novikov, he was shaping the space of culture, a social environment.” [13] Information about these projects, which were important for Goncharov, is preserved in the record folder “Documentation of Timur Novikov’s project The Walls of the New Academy”—a compilation of photocopies of articles from Russian and international publications assembled by Novikov which cover the activity of the New Academy of Fine Arts in 1995–1998. Novikov put these articles, posters, and photographs on the walls of a corridor in the New Academy premises on 10, Pushkinskaya Street, labeling them as visual promotion and propaganda of the Academy’s achievements. Among the materials selected by Novikov, there are texts and interviews related to the Strict Young Man atelier released after the presentation of The Golden Ass project, foreign press reviews of the show Self-Identification, articles and texts devoted to the premiere and international tour of the ballet Leda and the Swan.Photocopy of an article from Timur Novikov’s project The Walls of the New Academy. 1995–1998. Garage Archive Collection, Andrei Khlobystin collection Another critical document dated the mid-1990s is video documentation of the opening of the New Academy’s seminal international exhibition Renaissance and Resistance held in the Marble Palace in June 1994. The video features a short Konstantin Goncharov interview who was one of the contributing artists to the show. Responding to a journalist’s questions, Goncharov announces the soon-to-open “firm and gallery Strict Young Man” and mentions the title of one of the dresses on view at the exhibition. The Masturbating Pioneer Girl is the famous “gymnasium dress” made of woolen fabric that was used for sewing Soviet school uniforms for girls, with black and white ballet photographs from Timur Novikov’s collection and artificial daffodils embroidered on the bodice. In the early 1990s, the school uniform was abolished, and, using Goncharov’s own words, this dress represented “a slight nostalgic sentiment” for the bygone epoch. Dresses displayed alongside the works of Timur Novikov also get caught on camera.Video report from the opening of the show Renaissance and Resistance at the State Russian Museum, St. Petersburg. 1994. Author: Lena Tsibor; camera: Dmitry Frolov. Sergey Chubraev’s archive Making a solemn speech at the opening, Timur Novikov put Konstantin Goncharov’s name on a par with top international artists and designers, anticipating the young couturier’s fame. These words turned out to be prophetic, with recognition happening for Strict Young Man soon afterward. Konstantin Goncharov and Alexey Sokolov began taking part in major international shows, Goncharov’s costume design for The Golden Ass won him the Best Avant-garde Artist of 1995 title at the 1st Moscow International Festival of Avant-garde Collections ALBO-Fashion. In 1995 and 1996 he exhibited with great success at the festival of avant-garde fashion in Georgia. Wearing Strict Young Man garments signified involvement in the art world, and the personality of Konstantin Goncharov, embodied boldly in his clothes-artworks, appeared to be so attractive that it quickly gathered a wide circle of admirers around him. Goncharov’s pieces are in the private collections of Yekaterina Andreeva, Alyona Spitsyna, Avdotya Smirnova, and Arkady Ippolitov, while his foreign devotees include curator Kathrin Becker, Francesca von Habsburg, Princess Katya Galitzine, American gallerist Jane Lombard, and Belgian art historian Agnès Rammant-Peeters. “The strategy of Novikov and Goncharov is similar to Michel Foucault’s ideas delineated in his essay What is Enlightenment? In short, in order to happen, contemporaneity must be ironically heroized. This is exactly what Goncharov did—using fashion to create an ideal community of his own, which people from the rest of the world, from New York and Erfurt to Tbilisi, were ready to join”. [14] In an interview devoted to Konstantin Goncharov, his close friend, director of the fashion house KISSELENKO Irina Selyuta, says that the name Strict Young Man was inherently fatal, encapsulating some sort of predetermined unfolding of destiny, or maybe even foresight”. [15] It is not just about Goncharov’s aesthetic strategy and ethical principles. Konstantin died aged 29, to forever remain a dignified and prudent young man, a dreamer sensitive to beauty in his friends’ memory. Yekaterina Andreeva published a touching, gentle obituary in The New World of Art magazine paying homage to Goncharov of whom she speaks as of someone who “made his own conscious choice to move toward the miraculous” and who possessed “the main freedom—that of not being afraid of anything”. [16] The author is grateful to Alexander Izvekov for help in the preparation of the text and selection of materials. Notes 1. Timur. To Lie the Truth Only! / Edited by Andreeva Y. St. Petersburg.: Amphora, 2007. P. 216.2. Goschitskaya K., Kotov V. “The Legend: Konstantin Goncharov and the Strict Young Man” // Sobaka.ru. URL: http://www.sobaka.ru/fashion/heroes/21078.3. Timur. Pp. 65, 157–158.4. Kulish A. “A Suitable Costume for Lucius” // OM. 1996. #4. P.74. 5. Kulish A. “A Suitable Costume for Lucius”. P. 74.6. The exhibition Renaissance and Resistance, curated by Yekaterina Andreeva and Timur Novikov, was prepared by the New Academy of Fine Arts in collaboration with the Newest Trends Department of the State Russian Museum. The show that ran from June 10 to 19, 1994 in the Marble Palace, was dedicated to the history of nineteenth- and twentieth-century photography and the preservation of classical traditions in art. Along with photographs, the display included works by Moscow artists and professors of the New Academy of Fine Arts. 7. Kostrits M. [Goncharov Konstantin] // State Russian Museum presents: Newest Trends Department: History, Collection, Exhibits. Almanac. St. Petersburg: Palaca Editions, 2004. Issue 41. P. 50.8. Kulish A. “A Suitable Costume for Lucio”. P. 76.9. Kostrits M. [Goncharov Konstantin] P. 50. 10. Goschitskaya K., Kotov V. “The Legend”.11. According to all the evidence, the ball was held in 1994, but photographs taken by Andrei Khlobystin show other dates recorded by his camera, 06.21.1995 and 06.22.1995.12. The project Passiones Luci became part of the program of annual exhibits organized by the Soros Center for Contemporary Art in St. Petersburg, which paid for the materials for the costumes, the production of photographs, the costs of set design and the publication of the catalogues. The authors of the idea of making illustrations were artists Denis Yegelsky and Andrey Medvedev, while the main artist on the project was Konstantin Goncharov. The final show opened on June 28, 1995, in the Marble Palace and the spaces of the New Academy of Fine Arts on 10, Pushkinskaya Street. The Marble Place display (curated by Yekaterina Andreeva) was entitled Passiones Luci and featured 14 computer collages illustrating the novel The Golden Ass, costumes by Konstantin Goncharov in collaboration with Alexey Solovyov (some of them are now in the collections of the State Hermitage Museum and State Russian Museum), Timur Novikov’s panel Cupid and Psyche and video documentation of the filming process. The part displayed in the New Academy (curated by Yekaterina Andreeva and Timur Novikov) was called The Golden Ass. Sketches and Projects and showed the scenery and preparation materials made by Yegor Ostrov, Denis Yegelsky, Andrey Medvedev, Oleg Maslov, and Viktor Kuznetsov and Andrei Khlobystin. The catalogue (designed by Alexander Belosludtsev and Maksim Gudkov) which was an integral element of the project and included articles by Yekaterina Andreeva and Arkady Ippolitov along with the text of Apuleius’s novel in Mikhail Kuzmin’s translation illustrated with collages. On the opening day, an international jury featuring artist Andrew Logan (London; chairman of the jury board), director of the Ateneum Museum of Contemporary Art Tuula Arkio (Helsinki), President of the Cultural Partnership Foundation Jane Lombard (New York) and the staff of the Soros Center for Contemporary Art, awarded the Soros CCA Prize for the Best Artist of the Exhibition to Konstantin Goncharov and Olga Tobreluts.13. Andreeva Y. “Konstantin Goncharov: The New Man of the Early 1990s”. Unpublished paper read at the academic conference Transformation of the Old and the Search of New in the Art and Culture of the 1990s, January 28–30, 2020.14. Andreeva Y. “Konstantin Goncharov”.15. Azarkhi S. V. Stylish People: Introduction to the History of Modern Artistic Gestures. St. Petersburg: Ivan Limbakh Publishing, 2012. P. 219.16. Andreeva Y. “In Memory of Konstantin Goncharov” // The New World of Art. 1998. #3. P. 62.…

Udovydchenko Maria | 14 сентября 2020

The Pure Sound of a Clay Whistle Toy

“On March 16, 2019, the first exhibition curated by Lena Ishchenko and me opened at Typography Center for Contemporary Art. By that time, we had been sharing our interest in ceramics for over a year, exchanging photographs of works made by Russian and international artists via social media. And in November 2018 we decided to start working on an exhibition. While working on the exhibition and thinking about a title for it, I stumbled across an article in the magazine Nauka i zhizn (Science and Life) that explained how the clay whistle was transformed from a magical instrument believed to be capable of causing wind or rain and scaring away evil spirits into something else. It developed in two different ways. The first resulted in a flute-type whistling device, with a clay, egg- or cigar-shaped body, i.e. an ocarina. The second involved becoming part of folklore, whereby the clay whistle can be both a separate object executed in the form of a bird or a small animal and part of an larger object, like the Filimonovo clay dolls. This split affected not just the clay toy, but also the material of clay in general. These two conditions-clay as a material of “high” sculpture and that of handicrafts-define the arch of relations explored by the exhibition. What is more associated with clay objects: a cozy flat-with dogs on the doorstep, tiled kitchen floor, a red corner, a kid’s room and cigarette butts on the balcony-the logic of which the show is built upon, or the white cube of a museum or exhibition space? Along with this “high” curatorial question we were bothered by another, “low” one: how to ship works from Paris, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Tagil and Moscow to this white cube space. And, frankly speaking, there were delivered in our and our friends’ hand luggage. Artists put their works at risk, we felt extremely nervous, a few pieces were slightly damaged, for instance, Andrey Syaylev’s “tile” printed onto a mirror surface (it is visible on the photo from the archive) and Apo Broche’s bear cub which cracked during the return shipping. Lena took the burden of discussing it with Andrey and me, with Apo. Relief awaited both of us though, a very rarely experienced feeling-when you realize that everyone understands and is not disappointed. Speaking from today, May 2020, I can state that I still love ceramics, but only now I see clearly why. It seems that we still automatically pronounce words about imposture while continuing to introduce ourselves as cool workers representing no less cool institutions, for example, when sending an offer to an artist to invite them contribute to a show. We try to overcome our imposture using the touching public ocarina-flute-but we genuinely experience it at our homes, just as we do with clay pots and plates.…

6 августа 2020

The Living/Dead Nook

Author: Vasily Subbotin The Measuring Equipment Factory (ZIP) in Krasnodar, which has played an important role in the history of the Typography Center for Contemporary Art and ZIP group, opened on April 29, 1939. Production of measuring and testing devices at the factory has now ceased, but the 81-year-old building is still in use, even though its function has changed. The number of people working in the factory’s large assembly shops reached a peak in 1989. However, as demand for its products gradually declined, production volumes dropped and the management began to rent out those spaces that were no longer needed. In 1993, the factory was privatised and converted into a joint-stock company, which collapsed within its first year began the process of bankruptcy. In 1997, Krasnodar Exhibition Center opened in the control room and a number of workshops, but that failed to save the factory. In 2012, ZIP reported losses of 28,9 million rubles. Burdened by obsolete equipment, years of losses, and accumulated debts, ZIP was forced to cease production. Most of its spaces were rented out as offices, originally to other producers. In 2006 and 2007 furniture workshops and advertisers moved there, as did a dumpling company. In recent years, a creative cluster has formed spontaneously on the premises (I call it a cluster, but there is no community, and tenants are not necessarily aware of who their neighbors are), which includes a variety of small businesses (from ironmongers to furniture makers), artist studios, theater and photographers’ workshops, lofts, and coworking spaces. In 2009, inspired by the history of ZIP, artists Vasily and Stepan Subbotin, Evgeny Rimkevich, Eldar Ganeev, Konstantin Chekmaryov, and Denis Serenko founded ZIP group, which was named after the factory, and opened a studio in its building. In 2011 they launched the Krasnodar Institute of Contemporary Art, which was followed a year later by the Typography Center for Contemporary Art. The Living Nook was ZIP group’s first project at the semi-abandoned factory. Their ambition was to create a space outside of time, which would erase the boundaries between the past and the present. The factory’s huge spaces testified to its grand history, but all that was left were piles of rubbish-artefacts of the Soviet era. This rubbish provided material for an exhibition in the now empty factory spaces, with photographs of sometimes unrecognizable celebrities on the wall of honor and a board game based on a found diagram that is a reminder of human encounters at the factory and of collective labour. The structure of the objects was suggested by the ruins themselves: the spaces inside and outside of the factory. Artists renting studios at ZIP currently include Recycle Group and Igor Mikhaylenko. Another resident was Lyudmila Baronina, who later moved to Moscow. Since August 2019 the factory’s former canteen has been occupied by Typography Center for Contemporary Art. You might be wondering when I will finally explain what I meant by the “dead nook.” If you look at the photos and watch the videos selected for RAAN, you will require no further explanation. What is gentrification if not this ZIP zombie-land? I like zombies, by the way.…

ZIP | 19 июня 2020

The exhibition Unofficial Art to Perestroika: From the History of Leningrad’s Art Scene, 1949-1989

The exhibition Unofficial Art to Perestroika, which opened in Leningrad on January 8, 1989, became an event that documented the rapid changes in the local art scene brought on by the reforms in Soviet politics and economics. The history of the project was closely connected to several organizations that emerged or changed the course of their work in the late 1980s. The first was the Leningrad Club of Art Historians, founded in 1986 as part of the USSR Culture Fund by Leningrad State University professor Ivan Chechot and several alumni. To find out more about the Club’s activities, see Alla Mitrofanova and Andrei Khlobystin’s text “Contemporary Soviet Criticism and the Leningrad Club of Art Historians” (in Russian) in Garage Archive Collection. In 1987, the Club organized a conference on art and culture in the second half of the twentieth century. [1] Invited speakers included art historian Valery Turchin with a talk on the Italian Transavantgarde, author Arkady Dragomoshchenko, who spoke about postmodernism, and artist Timur Novikov, who presented his re-composition method. The future organizers of the exhibition Unofficial Art to Perestroika-Ekaterina Andreeva, Alla Mitrofanova, Olesya Turkina, and Andrei Khlobystin-who were all members of the Club, were also speakers. Alla Mitrofanova gave a talk about the exhibition Forty Years of Modern Art, 1945-1985, which had taken place at Tate in London two years earlier. The exhibition of works from Tate’s own collection was organized chronologically and presented key artists and movements in the postwar art of Europe and the USA. [2] The idea of a museum show on very recent developments in art, as opposed to famous masterpieces of the past, must have inspired the members of the Club: From Unofficial Art to Perestroika was conceived as a similar project that would present the changing “landscape of Leningrad art over forty years,” [3] or “forty years of Leningrad art.” [4] Another inspiration behind the project, as Ekaterina Andreeva recalls [5], was the series of exhibitions Retrospective of Moscow Artists, 1957-1987 organized by the Hermitage Association of art enthusiasts at 100, Profsoyuznaya Street in Moscow in 1987. Like their Moscow colleagues, Leningrad art historians believed that, in the local context, only art that had emerged from the underground scene or was connected to it could be considered truly contemporary. Many members of the Leningrad Club of Art Historians worked in museums [6], however, it was the support of a private organization, the Ariadna Cooperative, that made the preparation of a large-scale exhibition on the history of Leningrad unofficial/contemporary art possible. The economic reforms of perestroika included the Cooperative Law of 1988, which allowed non-governmental organizations to undertake commercial activities. Ariadna was among Leningrad’s first registered cooperatives that sold unofficial/contemporary art. Headed by Tatyana Kulikova, it employed Inessa Vinogradova as an art historian and consultant. She was on friendly terms with unofficial artists and also worked with Alla Mitrofanova at Pavlovsk Museum and Reserve. Initially, Ariadna did not have its own exhibition space. Perhaps, with the idea of attracting clients interested in contemporary art, the cooperative decided to organize a large-scale temporary exhibition that would feature works by artists of different generations. Alla Mitrofanova was invited to join the project through Inessa Vinogradova, followed by her colleagues from the Leningrad Club of Art Historians. This collaboration resulted in the exhibition From Unofficial Art to Perestroika at Pavilion 1 of the Harbour Exhibition Complex, which was rented for the event. Poster for the exhibition Unofficial Art to Perestroika: From the History of Leningrad’s Art Scene, 1949-1989. Design by Andrei Khlobystin, 1989. Garage Archive Collection (Andrey Khlobystin archive) Poster for the exhibition Unofficial Art to Perestroika: From the History of Leningrad’s Art Scene, 1949-1989. Design by Alexander Florensky, 1989. Garage Archive Collection (Andrei Khlobystin archive) The exhibition featured “over 200 artists and around 2,000 works” [7] that presented the history of Leningrad’s “unofficial” (or nonconformist) and contemporary art from 1949 to 1989. The project, Andrei Khlobystin recalls, was co-curated by the organizers. “Alla [Mitrofanova] and I curated the New Artists, with whom I then collaborated as an art historian and an artist, the Necrorealists and the artists of the NCh/VCh squat, where I had a studio, as well as the Depressionists and other artists of the young avant-garde. Ekaterina [Andreeva] was responsible for Soviet nonconformist art, Olesya [Turkina] for the Sterligov school and Mitki group. Other curators (a role that was then unheard of) were Inessa Vinogadova and Nikolay Suvorov.” [8] In Leningrad, official exhibitions of unofficial art spaces were quite common throughout the 1980s. Starting from 1982, the Cooperative of Experimental Art (TEII) [9] organized regular shows of “independent” artists of different generations. Their ninth exhibition, which took place at the Harbour Exhibition Complex in 1987, was one of the biggest and featured works by 160 artists, from representatives of Gazanevsky culture to the New Artists, Necrorealists and Mitki group of the 1980s. That same year the Vernisazh Association of Artists, Art Historians, and Art Enthusiasts was registered with Iosif Khrabry as its head. They also worked on bringing underground art to the broader public and organised exhibitions by Solomon Rossin, Igor Ivanov, the New Artists, Vladimir Sterligov, and others at the Sverdlov House of Culture. Discussing the exhibition of the New Artists at Sverdlov House of Culture, Leningrad. Photo: Gennady Prikhodko, 1988. Garage Archive Collection (Andrei Khlobystin archive) The Cooperative of Experimental Art’s exhibitions were largely focused on artists who were still active on the scene. The only exhibition with a retrospective element was Contemporary Art of Leningrad at Manege Exhibition Hall. The main section of that exhibition, which opened toward the end of 1988, was focused on artists who had taken part in the Cooperative’s previous projects and the more avant-garde artists of the Leningrad Branch of the Soviet Union of Artists. Unofficial Art to Perestroika was organized in parallel with Contemporary Art of Leningrad and partly in opposition to it. The young curators believed that juxtaposing “independent” artists with members of the state-run Union was no longer interesting. Instead, they wanted to show the connections between Soviet unofficial art and the contemporary art of Leningrad. Unofficial Art to Perestroika was the first attempt to create a research-based project that reviewed the history of Leningrad’s contemporary art and the circles, schools, movements, and groups that constituted it. In one of the explanatory texts for the project, its concept was formulated as follows: This exhibition is essentially a follow-up to the exhibition of the art of the 1920s and 1930s at the State Russian Museum, but it has certain peculiarities that reflect the specificity of postwar art, on which is limited printed material and which has no tradition of self-reflection. Our exhibition is intended as a broad study of culture: rather than presenting a great number of artists, we wanted to outline the key movements and types of art. Our main goal was to show the scale of this era’s culture and to foster its self-awareness by introducing a number of critical, historical, and philosophical ideas regarding its development.” [10] The exhibition design was based on the use of exhibition stands, which were very common in the 1980s. Corridors made of stands converged toward the central pavilion, where meetings took place and a café was organized. The exhibition opened with the artists of the Arefiev circle, the Sidlin group, the Sterligov school, the Hermitage group, and other representatives of the older generation of Leningrad unofficial art. Most artists and groups who started showing their work in the 1980s were presented deep inside the gallery space. “The exhibition was conceived as a museum of Leningrad’s contemporary art and the design was set out like a tree,” Olesya Turkina recalls. “The soil that nourished it was the apartment exhibitions of the 1970s (the symbol of Leningrad’s art life of that time) and its roots lay in the work of the students of Malevich, Filonov, and Matyushin, who continued the tradition of the avant-garde, and in the neoexpressionist movement that developed in Leningrad in the 1950s and 1960s.” [11] Garage Archive Collection holds a floor plan of the exhibition, which shows its structure. Floor plan of the exhibition Unofficial Art to Perestroika: From the History of Leningrad’s Art Scene, 1949-1989 made by Ekaterina Andreeva for Lyubov Gurevich, 1989. Garage Museum of Contemporary Art (Lyubov Gurevich archive) To provide a historical perspective, the exhibition also included works borrowed from collectors, as Ekaterina Andreeva explains. “The only collector Alla Mitrofanova and Andrei Khlobystin knew was Lev Katzenelson, whose wife owned the apartment they were renting at Kirovsky Zavod. Katzenelson lived on Marat Street. He was an old man who seemed to have come out straight of the Bible. [. . .] Igor Ivanov gave me a list of phone numbers and addresses of some key collectors (Anatoly Sidorov, Irina Koreneva, Rimma Loginova, Yury Pozin, Boris Bezobrazov), a print-out of Gazanevshchina by [Anatoly] Basin, told me about [Osip] Sidlin and sent me to [Alexander] Arefiev’s friend, the architect and artist Yury Medvedev. Through Medvedev and [Dmitry] Shagin I met Oleg Frontinsky who had incredible paintings by Ustyugov and several folders with drawings by the artists of the Arefiev circle. He also had a great early self-portrait by [Richard] Vasmi… Lev Katzenelson, 1986. Garage Archive Collection (Lyubov Gurevich archive) Oleg Frontinsky, Yulia Gorskaya, Oleg Grigoriev, 1970s. Garage Archive Collection (Lyubov Gurevich archive) Oleg Frontinsky’s collection at his apartment, 1990s. Photo: Lyubov Gurevich. Garage Archive Collection (Lyubov Gurevich archive) Nikolai Blagodatov and Richard Vasmi, 1990s. Garage Archive Collection (Lyubov Gurevich archive) I was just a girl who nobody knew, but the collectors were very friendly and considerate. Now I understand that they were happy to see young people finally interested in the cause to which they had devoted their lives (and some, like Rimma Loginova’s then deceased husband Igor, who was tormented by the KGB, remained devoted to it until the bitter end). Sidorov, who lived in one of the Stalin-era buildings at Sennaya Square, told me how he used to give lectures on Gazanevsky artists in his institute, and how later, when the management no longer allowed him to do that, his colleagues started inviting him home for tea to talk about paintings. That was how home lectures became a thing in the 1970s. He had hand-written business cards and a gentlemanly, encouraging manner about him. Koreneva, who lived in Tallinskaya Street, was the muse of [Yuri] Galetsky and gave me her portrait by him. She told me how in the 1970s, when she hosted apartment exhibitions, her door had to be removed so that she could not be accused of organizing them: the apartment was open, so anyone could come in and do whatever they wanted. Pozin offered my husband and me tea and cake and told us a curious story about the local policeman who came to enquire about Vladimir Ovchinnikov’s painting St. Sebastian-a composition with a prisoner in a vatnik padded jacket standing by a pylon- and whether it was a portrait of some dissident. [. . .] The oldest of the collectors, Bezobrazov, told me to come alone and came to meet me in the empty street to make sure no one came with me. They all had been through a lot and paid more than just money for their collections. I haven’t mentioned Nikolai Blagodatov yet: he had already given his collection to Sergei Kovalsky for the exhibition at Manege (there was a big rivalry between us and the Cooperative of Experimental Art at the time). But the day before the opening, Blagodatov came to the Harbour with a drawing by Basin and I gratefully included it in the exhibition.” [12] Unofficial Art to Perestroika was first and foremost a curatorial project that presented the history of postwar art in Leningrad. However, it was also a commercial show: Ariadna Cooperative were in charge of the sales of works provided by the artists. In addition to individual buyers, the State Russian Museum acquired several works of the 1960s and 1970s for its collection. After the exhibition closed, Ariadna organized Leningrad’s first auction of unofficial/contemporary art. Participants disagree as to whether it was successful. Mixing commercial and non-commercial exhibition formats was one on the specific traits of art during perestroika, where ideas on contemporary art and ways of understanding it and working with it were formed in the local context. Café and lecture space at the exhibition Unofficial Art to Perestroika: From the Art History of Leningrad, 1949-1989. Left to right at the table in the foreground: Enver Baykiev, Alexey Adashevsky, Arkady Dragomoshchenko, Andrei Khlobystin, Inessa Vinogradova. Table at back left: Nikolay Suvorov and Dmitry Shagin. Table at back right: Boris Smelov (right) and others, 1989. Garage Archive Collection (Andrei Khlobystin archive) Exhibition views can be found in the book TEII. Ot Leningrada k Sankt-Peterburgu. “Neofitsialnoe” iskusstvo 1981-1991 godov. [Cooperative of Experimental Art. From Leningrad to St. Petersburg, “Unofficial” Art 1981-1991]. Edited by S. Kovalsky, E. Orlov, and Y. Rybakov (St. Petersburg: OOO “Izdatelstvo DEAN,” 2007), 440-460. 1. The program of the conference is published in Andrei Khlobystin, Shizorevolyutsiya. Ocherki peterburgskoi kultury vtoroi poloviny XX veka [Schizorevolution. Notes from St. Petersburg Culture in the Second Half of the 20th Century] (St. Petersburg: Borey Art, 2017), p.116 2. For the exhibition, see Lewis Biggs, Forty Years of Modern Art 1945-1985 (London, Tate Gallery; The Burlington Magazine, 128 (998), 1986, 366-367 and 371. 3. Garage Archive Collection (Andrey Khlobystin archive), inventory number AKH.III.1989-D5476. 4. Interview with Andrei Khlobystin, April 2, 2020. 5. Ekaterina Andreeva, Materials for the biography of Timur Novikov; Timur. “Vrat tolko pravdu!” [Timur. Lie Only with Truth!], edited by Ekaterina Andreeva (St. Petersburg: Amfora, 2007), 423. One of the curators of the exhibition series Retrospective of Moscow Artists, 1957-1987, Leonid Bazhanov, also spoke about the project at the conference of the Leningrad Club of Art Historians in 1987. 6. Alla Mitrofanova worked at Pavlovsk Museum and Reserve and Ekaterina Andreeva and Olesya Turkina worked at the State Russian Museum. 7. Olesya Turkina, Iskusstvo Leningrada/Peterburga 1980-1990-kh. Perekhodnyi period, diss. kand. isk. [The Art of Leningrad/St. Petersburg in the 1980s and 1990s. The Transition Period], Candidate of Art History thesis, 17.00.04 (St. Petersburg: State Russian Museum, 1999), 74. 8. Interview with Andrei Khlobystin, April 2, 2020. 9. For more information see TEII. Ot Leningrada k Sankt-Peterburgu. “Neofitsialnoe” iskusstvo 1981-1991 godov. [Cooperative of Experimental Art. From Leningrad to St. Petersburg, “Unofficial” Art 1981-1991]. Edited by S. Kovalsky, E. Orlov, and Y. Rybakov (St. Petersburg: OOO “Izdatelstvo DEAN,” 2007). 10. Garage Archive Collection (Andrei Khlobystin archive), inventory number AKH.III.1989-D5476. 11. Olesya Turkina. Iskusstvo Leningrada/Peterburga 1980-1990-kh. Perekhodnyi period [The Art of Leningrad/St. Petersburg in the 1980s and 1990s. The Transition Period], 74. 12. Interview with Ekaterina Andreeva, April 5, 2020.…

Kotyleva Anastasija | 4 июня 2020

Do It Yourself: A Practical Independence Course for Women in St. Petersburg

We wanted to create a course to foster emancipation not so much from men, but from our own lack of knowledge and powerlessness. Irina Aktuganova, Co-founder, Cyber Femin Club The Do It Yourself course in practical independence for women was a project by Cyber Femin Club, the first feminist art organization in St. Petersburg, which was founded in 1996 by Alla Mitrofanova and Irina Aktuganova as part of Tekhno Art Center at Pushkinskaya 10 Cultural Center. Cyber Femin Club organized art events and collaborated with various social organizations for women, including: Soldiers’ Mothers of St. Petersburg, created during the First Chechen War; and the Women Voters’ League, one of the first human rights organizations in the city. In September 1998, with the support of the George Soros Foundation and grants from Global Fund for Women and Mama Cash, Cyber Femin Club launched the Internet Center for Women, run by Irina Aktuganova, Alla Mitrofanova, IT specialist Olga Levin, and web designer Elena Ivanova. The center introduced NGOs working in women’s rights to computer technology, organized teleconferences, lectures, and seminars and offered free Internet access to all visitors. Center visitors learned to work with computers, e-mail, and search engines, studied the basics of html coding, text and graphics editing, built websites, and worked on social, art, and fundraising projects online. Olga Levina teaching Internet Center for Women visitors to build websites, 1998. Photo: Irina Aktuganova A course that would help women learn to cope with household problems as well as use computer technology was a logical next step in the development of Cyber Femin Club’s education program. Irina Aktuganova on the idea behind Do It Yourself: “In fall 2002 Olga Levina came to me (when all the grants ran out she had to go and work as a system administrator in some company) and told me that they taught them to crimp cables on the sysadmin courses and women were protesting that it’s not women’s work. She thought it would be good to organize a course on technological literacy. I liked the sound of ‘crimping cables’ and came up with the name Do It Yourself, a course in practical independence for women. And then Olga and I decided that it would not be limited to cables but would include all hardware issues (disassembling and reassembling computers like they do with machine guns in the army), car maintenance, fixing home appliances, and renovation work. All the teachers were women.” The first Do It Yourself practical independence course for women ran in 2004. Support from the Gagarin Foundation meant it was free for anyone who applied in person or via a phone call. Classes took place at Experimental Sound Gallery on Sundays and were in two blocks, Computers and Office Machinery and Home Appliances and Tools. The first half of the day was devoted to lectures on computers, where participants learnt where to buy them, which model to choose, and how to fix common problems. During the second half, the group studied home appliances and learnt to use tools such as drills, screwdrivers, and soldering irons. Next came plumbing and electrics classes where they could apply their newly acquired skills. Curriculum of the Do It Yourself practical independence course for women, 2004 Curriculum of the Do It Yourself practical independence course for women, 2004 In its first year, the course was taught by Olga Levina and Tatyana Polyanova. Levina had trained as a system administrator and ran classes on computer technology, while Polyanova had studied at St. Petersburg Electrotechnical University and taught participants to fix home appliances and work with tools. The course was attended by thirty women aged from 20 to 60. Participants did not receive a diploma or completion certificate, but in line with St. Petersburg tradition the course finished with a ball. A class on the repair of home appliances, 2004. Photo: Irina Aktuganova Garage Archive Collection holds a number of documents related to the Do It Yourself course as part of the Irina Aktuganova and Sergei Busov archive. These include a detailed curriculum for the first year of the course, photographs, and a selection of press cuttings on this unique project. Article announcing the launch of the course in the local newspaper Moi Rayon, 2003 Feedback from participants and their interest testified to the importance of Cyber Femin Club’s education project. However, we do not know as much about the rerun of the course, which took place in 2005/2006 and had a broader curriculum that included classes in home renovation and automobile maintenance and repair. New teachers Olga and Ksenia joined the course. Unfortunately, their family names cannot be located in the archive documents. Based on the 2005/2006 course, Cyber Femin Club published a textbook with class materials and Irina Aktuganova’s drawings, which is also part of Garage Archive Collection. Textbook for the Do It Yourself course in practical independence for women, 2006 Documents in the archive also include notes taken by participant Nadezhda Kulikova and published in the local newspaper. A journalist who was at that time learning to drive, Kulikova kept a diary where she described the classes and her experience doing simple repair jobs, such as changing a tyre, spark plugs, and fuses. Article about Do It Youself in the newspaper Moi Rayon, 2006 The significance of the course for the Russian feminist discourse and art practices is yet to be fully understood. Conceived as an art project and carried out in the field of art activism and DIY culture, Do It Yourself responded to the need for a new basis for self-identification among post-Soviet women. Irina Aktuganova explains how projects like Do It Yourself can make a difference: “This project had its own complex genealogy, which we never discussed, as to us it was obvious. We were all Soviet women. And Soviet women could do anything: they were technologically literate because many studied to be engineers. That was what distinguished us from Western feminists and cyberfeminists. For them, providing women access to engineering and programming was an emancipatory practice, whereas for Soviet women those were part of their daily routines, which they hated. A very interesting flip happened with this engineering education. In Soviet times they told us that women should be engineers, work in factories, shift railroad sleepers, and so on, but those were men’s jobs and we wanted to be women and live our womanly lives. In the West women didn’t work-they were provided for by their husbands-and if they paid our husbands more, we would sit at home and take care of the children. That’s what many women thought. When by the end of the 1990s women had saved their families from starvation and life started going uphill, many chose to be supported by their husbands or partners. The media began promoting archaic values and advertising created the female figures of the kept woman, the happy wife and mother, etc. Feminism had no place here. The name of our course rhymed with Ya sama [I’ll Do It Myself], the only feminist show on Russian television, which was hosted by Yulia Menshova from 1995 through 2001. We saw it as creating an opposition to this strange new public sentiment, as we could not believe that Soviet women had fallen so easily for the bourgeois gender stereotype. To us, that revival of patriarchy had no foundation, and generally speaking that turned out to be the case. I suppose women came to our course not only to learn universal skills and become independent from men but also to make a gesture, or even a political statement.” …

Udovydchenko Maria | 13 апреля 2020

Artistic Projects Foundation Chronicle

1987 Sasha Obukhova and Yulia Ovchinnikova volunteer at the Hermitage Association of art enthusiasts. There they meet Leonid Talochkin and help him produce the hand-written catalogue for the exhibition Retrospection. 1990 Alexander (Alik) Sidorov invites Obukhova and Milena Orlova to work on the A-Ya archive, which will later grow into the reference book Who‘s Who in Contemporary Art in Moscow. In 1992, it will be published by Album publishing house founded by Sergei Khripun. 1990 Ovchinnikova works on the catalogue for the exhibition Other Art. 1992 Obukhova starts working at Joseph Backstein’s Institute of Contemporary Art in Moscow, where she continues to build an archive. 1993 Ovchinnikova starts working at the Soros Center for Contemporary Art. Her responsibilities include filming Moscow art events. 2001 Some of the key players on the Moscow art scene (including Joseph Backstein, Viktor Misiano, and Marat Guelman) create the Art Projects Foundation (APF), which takes on the projects of the Soros Center for Contemporary Art. The head of APF, Elena Elagina, invites Obukhova and Ovchinnikova to work on its archive. APF and its archive are located in a small room in the Graphic Arts Department of the Surikov Art Institute in Lavrushinsky Lane (previously known as Moscow Secondary Art School). In 2001, the APF archive consists of Obukhova’s personal archive and the archive of the Soros Center, which was transferred to APF as a non-monetary grant. In 2011 and 2012, the archive expands through the production and accumulation of new materials and thanks to donations from artists, gallerists, and art critics, including Elena Selina, Andrei Kovalev, Igor Makarevich, Milena Orlova, and Mikhail Fyodorov-Roshal. 2004 Art Projects Foundation is restructured with Obukhova as its head and focuses on maintaining the archive. First attempts are made at developing an electronic catalogue. A technical brief for the developer is written, but work on the program is postponed due to lack of funds. 2005 Art Projects Foundation and the archive have to leave the space in Lavrushinsky Lane. Most of the archive and library is put into storage, with part moving to Ekaterina Foundation, where APF organizes Informburo, a large-scale project for the 1st Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art. The project will serve as a prototype for the future organization of the archive, which at the time cannot be implemented due to the lack of reliable funding. 2006 APF moves to a building at Winzavod Center for Contemporary Art. 2006 to 2008 APF receives regular support from Italian collector and arts patron Alberto Sandretti. 2007 Contemporary City Foundation holds a charity auction to support APF. With the proceeds, APF is able to pay rent for the two years and acquire new equipment to create better storage conditions for the documents. 2011 Garage Center for Contemporary Culture starts the negotiation process to acquire the APF archive. September 1, 2012 An agreement is signed that transfers the archive to Garage Center for Contemporary Culture. A Research Department is created at Garage, where the initial team include Sasha Obukhova, Anastasia Tarasova, and Zoya Katashinskaya. Sasha Obukhova in the Art Projects Foundation archive, 2011 Photo: Roman Mokrov…

Obukhova Sasha | 9 апреля 2020

Monroe. How I fell in Love

Raya Lugamanova shares her experience of working on Vladislav Mamyshev-Monroe’s archive, which was acquired by Garage in 2018. Starting a text is never easy, so to mitigate the suffering I have decided that what you read below will be a “here and now” meditation on my past few months of work. When I was invited to work with Vladislav Mamyshev-Monroe’s archive, I laughed and recalled how a few months earlier, on my last day in St. Petersburg (the very last day of the four years I spent in the city) I went for a walk around Vasilievsky Island with my friend. We dropped in to the New Museum and the exhibition they were showing was The Lives of Remarkable Monroes. We talked about it for a long time and even considered buying a book about him, but in the end we didn’t. Later we headed to Smolenskoe Cemetery to look for film director Aleksei Balabanov’s grave. We were walking through the cemetery with only a rough idea of where to go, and suddenly I looked up and saw a strange sculpture staring at me. It was pretty eerie to tell you the truth. I read the inscription and it was Monroe. I don’t believe in signs, but I like to note coincidences. And Vladik [Vladislav Mamyshev-Monroe] really liked that, too. In several interviews he talked about Pope John Paul II dying from suffocation at the time when Monroe was working on the Pope’s portrait for his StarZ series and wrapping his face in clingfilm. He also said he found out he might have a son from his one-time lover Evelina Arkhangelskaya when impersonating the actress Lyubov Orlova. A similar thing happens in one of Orlova’s films, Circus. That was mystical! And Mamyshev-Monroe loved anything mystical. Maybe it was boredom or lack of meaning, or maybe his “personal silliness” as he used to say, but he loved coincidences and talked a lot about signs and omens. You can find plenty of evidence among his personal items in the archive. I sorted them into several groups: spiritual artefacts (an Indian mandala and an icon made by a prisoner, which Monroe allegedly bought for 5 rubles at a railroad station); alien-related (eight toy heads of extraterrestrials) and carnival items (hare masks with huge rhinestones for eyes and earrings, a 1930s German magician’s kit). Туфли. Фонд Владислава Мамышева-Монро When I started working with the archive I had no special feelings for Monroe. I did not even particularly like his art. But he wrote good texts and funny poems, and as I’ve always loved the journalism of the 1990s I loved his KhVZ and M.V.Yu. magazines. When after months of digging through personal artefacts, photographs, and books I got to press clippings (Vladik collected every mention of himself), I finally understood what I both admired and hated about him. Who was Mamyshev-Monroe? I don’t know. Going through his archive you get the feeling that you’re just about to figure him out, just about to get a complete picture. But the further you fall into his writing and interviews, the more you start doubting what seemed obvious. We know that he did his military service at Baikonur Cosmodrome. There is a letter from his commanding officer to his mother, Nina Nikolaevna, in the archive. Many articles describe how he dressed as Marilyn Monroe during his military service, and when the officers found the photographs he ended up in a psychiatric hospital. But as you read more, you start to doubt even that. And you begin to feel that you are constantly hallucinating. Косметика. Фонд Владислава Мамышева-Монро This is a person who is like an empty vessel that fills with something new every day. Every day he has new passions and new opinions. Today he is afraid of getting old and dreams of immortality and tomorrow he will be impersonating the aging beauty Brigitte Bardot. Today he treats you as a friend and tomorrow he will say that you had charmed him, fooled him, and gone crazy, not without his help. The virtuosity with which he followed a chosen strategy was incredible. He gave interviews to whoever was willing to take them, wrote articles and sent them off to the press himself, but despite ample materials it is hard to see what kind of person he was. He invented intricate stories with mutually exclusive explanations that travelled from article to article. I think it’s a shame that artists rarely use this strategy today. Between the two extremes they choose silence, although mythmaking seems much more interesting. I admire how cleverly and effortlessly he invented details of various events to cover his traces. It occurred to me that the archive of press clippings was not simply a product of his narcissism (which for him was very natural) but also a tool to navigate the reality he had invented. However, that’s not certain (I could add this disclaimer to any sentence). As a researcher, I find it very annoying that whichever item or text I look at, I can’t say anything about it for sure. I conduct all this research, but in the end I’m left with countless versions of who, what, and why and no certainty about any of my hypotheses being correct. Духи. Фонд Владислава Мамышева-Монро You can never trust Vladislav Mamyshev-Monroe because he was deliberately and fundamentally impermanent. But he was consistent in his practice and his transformations never put him at risk of losing face. After sorting around 300 (!) photographs of Marilyn Monroe clipped from magazines, books, albums, and calendars, I can imagine how carefully he prepared his transformations, which were more like spiritualist seances. To me, his album devoted to the death of Norma Jean represents the peak of this maniacal obsessiveness, but for him it marked its beginning. A thick leather-bound notebook contains photographs, articles, poems, songs, and even prayers. My admiration for such dedication was gradually gave way to horror. But, as gallerist Elena Selina said at the launch of the website devoted to Vladislav Mamyshev-Monroe at Cosmoscow art fair in 2019, “Garage Archive now has a special person working on Vladik’s archive. She’s in a pickle. Because once Vladik comes into your life he will never let you go.” Looks like I’m in a pickle and Vladik will be with me for a while.…

Lugamanova Raya | 3 апреля 2020

Self-Organized Art Initiatives in Russia since 2000

This long-term research program initiated by Garage Research in 2015 explores developments in self-organized artistic and curatorial practices in Russia since 2000. The program was launched with the exhibition Open Systems. Self-Organized Art Initiatives in Russia: 2000-2015 (November 6-December 10, 2015) initiated by the Head of Garage Archive Collection, Sasha Obukhova. The exhibition presented an overview of fifty-one projects from nine Russian cities, including apartment exhibitions and artist-run spaces, exhibitions in abandoned factories, and street festivals. The project also included four public debates with artists, curators, art historians and activists. Hearing the views of pioneering practitioners allowed the researchers to get a clearer understanding of practitioners’ ideas regarding art institutions and the limitations of the art world, including the (lack of) flexibility of contemporary museums and the art market. Alexei Kallima, list of events at France gallery (Moscow), 2015 Reflecting the growing autonomy of emerging artists, many of the projects-independent from both state-run and private institutions-have not been archived and often escape the notice of contemporary researchers. Even in the age of the Internet and social media, only a scattered, or fragmented trace of many of the initiatives remain, with dates and names of participants often missing. Open Systems was thus conceived as a comprehensive study to facilitate the accumulation and archiving of information on each project, its organizers, and participants, as well as photo and video documentation and ephemera. Unique documents accumulated during the exhibition include photo archives of Kirill Preobrazhensky's apartment gallery Cheryomushki and Timofey Karaffa-Korbut’s gallery ArtRaum, a notebook containing the list of exhibitions in France Gallery, handwritten by Alexey Kalyma, video documentation of Liza Morozova’s performances in Escape Gallery, exhibition posters form Samara gallery XI rooms, and an ABC Gallery’s signboard made from an office lamp. Another important aspect of the project has been to explore the stylistic and regional variations in self-organized initiatives. The selected initiatives have been subdivided into four categories: Private Spaces, devoted to artists who host initiatives in their apartments or studios; Other Places examines projects in abandoned or rented spaces; No Man’s Land focuses on street festivals and other projects in public spaces, including the Internet; and Borderline Territories explores various forms of interaction between artists, independent curators and activists that do not necessarily use space as their primary venue, but instead discourse, or publications, for example. XI rooms Gallery (Samara). Poster for Found object exhibition, 2008 The project has enabled Garage Archive to develop ties with initiatives across the country, which in its turn has led to the growth of the project itself. From Spring 2016 the exhibition has travelled across Russia, expanding in content through the participation of each host venue, which has invited new initiatives. The Urals branch of the National Center for Contemporary Arts introduced groups from Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Tagil and Perm. The branch’s director, Alisa Prudnikova, and curators Vladimir Seleznev and Anna Litovskikh initiated a new exhibition, which opened at the NCCA Urals on 24 March 2016. The public program for the exhibition included lectures by Obukhova and the philosopher Elena Petrovskaya, as well as a performance by one of the founders of Office Gallery and ABC Gallery, Maxim Iluykhin. The exhibition Open Systems. Self-Organized Art Initiatives in Russia: 2000-2015, installation view, the National Center for Contemporary Art in the Urals, Ekaterinburg, 2016 © Petr Zakharov, Geometria.ru Next, a collaboration with the Typography Center for Contemporary Art in Krasnodar, focused on the south of Russia and attracted new participants from Rostov-on-Don, Taganrog, Vladikavkaz and Sochi. The exhibition project took place from 16 June till 17 July2016 and included a discussion on the future of self-organized initiatives in Russia. The exhibition Open Systems. Self-Organized Art Initiatives in Russia: 2000-2015, installation view, Typography Center for Contemporary Art, Krasnodar, 2016 © Elena Sineok, YUGA.ru From 1 September till 30 October 2016 Open Systems took place in Krasnoyarsk Museum Center. This introduced independent art initiatives from Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Barnaul, and Novosibirsk. This part of the project also included a program of workshops for Krasnoyarsk emerging artists: with a curator’s guidance, they sought to recreate various practices of the artists featured in Open Systems. The exhibition Open Systems. Self-Organized Art Initiatives in Russia: 2000-2015, installation view, Krasnoyarsk Museum Center, Krasnoyarsk, 2016 © Lera Tynianaya, Krasnoyarsk Museum Center The next show within the project opened at Samara’s Viktoria Gallery on December 16, 2016. Bringing together the archives of sixty self-organized initiatives, previously collected as part of Open Systems, it also featured an exhibition of contemporary Samara art curated by Anastasia Albokrinova. The exposition focused on emerging artists whose practice began at various self-organizations in Samara and, as such, became the gallery’s first exhibition focusing on local artists. The self-organized initiative Arctic Art Institute launched Open Systems in cooperation with the Arkhangelsk regional science library named after N. Dobrolyubov-where the show took place in August 2017 representing for the first time art initiatives of Russia’s Northern cities, including Arkhangelsk and Murmansk. Displaying the project in a library attracted a wider audience to it. This version of Open Systems also included a discussion involving a number of local cultural promoters. The exhibition Open Systems. Self-Organized Art Initiatives in Russia: 2000-2017, installation view, the Arkhangelsk regional science library named after N. Dobrolyubov, Arkhangelsk, 2017 © the Arkhangelsk regional science library named after N. Dobrolyubov The Saratov iteration of the project took place at the most unconventional among all of its venues-the stairs of the nineteenth-century building of the House of Cultural Workers. Spanning three floors, this space is traditionally occupied by exhibitions run by the self-organized IMHO Gallery. Encouraged by this peaceful, mutually enriching and usually hard to establish neighborship, the curators extended the show for several weeks, as it eventually ran from October 2017 through January 2018. The exhibition Open Systems. Self-Organized Art Initiatives in Russia: 2000-2017, installation view, IMHO Gallery, Saratov, 2017 © IMHO Gallery In May 2018, Smena Center of Contemporary Culture invited the project to Kazan. The enormous building of the Center-in fact, also a self-organized artist-led initiative-hosts lectures and concerts as well as contemporary art shows. Artefacts documenting Kazan’s self-organized events were displayed alongside the Open Systems archive. The exhibition Open Systems. Self-Organized Art Initiatives in Russia: 2000-2018, installation view, Smena Center of Contemporary Culture, Kazan, 2018 © IMHO Gallery Open Systems made its last stop in July 2018 at Vladivostok’s ARTETAGE Modern Art Museum, where the most complete version of the project embracing initiatives from all over the Primosrky Region was shown. Music band Far Eastern Home Wreckers gave a concert at the opening, while the public program accompanying the exhibition featured reading groups based around some key texts about self-organizations. The exhibition Open Systems. Self-Organized Art Initiatives in Russia: 2000-2018, installation view, ARTETAGE Modern Art Museum, Vladivostok, 2018 © Evgeniya Kоkurina Exhibitions and research programs accompanying them supplemented the project with new initiatives. The up to date (albeit not final) list of self-organized initiatives is provided below, with work on a publication about the study currently underway. List of Participants to date: 0+ Creative Space (St. Petersburg), XI Rooms Gallery (Samara), 11 Kropotkin str. Center (St. Petersburg), 39 Gallery (Moscow), 4.413 studio (St. Petersburg), Agency of Singular Investigations, ASI (Moscow), Agile Gallery (St. Petersburg), APXIV (Moscow), Arctic Art Institute (Arkhangelsk), APPENDIX Studio (Moscow), Art Angelsk (Arkhangelsk), #artbox (Yakutsk), ABC Gallery (Moscow), ars boiler room (Tomsk), Art-Commune (Tolyatti), Art-Propaganda Creative Laboratory (Yurga), ArtRaum Project (Moscow), Belka&Strelka Fluxrus Gallery (Taganrog), Black Lake (Kazan), Black&White Gallery (Kazan), Bobby Gallery (St. Petersburg), Brown Stripe Gallery (Moscow), Bystrovka Project (Krasnoyarsk), Ch9 Gallery (Murmansk), Cheremushki Apartment Gallery (Moscow), Chicory (Zheleznogorsk), Cultural Transit Foundation (Ekaterinburg), D-9 Creative Studio (Barnaul), Day Pyat Studio (Voronezh), Dom Gruzchika Laboratory for Contemporary Art (Perm), Egg Cultural Center (Nizhny Tagil), Egorka (St. Petersburg), Elektrozavod Gallery (Moscow), Escape Gallery (Moscow), FFTN Gallery (St. Petersburg), Flag v ruki (Krasnoyarsk), France Gallery (Moscow), Gallery1 (Nizhny Novgorod), Gallery for One Viewer (Moscow), Gallery of One Work (Samara), GBI Gallery (Ekaterinburg), GOVNO Gallery (Kaliningrad), Grischenko Garage (Novosibirsk), Youth Festival of Independent Art ‘Go! Where Do You Go?’ (Moscow), Hitting the Bottom (Novosibirsk), Holodno (Novosibirsk), HU gallery (Nizhny Tagil), Ice Biennale (Samara), Ikra Center for Contemporary Culture (Irkutsk), Intimnoe Mesto Space (St. Petersburg), IMHO Gallery (Saratov), The Kitchen Apartment Gallery (Rostov-on_Don), The Kitchen Women’s Art Workshops (Moscow), Korobka Center of Everything (Vladivostok), Krasnodar Institute for Contemporary Art (Krasnodar), Kubiva Gallery (Nizhny Tagil), Left Leg Gallery (Omsk), Leto Group Festivals (Moscow), Longdistancegallery, Luch Project (Moscow), Luda Gallery (St. Petersburg), MediaImpact: International Festival of Activist Art (Moscow), Mixed Forest Festival (Saratov), Monstration (Novosibirsk), MOZHET! Festival for contemporary art (Krasnodar), Narodnaya Gallery (Nizhny Tagil), Nepokorennie Open Studio (St. Petersburg), Nepravilny prikus (Simferopol Crimea),n i i c h e g o d e l a t (St. Petersburg), Noga Action Center (Ekaterinburg), North-7 Base — Kunsthalle Nummer Sieben (St. Petersburg), Exhibition Projects at Occupy Abay Camp (Moscow), Office Gallery (Moscow), OkNo Gallery (Chelyabinsk), Original Typography (Moscow), Parazit Gallery (St. Petersburg), Phantom Exhibition (St. Petersburg), Portal Creative Laboratory (Vladikavkaz), Praxis Alternative Cultural Project (Sochi), Private Property Gallery (Moscow), Pushka (Krasnoyarsk), Pusto Festival (Moscow), Random Gallery (Moscow), Reality Raum Residenz Online Reality Show, Red Artist-Run Space (Moscow), Red Square Gallery (Moscow), Rosa's House of Culture (St. Petersburg), ШШШ (Shshshgirls) (Moscow), Skot Gallery (Nizhny Tagil), Smena (St. Petersburg), Smena (Kazan), Soma/2Soma (Novosibirsk), Subjects (Arkhangelsk), Svetlana Gallery (Moscow), Triangle Curatorial Studio (Moscow), Turnichki Laboratory for Contemporary Art (Rostov-On-Don), Vata Gallery (Rostov-On-Don), Vladivostok School of Contemporary Art, VSCA (Vladivostok), vNore (Tolyatti), Voronezh Center for Contemporary Art, VCCA (Voronezh), White Cube Gallery (Novosibirsk), Yama Gallery (Krasnodar), ZHIR Gallery (Moscow) …

Trubitsyna Antonina | 1 апреля 2020

“We are totally fine!” Interviews with quarantined self-organizations

Watching how art institutions closed their doors for the quarantine made me wonder what happens to self-organizations in this situation. I questioned participants, trying to embrace as many of them based in different Russian cities as possible. This material is not a large-scale, comprehensive study. Its importance for Garage Archive and Open Systems lies in it being a model cast from the current condition.Studio 4413, St. PetersburgVanya Shatravin: The Studio closed down of course, for the quarantine, and I went to Tuapse and encourage everyone to come here, come! Maria Dmitrieva: We are quarantined, of course. It is too early to estimate the “effect”: many of us are glad to take a forced pause. From a long-term perspective, however, we will be switching to online regimes and hybrid formats.NONSNS, MoscowRuslan Polanin: We keep a lot of stuff online, but generally it affected us. Although it is hard to judge. In short, it did not affect the moral spirit, or creativity, and even not so much our strategies: from the very beginning we did a lot of things aimed at the intervention into real life rather than at some special displays in art pennages. The only problem is that because of the quarantine all of Gosha’s shooting sessions have been canceled, Masha was sent to work from home with salary provided, but all of our additional book projects are frozen. To sum things up, we currently risk losing the studio.APXIV, MoscowOlga Klimovitskaya: Obviously, it altered our plans, just like the plans of others. We cancelled a trip to London (in April), where the exhibition has been moved indefinitely. Our activity within the factory workshops has also been put on pause for a while. We have been practicing online communication since the beginning. There are many of us, so it can be problematic to get together. Some of our members live in Europe. We often make calls via Facebook, and our little chatroom, even despite being cursed, is actually our main means of communication and discussion. We feel ok about the quarantine, like many introvert artists. We keep on working, because the project that we submitted to the Center for Creative Industries Fabrika was initially conceived as virtual. Danya Orlovsky: Since we left the NIIDAR space and until we received a studio at Fabrika, we operated without a space for six months or so. I mean, we not only had no venue for exhibitions and events, but also could not organize any meetings, which is the key element of our practice. We partly compensated for this with the opportunity to meet in apartments, but since everyone lives in different parts of the city, communication mainly took place via the Internet, as if we had been rehearsing today’s situation. But once we thought that our gypsy lifestyle had come to an end and we would finally settle down at Fabrika, as normal people, boom, here goes the pandemic and quarantine! Our experience of existence without a physical space instigated expansion into the digital realm. The virus situation closed access to the outer world for everyone, this is why we see how social life is being rapidly digitalized, meaning our forced practice suddenly becomes a common norm. What is new to us is that, even though we are used to communicating online, most of our events are organized primarily in reality and are based around live interaction with the audience. This lack of “warm” communication needs to be reflected somehow. But there is a feeling that the virus simply accelerated all the “life-digitalizing” processes dramatically, which had been taking place recently on their own.SHSHSH, MoscowViktoria Chupakhina: We keep on thinking about our experiments [shows], they are just slightly postponed… It is likely that our collaboration with artists from Rotterdam and a few photo shoots will be cancelled. We began thinking about transferring communication online and will make a conference call to discuss a new project later today.DK Rozy, St. PetersburgNatalia Rybalko: The School of Engaged Art, DK Rozy’s main resident, switched to online mode. And this semester, the school is financed by a grant from the Rosa Luxemburg Foundation, meaning we have to report every lecture that has been given as well as overall attendance. Accordingly, we had to decide how to deliver reports in the new circumstances and how speakers can read online lectures so that we actually have something to report. Many speakers had technical problems: not all of them know the necessary programs, and we have to make quality recordings. The loss of interactive formats is also a pity, because asking questions and making comments is not so convenient online. Good that we have sorted out the rent. In April, Sasha Shestakova had planned to visit us from Moscow as part of the school’s program-the trip had to be cancelled. The show they planned to do will most likely be held online. DK, meanwhile, is not on full-time quarantine: workshops remain open at their discretion, but most of them preferred to pause the work. The suspension of public events and workshops doesn’t earn us any donations. And donations are something that helps the self-organized group which includes me and Anya, to cover some expenses, such as travel. So, this is how things are now. Anna Averyanova: To cut a long story short, we, as a group of self-orgs, recommended DK to cancel workshops at their discretion if it is possible, even though its practical classes form the very counter-cultural program we are so proud of, so we are hopeful that it won’t last long. As for the school, we switched to the online lecture and Zoom conference format. Public events have been cancelled by the organizers. Next is putting together a schedule of April’s events, we will have to come up with some ideas. The exhibition program and preparation for DK Rozy’s fifth anniversary are the most intriguing plans, as we thought about putting up a group show. Actually, within our self-organization’s group, we previously discussed the strategy of translocality and the exploration of DK Rozy beyond the physical space of its rooms at the Krasnoe Znamya plant. Now it has acquired an even narrower optics, but remains interesting: where DK Rozy is located when it takes root. I am hopeful that the rewritten topology can solve the problem of capitalist flows-through the possibility of bypassing the authority imposed through their management. At least it is possible to stop appealing to the local space for offline meetings as a sufficient basic element that ensures the survival of collectivity. And at the same time, new circumstances emphasize the issue of invisible (post)labor and taking care of the place. As DK Rozys resident Mikhail Fedorchenko noticed, coronavirus acts as our global accelerationist today.Egorka, St. PetersburgAnna Tereshkina: We do not run any public events now. The last one took place on March 14, and even back then we hesitated whether we should do it. But we constantly discuss the nearest (desired) projects. Nastya Makarenko: We planned an Olga (Tsaplya) Egorova show, but due to the current situation, want to try to make it online. However, we haven’t worked online so far, except for Skype sessions with curators maybe, because Anya is currently away to a residency in Kolomna.Pushka, KrasnoyarskOksana Budulak: Self-isolation did not affect self-organizations at all. Yes, we talked about it in the Pushka chat as we worried that the venue (KOiKA barbershop) will cancel the agreement. But since it is a private business, they continue to run events and do not close their doors because of the quarantine. The event scheduled for March 22 took place according to plan. Fewer visitors turned up-but on the other hand. we had a lot of new artists. Pushka has been invited to a new club space, the opening coincided with the quarantine but they still plan to do it. Summing up, emerging Krasnoyarsk based artists are not afraid of anything yet, drink beer, think of exhibits, go to bars, hug each other and wipe themselves with antiseptics. After week one of self-isolation, they self-organized themselves even more and made a coloring book. Either we are too bold, or art makes us superhumans.OkNO, ChelyabinskSvetlana Shlyapnikova: We are totally fine! We had been preparing a technology-based project for our 19th birthday, so we managed to reconstruct our work process and opened on the planned day, even though as an online project. We have launched a publication of the gallery’s chronicle. The first publication was uploaded yesterday. It is hard to comment what’s “next”. Our next project is also technology related, it involves an artist who does experimental cinema. Perhaps, we will do something in that direction, for example, video screenings. But we haven’t discussed it yet.Elektrozavod, MoscowElektrozavod team: Obviously, the situation affected us just as any other public space. We had a scheduled show by the Taiwanese media artist happykawaiifriends This Is Not A Starfish (這不是一隻海星). We ran the first part of the show on March 20, pretty painlessly, in the form of broadcasts on the gallery’s Facebook and Instagram pages. In his works, happykawaiifriends works with the context of social networks, investigates the influence of mass media on society, and people’s self-perception. As you can see, a show in the broadcast format emphasizes the artist’s creative method rather than contradicting it. Up next is an interview with an artist who is also quarantined, so we consider different broadcast modes from the site-in order to diversify our events. Planning exhibitions further ahead is problematic. The next couple of shows have been moved indefinitely at their authors’ request. They are not ready to exhibit online without the audience. Another planned event will take place online. The artist is currently rebuilding the show for a broadcast. Rostan Tavasiev’s exhibition/conference Designing Planetary Nebulae dedicated to the search for a place for art and artists in outer space is due to open on April 22. There are also several projects which can be broadcast online but haven’t been approved by the gallery’s collective. As we do not know how long the situation is going to last, we are thinking about transferring the gallery’s activity to the Internet. The financial side of running the space is also critical as never before.Vladivostok School of Contemporary Art, VladivostokYana Gaponenko: Vladivostok School of Contemporary Art’s spring curators’ school caught the last train prior to self-isolation, by a whisker. We managed to bring together fourteen cultural workers from Omsk, Barnaul, Novosibirsk, Khabarovsk, Vladivostok, Tomsk, and Yakutsk in our space and “make some noise” in situ. It is very important for us to get together online, because a large part of the program was initially composed of Skype lectures. Now we are awaiting this fall’s curatorial school to gather as members of a new team.FFTN, St. PetersburgIrina Aksenova: We have been forced to cancel everything we planned for the end of March and for April, that is five projects, plus a major project in Krasnodar. Some international and cross-city initiatives have also been called off: a Danish artist was supposed to visit us in June, another guy from Lipetsk in the summer. We are under quarantine like everyone else. First of all, I think it is important to comply with the quarantine rules, and our space is too compact, it is hard to circulate around it. Attendance had also decreased significantly, so it didn’t really make much sense. I am hopeful that we will be returning at the end of April but it all depends on the overall course of the pandemic. It is good that we have few external commitments and all our partners responded positively to the projects being postponed.Typography, KrasnodarElena Ischenko: We had to postpone all events-exhibitions, talks, some field trips. We accept it like a well-deserved holiday: we did a good job, opened the space, so now we can take a break and there is no need to rush. We were granted rental holidays for the duration of the quarantine (our landlord produces disinfectants and antiseptics so his business is not going to suffer). But the problem is how to pay salaries now, as we usually earn this money by renting out the space and selling exhibition tickets. Honestly speaking, we haven’t thought globally about how to do it yet, because nobody knows when this will end.Art Critics Circle, YekaterinburgAnna Litovskih: We chat all the time these days and feel closer to each other. We had a reading group in the Piotrovsky bookshop that was cancelled because the Yeltsin Center closed. At the same time, it is easier to make Zoom calls now, when everyone stays at home, more or less without any plans. Anya Ustyakina launched a diary channel dedicated to the life of the workshop’s circle of people during the quarantine. Nadya Rastriga wrote yesterday that the increasing amount of unread messages in the circle makes her feel uncomfortable and suggested switching to slow mode. Everyone agreed calmly, so now we have limited people’s messages to one per minute. I think, with the feeling of emptiness from constant rush and socialization, the circle turned into such a system of support for all of us, where we discuss who cooks what and share links all the time. We have recently watched a performance via an online chat and discussed it all together. We also had a conference call on Friday and started writing a manifesto, because previously, we tried twice to write a text collectively (for Syg.ma and the Kuryokhin Award), and both were very nice and successful. So we would like to come up with more collective texts in the future. In short, everything is fine, but we wish very much to meet in person, hug and sit around the same table soon.Alexandr Pachin Vrachi Prileteli (The Docs Have Come), 2017. Photo by Renat Latyshev. Courtesy by Levaya Noga (Left Leg), Omsk.Levaya Noga (Left Leg), OmskKira Gazova: We still have a busy exhibition schedule in the Levaya Noga space, and there are no good excuses for not attending them. The only reason can be the person’s literal death. If you are sick they should bring you on the stretcher ☺ One of our group shows, Grachi Nogoy (The Rooks with the Leg) inspired by the painting The Rooks Have Come by Savrasov, featured an installation named Vrachi Prileteli (The Docs Have Come) and, responding to the question “Why do they heal the right leg, not left?”, he replied “Cuz the left one is fine!” ☺ I wish you creative success and good health! ☺Antonina Trubitsyna, senior archivist at Garage, curator of the project Open Systems…

Trubitsyna Antonina | 1 апреля 2020

Documents on the history of Soviet non-conformist art in the archive of The Research Centre for East European Studies

Personal archives of non-conformist artists that make up part of Samizdat Manuscripts and Papers Collection of The Research Centre for East European Studies reflect the heterogeneity of the underground art scene in the Soviet Union and reveal the connections and intersections that developed between art and literature under the regime of state censorship, which cannot be fully understood outside of the political context of the era. In the 1940s, poet Nikolay Glazkov produced a self-published collection of poems illustrated with drawings and collages and which, to imitate “real” books, had a colophon saying that it was released by “Samsebyaizdat” [“Myself by Myself Publishers"]. This is believed to have been the beginning of samizdat. Whether that was true or not, Glazkov’s publication marked the rise of the first generation of non-conformist poets who sought self-expression beyond the limitations set by the state. Nikolay Glazkov’s self-published book and similar works have been preserved in the archives of Albert Rusanov and Yury Abyzov. In the 1950s, samizdat became a default cultural and lifestyle choice for the poets and artists of Lianozovo Group, including Vsevolod Nekrasov, Genirkh Sapgir, and Igor Kholin. In their works and methods, it is easy to see similarities with the Western cultural scene-similarities that had seemed unthinkable in the first years after the Iron Curtain separated Soviet culture from the West. Early poetry collections, correspondence, photographs, audio and video recordings of the time offer insight into the group’s cultural scene and the way their contemporaries received experimental poetry-blank verse, concrete poetry and even graphic art. The archive of artist Anatoly Brusilovsky containing his correspondence with artists, poets, and publishers, offers another opportunity to take a closer look at the Soviet non-conformist art of the 1950s to the 1970s. Sabine Hansgen’s archive is focused on the Moscow underground art scene of the 1970s and 1980s. Created in the early 1980s, the Moscow Archive of New Art (MANI) offers access to works by some of the key artists of Moscow non-conformist art, and in particular Moscow conceptualism, including Ilya Kabakov, Nikita Alekseev, and Andrei Monastyrsky. The archive also features several photographic series documenting performances and happenings organized by the artists. The Research Centre’s collection also features samizdat publications produced outside of Moscow and Leningrad. Some of the most interesting items in the archive include thirty-six issues of Transponans, a literary journal with a circulation of five copies published in Yeysk by the Sea of Azov throughout the 1980s. The format of the periodical continuously evolved-often within one issue-but each copy, containing texts, original drawings, and photographs, is a work of art in its own right. The Transponans archive was donated to the Research Centre by its editors and publishers Ry Nikonova and Sergey Sigey. Another key archive in the Centre’s collection is Boris Birger’s personal archive that contains his early sketches, drawings, and paintings as well as manuscripts, notes, handmade masks and dolls, a great number of photographs, and correspondence dating back to the pre-war years. The Centre continues to study alternative art and cultural movements and contemporary practices similar to samizdat. [Sources include Gasan Gusejnov’s article: Unabhangige Kultur. //UdSSR/Russland. Das Archiv der Forschungsstelle Osteuropa. Bestande im Uberblick: UdSSR/Russland, Polen, Tschechoslowakei, Ungarn und DDR. Hg. Wolfgang Eichwede. Ibidem-Verlag. Stuttgart, 2009. P. 29.] …

4 февраля 2019

Maria Klassen on her work at the archive of the Research Center for East European Studies, University of Bremen

Lev Kopelev and Raisa Orlova. Photo: Maira Klassen. First flight to Moscow since involuntary emigration. April 7, 1989. Research Center for East European Studies, University of Bremen My father was born in a German settlement in Ukraine. My mother was from Lviv. They met in Yakutia-both had been sent there as “enemies of the people.” After Stalin’s death my father found his mother through the Red Cross. She lived in Karaganda and that’s where he moved with my mother in 1954. I was born there. We had relatives in Germany and Canada, who had emigrated before the war. We could not keep in touch with them during the Stalinist repressions, but with the Khrushchev Thaw contact resumed. In 1956, my father first applied for permission to leave the country in order to rejoin the family in Germany. Of course, they did not let us go. During the two decades that followed, he kept trying to leave the Soviet Union. This came at a cost: he was threatened and humiliated at work and I was bullied as a student. I had a strange childhood. We lived in the middle of the Kazakh steppe and my mother would tell me about the beautiful European city of Lviv with chestnuts in bloom and baroque churches. Meanwhile, my father would recall his childhood in the German settlement, with its cultural traditions, a local choir and orchestra, and his family’s huge private library. But I lived in the Soviet present, and my schoolteacher-a militant Stalin supporter-would tell me that my parents’ generation were young communists that came to Kazakhstan to cultivate virgin soil or mine coal in Magnitogorsk. My father spent nights by the radio, listening to Deutsche Welle in his headphones. He was interested in the protection of human rights. My mother was a Catholic and she was interested in religious news, so she would listen to Radio Vatican. As I grew up, I started listening to the BBC, Radio Liberty, and Voice of America. I listened to jazz, rock-n-roll, and programs about contemporary painting, theater, and cinema. And so we passed on the headphones: father would listen to programs on politics, mom to religious news, and I listened to rock music. I also learned about the “Bulldozer Exhibition” from those “enemy voices,” as they called them. It was only in the mid-1970s, thanks to the so-called eastern treaties signed by Leonid Brezhnev and Willy Brandt, we were allowed to move to West Germany. For me, everything in the West was interesting. I guess it was due to those years in which there was no access to information. I was especially interested in the lives of Soviet nonconformist artists-I knew about them from the same “enemy voices.” Some of the artists were already living in the West. A number of European art historians and Slavic scholars brought their paintings to the West and organized exhibitions for them. With every visit to such exhibitions I discovered a few new names. I was lucky to meet many artists, writers, and theater people from the Russian diaspora over the years that followed. At university I had four semesters of art history, but I was studying documentary film. After graduating I worked as a freelance at West German television in Cologne, where I was an expert on Eastern Europe. I had heard about Lev Kopelev before we moved to Germany. In 1975, he published the book To Be Preserved Forever and excerpts were read on Radio Liberty. I became interested in this man and his life. Towards the end of the 1970s, Heinrich Boll often spoke in defense of Russian dissident writers and I distinctly remember him saying, “My friend Lev Kopelev is in danger. They broke windows in his apartment; his phone was tapped and is now completely off. I cannot get through to him!” In November 1980, Kopelev was allowed to leave the Soviet Union. He and his wife came to stay with Boll in Cologne. In January 1981 they lost their Soviet citizenship. As resident of Cologne, Kopelev gave regular readings at literary evenings and meetings with students that I attended. He started a research project on the history of Russia-Germany relations-mutual understanding, images of friends and enemies-that came to be known as the Wuppertal Project (at the University of Wuppertal). I could really relate to that: in Karaganda, I was a German and was sometimes even called a fascist, but when we moved to Germany, I realized people always saw me as a Russian. Just asin the Soviet Union we did not know who we were, where we came from, and why we ended up in Kazakhstan, in Germany we still did not know who we were and why we had come. And then I see Kopelev announcing this project and saying that we should not politicize the relationship between Russian and German cultures, but we need to understand how they developed throughout history to overcome the hostility between them. So I came up to him at one of those literary evenings and told him I was going to make my graduation film on that topic. That’s how we met. When he found out that I was working in television as a freelance, which meant no regular work, he asked me if I would like to become his personal archivist, and as he had agreed to bequeath his collection to the Research Center for East European Studies in Bremen. In 1989, the Center’s founder and director Wolfgang Eichwede offered me a contract, which was later renewed several times. Журнал “Транспонанс” Сергея Сигея и Ры Никоновой. Архив Сергея Сигея и Анны Таршис. Исследовательский центр Восточной Европы при Бременском университете, Германия The archive of Lev Kopelev and Raisa Orlova is extraordinarily rich. Orlova studied American culture and was part of the editorial team at the journal Inostrannaya literatura [Foreign Literature]. In the 1940s, she maintained a correspondence with Lillian Hellman, met her in Moscow, and translated her works. She had her own Anglo-American circle, and Kopelev had his German one. Their flat in Cologne-the rooms, the corridors, the kitchen-was crammed with bookshelves and files. Working with their archive, I discovered a whole new world. It was like a mosaic that connected lives and events, time and space, and completed my idea of the scene I was interested in. Kopelev’s school was the best gift I could have been given. It taught me that we don’t need to narrow ourselves down to the constraints of our profession, that knowledge has no boundaries. When Kopelev passed away, I was among the executors of his will and transferred his archive to the University of Bremen according to his wishes. Then it seemed that episode in my life was over. “Граждане!..” / “Обращения Дмитрия Александровича Пригова к народу”. Из архива Бориса Гройса и Натальи Никитиной. Исследовательский центр Восточной Европы при Бременском университете, Германия Years later, a woman who worked at the Research Center for East European Studies approached me at a conference on Boll and Kopelev that I helped organize and suggested that I apply for the position of archivist, which was then open. I agreed, although I had no qualification to work in an archive and had some doubts. That said, the documents in the archive were the very matter I had studied with Kopelev and dealt with at the TV station. I knew many people whose collections were included in the archive and the opportunity to share my knowledge of the subject, to provide commentary and context for those documents, was too tempting to turn down. So, in 2012, I suddenly found myself heading the Russian section of the archive at the Research Center for East European Studies, which had previously been led by Gabriel Superfin and Galina Potapova. I cannot forget the huge responsibility that comes with this job. Since it was founded, the Center has accumulated a huge number of priceless archival materials. Today, our work is focused on classification and cataloguing of the archives and creating a clear and user-friendly structure. Materials relating to Soviet nonconformist art can be found in the archives of Sergei Sigov and Anna Tarshis, Boris Groys and Natalia Nikitin, Igor Golomshtok, Eduard Gorokhovsky, Henri Volokhonsky, Karl Eimermacher, and many other curators, poets, writers, and human rights activists. Materials from the Research Center for East European Studies archive collection are scheduled to become available online from 2019. …

Klassen Maria | 24 января 2019

Alla Rosenfeld on the Norton and Nancy Dodge Collection and the Zimmerli Art Museum

I developed an interest in art at an early age. I attended a specialist art high school and then moved on to the Serov Leningrad Art College (now St. Petersburg Art School) to study applied drawing. I worked as a graphic designer for a while. Later, I studied art history at Repin Institute of Painting, Sculpture, and Architecture, and when I moved to the United States in 1987 I became a graduate student at The City University of New York. There I had a chance to learn from well-known teachers, including Robert Storr who was a curator at MoMA, and I wrote my thesis under Rose-Carol Washton Long, who had written a book on Kandinsky. My thesis was on children’s books illustrated by avant-garde artists in the 1920s and 1930s. In 1991, I was working at IBM Gallery of Science and Art and a colleague invited me to an exhibition of Russian art from Yury Ryabov’s collection at the Zimmerli Art Museum. I told her I’d go, although I actually thought it was a bit far to travel! I worked in Manhattan and the exhibition was in New Jersey-that’s an hour by train. So I felt like I was going to the middle of nowhere. What kind of museum would they have in a quiet place like that, anyway? But I went to the opening and I was pleasantly surprised by the exhibition and the museum’s collection. The Zimmerli Museum used to be famous for its collection of French drawing of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. For me, it was a curious, almost karmic connection: when I was writing my dissertation on French drawing in Leningrad, I visited the Hermitage library to read books written by the director of this museum! I met the museum’s director and curators. They had just received Yury Ryabov’s collection as a gift and told me they were looking for an expert to start working with it. I decided to give it a try, but I never thought I’d stay as long as I did: I was their curator of Russian Art for almost fifteen years, from 1992 to 2006. At first I was busy working on Ryabov’s collection, which had some wonderful examples of Russian set design from the eighteenth to the twentieth centuries. Then, in 1992, we acquired Norton Dodge’s collection and the Zimmerli became the owner of the biggest collection of Russian art outside Russia. Dennis Cate realized there was no point in trying to compete with the Metropolitan Museum of Art or MoMA-a museum needed to have something nobody else had. He saw that Dodge’s collection was truly unique and that people from other countries would come to work with it. Alla Rosenfeld In fact, Dodge transferred his collection to the Zimmerli thanks to Ryabov, who introduced him to the museum’s director, Phillip Dennis Cate. Dodge was already set on transferring his collection to a university-based museum. He knew it meant that the collection would be studied by researchers, and students would use it to write their dissertations and theses. As far as I know, Norton Dodge offered his collection to several institutions, but they were only interested in particular artists and works. Nobody wanted to accept the entire collection. Dennis Cate realized there was no point in trying to compete with the Metropolitan Museum of Art or MoMA-a museum needed to have something nobody else had. He saw that Dodge’s collection was truly unique and that people from other countries would come to work with it. So they agreed and Norton transferred his collection to the museum. Later, Dodge and the Avenir Foundation financed the addition of a new wing to the museum’s building, so the collection got something like a separate home. Today, the Norton and Nancy Dodge Collection is what the museum is famous for. Norton Dodge collected art until his the end of his life. He had no children, so the collection became his child. His choices were not limited to what he personally liked and his acquisitions were very diverse. The collection is sometimes criticized for this, but he managed to preserve so much of the unofficial culture of the postwar Soviet Union. I believe the collection’s diversity is actually an advantage: any historian studying Russian art of the second half of the twentieth century will find here something related to their research. If you are looking into conceptualism or Sots Art, the best works are in this collection, and if you are studying, say, hyperrealism, you might also discover something important. There is also a wide geographical spread. So you will not only find art from Moscow and Leningrad, but also from the Baltic States, Ukraine, Moldova, Belarus, the South Caucasus, and Central Asia. As for Zimmerli’s archive, I was involved in its creation. I started discussing this with Dodge very early on, as soon as we began cataloguing the collection in the mid-1990s. I convinced him to try to add documents to his collection of art. He supported the idea and the first person I met about that was Igor Shelkovsky, the editor of A-Ya, which was a journal devoted to Soviet nonconformist art. I believed it was very important to get his archive, as Igor made sure the journal wrote about some of the key artists of the time. And Norton bought the archive. Then we got a collection of documents from St. Petersburg. I was in touch with Sergei Kovalsky, one of the founders of the art center Pushkinskaya 10, and we discussed the transfer of the archive of the Association for Experimental Fine Arts. It’s a vast collection with many interesting items. Later Dodge bought more archives using his connections in the art world. He acquired the archive of Lev Katsenelson, a big collector from Leningrad, and then a complete archive of the Moscow Archive of New Art (MANI). I always wanted the Zimmerli to collect as much research material as possible-that was my main priority. At the moment access to those materials is limited. It would be great if they became accessible to the public. Dr. Alla Rosenfeld is an art historian, curator and teacher. She received her degree in the theory and history of art at the Repin Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture in Leningrad, Russia, in 1987, and her Ph.D. in modern and contemporary European and American art at the City University of New York, in 2003. She was Senior Curator of Russian and Soviet Nonconformist Art at the Zimmerli Art Museum at Rutgers University from 1992 to 2006, and also served as Director of the Zimmerli’s Russian Art Department. From 2006 to 2009, she worked as Vice President and Senior Specialist in the Russian Paintings Department at Sotheby’s in New York. In May 2017 she was appointed Curator of Russian and European Art at the Mead Art Museum at Amherst College. Her independent curatorial projects include Leningrad Nonconformist Art (Meyerhoff Gallery, Maryland Institute College of Art, Baltimore, 2003); World of Stage: Russian Costume and Stage Design (Thomas J. Walsh Art Gallery, Fairfield University, Connecticut, 2004) and Soviet Dis-Union: Socialist Realist and Nonconformist Art (co-curator; The Museum of Russian Art, Minneapolis, 2006). From 1996 to 2017, Dr. Rosenfeld taught various courses on Russian art and culture at Rutgers University. She has published many articles and several books on Russian art, including From Gulag to Glasnost: Nonconformist Art from the Soviet Union (1995), Moscow Conceptualism in Context (2011) and Twentieth Century Artists from the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union Working in France, A Biographical Dictionary. Volume I (2017). Dr. Rosenfeld has been a member of the International Jury for the Kandinsky Prize in Moscow since 2009. Materials from the Zimmerli Art Museum archive collection are expected to be made available online from late 2018. …

Rosenfeld Alla | 10 января 2019

Andrey Monastyrsky on the Moscow Archive of New Art (MANI)

In late 1975 or early 1976, the three of us Nikita Alexeev, Lev Rubinstein, and me were at Irina Nakhova apartment on Malaya Gruzinskaya Street in Moscow, sitting and talking about how good it would be to create a magazine on unofficial art. It was during this conversation that the name for such a magazine was first mentioned. I don't remember who, but one of us said the word archive of new art. I think it was Rubinstein, as at the time he was involved with some sort of archive. On that day we didnt take it anyway further, other than coming up with that name: the Moscow Archive of New Art (MANI).Лев Рубинштейн, Ирина Нахова, Андрей Монастырский, Никита Алексеев. Фотография Георгия Кизевальтера.Collective Actions first started its activity in March 1976. By the end of 1980, I completed the first volume of Trips Out of Town, which comprised documentation of the group's actions. I collected materials and developed a structure that included extensive descriptions and firsthand accounts of those who were involved, made a list of artists, wrote a foreword, etc. I was a kind of accountant, as I wasn't just an editor, but a publisher and printer as well. I printed the texts for all four volumes, Nikolai Panitkov bound the four books that were produced, and I glued the photographs into them.Акция группы «Коллективные действия» «Шар». Фотография Георгия Кизевальтера.After the first volume of Trips I still felt an itch. It was an interesting experience, and I remembered MANI, the Moscow Archive of New Art. I started discussing a possible form for the publication with Ilya Kabakov and Nikita Alexeev. Andrei Monastyrsky After the first volume of Trips I still felt an itch. It was an interesting experience, and I remembered MANI, the Moscow Archive of New Art. I started discussing a possible form for the publication with Ilya Kabakov and Nikita Alexeev. As the name contained the word archive we were open to doing something other than an ordinary magazine. Then it became clear that MANI should also comrpise four volumes, like Trips Out of Town. Finally, we decided that MANI should be a folder. Maybe Panitkov suggested it, or maybe me, or Kabakov or Nikita. I don't remember now. Anyway, MANI had a format and this format was a folder.I began putting together a list of those, who would go into the folder. I did this on my own just because I liked this work and no one else wanted to do it: everyone was busy with their own things. I was very strict in my choice of participants. I only picked those I liked, and that is why there are very few artists in the first MANI folder. I chose a theme that interested me: those artists who worked mostly with text (although there were also some photographs). I agreed with the artistsóIlya Kabakov, Erik Bulatov, Oleg Vassiliev, and Ivan Chuikovóthat they would select works for the volume and asked them to let me have a small amount of money for photography. George Kiesewalter played an important technical role: photographing, developing, and printing. After I had everything ready, Panitkov made a beautiful case in which I placed all of the envelopes containing texts and photographs.I was criticized for my discriminating approach and voluntarism, for excluding too many artists. The next folder, which was made by Vadim Zakharov and Viktor Skersis, included over forty people. Skersis and Zakharov didnít only expand the list, but selected an easier format: the case was replaced by a regular cardboard folder.Our circle already existed: the archive wouldn't have happened if there hadn't been a circle. It formed around Collective Actions and the discussions we had about the actions. This is obvious if we look at photographs from the time. All the people who defined our circle appear in the documentation for the first volume of Trips Out of Town. There were also one-off events where everyone gathered: one-day shows at Kuznetsky Most exhibition hall or at the City Committee of Graphic Artists on Malaya Gruzinskaya Street. But there wasnít a single cluster of texts. First the Trips, then the first MANI volume became the key publications that defined the circle, representing the time and recording the discourse. That turned out to be of importance to everyone and so we continued to work on compiling MANI folders.Each folder was made in an edition of four. Ilya Kabakov and I had the right to retain a copy: that is why we had the complete series. I believe Anatoly Zhigalov and Natalia Abalakova also had the full set. One copy of each edition was always changing hands. The only folder I didnít have was the last, fifth folder, which Toadstool group and Kiesewalter started working on together. The Toadstools eventually gave up, but George finished it. My copy is in the Zimmerli Art Museum collection.A-Ya magazine, which included articles on Soviet unofficial art, was first published in Paris in 1979. The first MANI folder was completed in February 1981. If we compare the two, there are, of course, differences. The folder format is reminiscent of the portfolio of manuscripts submitted to a magazine, a material resource for a forthcoming publication prepared for future analysis. The other difference is that, unlike an archive, which contained objects, a magazine has neither original photographs nor physical objects. All of this was included in MANI. For example, my object Spool (1982) was specially made in an edition of four to go inside each folder. Gennady Donskoi made a secret object that was presented inside a sealed envelope. Nikita Alexeev included his absurdist advertisements on thick paper with his telephone number on them. The significant features found in MANI are its materiality, objecthood, and texture.The most precious things in any archive are contained in objects: the color and scent of paper from, say, 1976 or the particular aesthetics of a typescript. In this sense, any archival document is priceless. All these handwritten notes, stains, and creases represent a time. An archive delivers us the plastic nature and the reality of time, its materiality.Andrei Monastyrsky (b. 1949, Petsamo, Russia) lives and works in Moscow. He is the leader of the Moscow Conceptual School. In 1980, he graduated in philology from Moscow State University. One of the founders of the group Collective Actions (1976), he became its chief ideologist and the author of most of its actions. Together with Vadim Zakharov and Yuri Leiderman, he participated in the groups Kapiton (2008-2010) and Corbusier (2009-2010). Solo exhibitions include: Empty Zones: Andrei Monastyrsky and Collective Actions, Russian Pavilion, 54th Venice Biennale, Venice (2011); Out of Town: Andrei Monastyrsky & Collective Actions, e-flux, New York (2011); Andrei Monastyrsky, Moscow Museum of Modern Art, Moscow (2010); and Earthworks, Stella Art Gallery, Moscow (2005). Group exhibitions include: Russian Performance: A Cartography of Its History, Garage Museum of Contemporary Art, Moscow (2014); 52nd Venice Biennale, Venice (2007); Documenta 12, Kassel (2007); and 50th Venice Biennale, Venice (2003). He has been awarded the Andrei Bely Prize (Russia, 2003) and the Innovation Prize (Russia, 2009).…

Monastyrsky Andrei | 28 декабря 2018

Norton and Nancy Dodge Archival Holdings of Nonconformist Art

MANI Archive The archive MANI: Moscow Archive of New Art consists of materials put together by individual artists, poets, and theorists in Moscow to represent their activities between 1980 and 1982. These materials include programmatic theoretical texts, documentary photographs, original artworks, and materials from exhibitions. Editors of the four volumes included Andrei Monastyrsky, Vadim Zakharov, Viktor Skersis, Elena Elagina, Igor Makarevich, Anatoly Zhigalov, and Natalia Abalakova, who, like many of the contributors, make up the circle of Moscow Conceptualists. Nadezhda Stolpovskaya retrieving a large ball of paper from a folder. In the center, it contains a typewritten text on paper featuring a poem written by Boris Pasternak, 1978-1979. MANI Archive at the Zimmerli Art Museum, Rutgers University, New Jersey, USA. Photo: Peter Jacobs A-Ya Journal Archive The journal A-Ya: Unofficial Russian Art Revue, published by Igor Shelkovsky in Paris from 1979 through 1986, helped familiarize Western audiences with unofficial Russian art. The archive contains original manuscripts, correspondence, original artwork, visual material, and ephemera related to nearly every well-known unofficial artist and many poets working in Moscow during this period. It is an invaluable resource of firsthand information about artistic activity in Moscow in the late 1970s and 1980s, as well as a window into the relationships between Moscow artists and their colleagues who had immigrated to Paris and New York. An untitled work by Dmitri Prigov. A-Ya Archive at the Zimmerli Art Museum, Rutgers University, New Jersey, USA. Photo: Peter Jacobs Collective Actions Group Archive This archive documents the activities of the seminal unofficial Soviet/Russian performance art group Collective Actions (Andrei Monastyrsky, Nikita Alexeev, George Kiesewalter, Nikolai Panitkov, Elena Elagina, Igor Makarevich, Sergei Romashko, Sabine Haensgen) from 1976 to 2003. Many of these materials were originally included in the group’s samizdat publication, Trips out of Town (later edited and published by Ad Marginem in 1998; and German Titov in 2009). The archive includes many annotated drafts of texts and diagrams for the production of Trips out of Town, as well as unpublished documentary photographs and some correspondence. The VHS tapes and CD ROMs contain documentary videos of selected performances. Although materials documenting the group’s performances are available from a number of other sources, the value of this archive consists of the additional photographic and video materials, as well as the sense it gives of the group’s working process in producing, documenting, and theorizing their actions. TEII Archive The TEII archive is related to the Fellowship of Experimental Fine Arts, an umbrella organization of unofficial artistic activities in Leningrad from 1981 through 1991, when it became the art center “Pushkinskaya, 10.” The archive includes selected materials from 1980 to 1988, and a guestbook from the TEII exhibition at the Kirov Palace of Culture in 1984. …

28 декабря 2018